Abstract: An optical system and a method of forming the same. The optical system may include a light source configured to generate a light beam, the light beam being coherent or partially coherent. The optical system may also include a spatial light modulator configured to modulate a phase of the light beam. The optical system may further include an eyepiece for directing the modulated light beam to an eye of a viewer, the eyepiece arranged such that an optical distance between the spatial light modulator and a main plane of the eyepiece is greater than a focal length of the eyepiece. The spatial light modulator may include an active display area having a dimension of less than 2 mm.

Abstract: A photo-acoustic sensing apparatus (100) for non-invasive measurement of blood parameters of a subject (102) comprises a photo-acoustic sensor (104) for sensing photo-acoustic signals (106) induced when a region of the subject is illuminated by a light source (108). A first sensor processing module (112) may derive blood oxygen saturation using sensed photo-acoustic signals (114). A second sensor processing module (116) may derive blood core temperature using sensed photo-acoustic signals. A third sensor processing module (118) may derive blood glucose using sensed photo-acoustic signals. The sensing apparatus is configured to derive at least one of: a de-correlated value (120) of blood oxygen saturation of the subject; a de-correlated value (122) of blood core temperature of the subject; and a de-correlated value (124) of blood glucose of the subject.

Abstract: A photo-acoustic sensing apparatus (100) for non-invasive measurement of blood parameters of a subject (102) comprises a photo-acoustic sensor (104) for sensing photo-acoustic signals (106) induced when a region of the subject is illuminated by a light source (108). A first sensor processing module (112) may derive blood oxygen saturation using sensed photo-acoustic signals (114). A second sensor processing module (116) may derive blood core temperature using sensed photo-acoustic signals. A third sensor processing module (118) may derive blood glucose using sensed photo-acoustic signals. The sensing apparatus is configured to derive at least one of: a de-correlated value (120) of blood oxygen saturation of the subject; a de-correlated value (122) of blood core temperature of the subject; and a de-correlated value (124) of blood glucose of the subject.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a frequency shift keying transmitter is provided.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for a duty-cycled injection locked oscillator is provided for frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal transmissions. The oscillator includes a resonance LC tank and a first switching device. The first switching device is coupled to the resonance LC tank and injects an initial current pulse with a predetermined pulse magnitude into the resonance LC tank. The initial current pulse also fixes an initial phase of the duty-cycled injection locked free-running oscillator in response to the predetermined magnitude of the initial current pulse to enable fast settling of injection locking and high data rate operation of the duty-cycled injection locked oscillator. The oscillator also includes a second switching device, such as a differential pair of switching devices. The second switching device is coupled to the LC resonance tank for injecting a gated periodic reference signal having a duty cycle modified to reduce power of the reference signal by approximately seventy-five per cent.

Abstract: A phase shift keying transmitter circuit that includes: a variable frequency conversion stage adapted to receive a first data signal, wherein the variable frequency conversion stage comprises a plurality of frequency modulating elements, wherein the first data signal controls the number of the plurality of frequency modulating elements that are operated so as to control an operating frequency of the variable frequency conversion stage; and an output stage configured to switch between one of two possible outputs, the signals provided by one of the two possible outputs having an opposite polarity to the other, wherein the output stage is configured to receive a second data signal to control the switching between the two possible outputs, wherein the output stage is coupled to the variable frequency conversion stage and wherein the switching between the two possible outputs changes the phase of a signal from the variable frequency conversion stage by 180°.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a frequency shift keying transmitter is provided.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a gm-ratioed amplifier. The gm-ratioed amplifier comprises a first input voltage terminal and a second input voltage terminal, a first output voltage terminal and a second output voltage terminal, and an amplifying unit. The amplifying unit may be coupled between the input voltage terminals and the output voltage terminals and may be adapted to supply an output voltage to the output terminals in dependence on an input voltage supplied to the input terminals. The amplifying unit may comprise a gm-load, which comprises a first load branch comprising a first field effect transistor, and a second load branch comprising a second field effect transistor. A first source/drain terminal and a gate terminal of the first field effect transistor may be coupled to the first output voltage terminal, and a first source/drain terminal and a gate terminal of the second field effect transistor may be coupled to the second output voltage terminal.

Abstract: A transmitter with modulation comprising a phase changing stage having a first switch and a second switch coupled t the first switch, a first transistor and a second transistor individually coupled to the each switch. The transmitter is configured to receive a phase changing signal having a first state and a second state. The first switch is configured t operate in an opposing manner to the second switch such that only the first transistor is configured to be turned on i the first state and only the second transistor is configured to be turned on in the second state upon receipt of the phase changing signal by the switches so as to achieve a change in an output phase of the transmitter when the phase changing signal switches from the first state to the second state.

Abstract: An electrocardiogram signal processing system is provided which includes: a wavelet transformation unit comprising a plurality of outputs, each output being connected to one of a plurality of scales, wherein the wavelet transformation unit is adapted to transform an input electrocardiogram signal into a set of wavelets, each wavelet being output to one of the scales; a plurality of signal processing blocks, each of the signal processing blocks coupled to a respective output of the wavelet transformation unit and configured to receive and process the wavelet from the respective output, wherein the signal processing blocks provide processing functions which differ from one another.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for a duty-cycled injection locked oscillator is provided for frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal transmissions. The oscillator includes a resonance LC tank and a first switching device. The first switching device is coupled to the resonance LC tank and injects an initial current pulse with a predetermined pulse magnitude into the resonance LC tank. The initial current pulse also fixes an initial phase of the duty-cycled injection locked free-running oscillator in response to the predetermined magnitude of the initial current pulse to enable fast settling of injection locking and high data rate operation of the duty-cycled injection locked oscillator. The oscillator also includes a second switching device, such as a differential pair of switching devices. The second switching device is coupled to the LC resonance tank for injecting a gated periodic reference signal having a duty cycle modified to reduce power of the reference signal by approximately seventy-five per cent.

