Abstract: A communication method includes receiving, by a first communication apparatus, indication information from a second communication apparatus, and determining, by the first communication apparatus, a first quality of service (QoS) of the extended reality (XR) service based on the at least one piece of QoS of an XR service. The first communication apparatus is a core network device or an access network device. The indication information is useable to indicate at least one piece of QoS of the XR service. The XR device receives data of the XR service or sends data of the XR service by a terminal device. The second communication apparatus is an XR server or a chip in the XR server.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses a method for extracting Astragaloside IV from fresh Radix Astragali. The method comprises the following steps: cleaning and cutting fresh Radix Astragali roots into sections, and extracting with an ethanol solution for multiple times under an ultrasonic condition; merging the extracting solutions, concentrating to remove ethanol, hydrolyzing the concentrate with sodium hydroxide-calcium hydroxide mixed alkali, filtering the precipitate; then flocculating and precipitating by using a flocculating agent chitosan, and filtering; removing impurities through a flocculation-precipitation mode and filtering with a filter screen; separating through a macroporous adsorption resin, and finally purifying through recrystallization to obtain a high-purity Astragaloside IV.

Abstract: A one-piece steel piston that is made from a piston blank that includes a portion that is configured and designed to be displaced to form a cooling gallery and ring belt. The piston blank can be formed by a casting or forging process. The portion that is designed and configured to be displaced is a flange that extends radially outward. The flange is bent downward or upward so that a peripheral edge of the flange contacts another portion of the piston. The peripheral edge of the flange and the other portion of the piston can be welded together or mechanically engaged.

Abstract: A method of producing a cooling channel piston for an internal combustion engine having a cooling channel in its piston crown, wherein a piston lower section with piston bosses, piston pin bores and piston skirts attach to the piston crown, wherein a piston blank is first produced with a circumferential collar radially projecting in the area of the piston crown, wherein the collar is then formed over, wherein, a seating area for the collar is formed in a transition zone between the piston crown and the piston lower section and the collar is formed over in such a way until its outer radially circumferential edge comes very close to or butts completely against the seating area to form a closed cooling channel.

Abstract: A one-piece steel piston that is made from a piston blank that includes a portion that configured and designed to be displaced to form a cooling gallery and ring belt. The piston blank can be formed by a casting or forging process. The portion that is designed and configured to be displaced is a flange that extends radially at the top of the piston blank. The flange is bent downward so that a peripheral edge of the flange contacts a top portion of the piston skirt. The peripheral edge of the flange and the top portion of the skirt can be welded together or provided with inter-engaging structures.

Abstract: A one-piece steel piston that is made from a piston blank that includes a portion that configured and designed to be displaced to form a cooling gallery and ring belt. The piston blank can be formed by a casting or forging process. The portion that is designed and configured to be displaced is a flange that extends radially at the top of the piston blank. The flange is bent downward so that a peripheral edge of the flange contacts a top portion of the piston skirt. The peripheral edge of the flange and the top portion of the skirt can be welded together or provided with inter-engaging structures.

Abstract: A one-piece steel piston that is made from a piston blank that includes a portion that is configured and designed to be displaced to form a cooling gallery and ring belt. The piston blank can be formed by a casting or forging process. The portion that