Abstract: A modulator, a demodulator and a modulator-demodulator are provided. A modulator includes a first intermediate signal processing path adapted to route a first intermediate signal; a second intermediate signal processing path adapted to route a second intermediate signal; a first amplifier coupled into the first intermediate signal processing path; a second amplifier coupled into the second intermediate signal processing path; and a chopper circuit coupled into the first intermediate signal processing path; wherein the chopper circuit is adapted to process the first intermediate signal in dependence on first baseband data; wherein the first amplifier is adapted to amplify the first intermediate signal processed by the chopper circuit in dependence on second baseband data; and wherein the second amplifier is adapted to amplify the second intermediate signal in dependence on the second baseband data.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a receiver is provided. The receiver includes an envelope detector configured to generate a waveform corresponding to an envelope of a signal received by the receiver, a carrier recovery circuit configured to generate a carrier signal based on the waveform, wherein the carrier signal has a frequency corresponding to a center frequency of the received signal, and a template generator configured to generate a local template signal based on the waveform, the local template signal including a plurality of pulses. According to further embodiments of the present invention, a method of controlling a receiver is also provided.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a gm-ratioed amplifier. The gm-ratioed amplifier comprises a first input voltage terminal and a second input voltage terminal, a first output voltage terminal and a second output voltage terminal, and an amplifying unit. The amplifying unit may be coupled between the input voltage terminals and the output voltage terminals and may be adapted to supply an output voltage to the output terminals in dependence on an input voltage supplied to the input terminals. The amplifying unit may comprise a gm-load, which comprises a first load branch comprising a first field effect transistor, and a second load branch comprising a second field effect transistor. A first source/drain terminal and a gate terminal of the first field effect transistor may be coupled to the first output voltage terminal, and a first source/drain terminal and a gate terminal of the second field effect transistor may be coupled to the second output voltage terminal.

Abstract: A phase shift keying transmitter circuit that includes: a variable frequency conversion stage adapted to receive a first data signal, wherein the variable frequency conversion stage comprises a plurality of frequency modulating elements, wherein the first data signal controls the number of the plurality of frequency modulating elements that are operated so as to control an operating frequency of the variable frequency conversion stage; and an output stage configured to switch between one of two possible outputs, the signals provided by one of the two possible outputs having an opposite polarity to the other, wherein the output stage is configured to receive a second data signal to control the switching between the two possible outputs, wherein the output stage is coupled to the variable frequency conversion stage and wherein the switching between the two possible outputs changes the phase of a signal from the variable frequency conversion stage by 180°.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided an antenna including: a substrate; a conductive layer formed on a portion of a top surface of the substrate; a first slot formed within the conductive layer; a conductive stub disposed within the first slot, the conductive stub tuned to reject a first frequency band; and a second slot formed within the conductive layer, the second slot tuned to reject a second frequency band.

Abstract: A transmitter with modulation comprising a phase changing stage having a first switch and a second switch coupled t the first switch, a first transistor and a second transistor individually coupled to the each switch. The transmitter is configured to receive a phase changing signal having a first state and a second state. The first switch is configured t operate in an opposing manner to the second switch such that only the first transistor is configured to be turned on i the first state and only the second transistor is configured to be turned on in the second state upon receipt of the phase changing signal by the switches so as to achieve a change in an output phase of the transmitter when the phase changing signal switches from the first state to the second state.

Abstract: A communication device and a method of determining a ranging value in the communication device are provided. The communication device, includes: a transmitter path, including: a transmitter clock generating circuit configured to generate a transmitter clock signal; a receiver path, including: a clock recovery circuit configured to recover a receiver clock signal from a received signal; a comparator circuit coupled to the clock recovery circuit and configured to compare the receiver clock signal and the transmitter clock signal to generate an output signal; a ranging determination circuit configured to determine a ranging value based on the output signal.

Abstract: A modulator, a demodulator and a modulator-demodulator are provided. A modulator includes a first intermediate signal processing path adapted to route a first intermediate signal; a second intermediate signal processing path adapted to route a second intermediate signal; a first amplifier coupled into the first intermediate signal processing path; a second amplifier coupled into the second intermediate signal processing path; and a chopper circuit coupled into the first intermediate signal processing path; wherein the chopper circuit is adapted to process the first intermediate signal in dependence on first baseband data; wherein the first amplifier is adapted to amplify the first intermediate signal processed by the chopper circuit in dependence on second baseband data; and wherein the second amplifier is adapted to amplify the second intermediate signal in dependence on the second baseband data.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, an electrocardiogram signal processing system is provided which includes: a wavelet transformation unit comprising a plurality of outputs, each output being connected to one of a plurality of scales, wherein the wavelet transformation unit is adapted to transform an input electrocardiogram signal into a set of wavelets, each wavelet being output to one of the scales; a plurality of signal processing blocks, each of the signal processing blocks coupled to a respective output of the wavelet transformation unit and configured to receive and process the wavelet from the respective output, wherein the signal processing blocks provide processing functions which differ from one another.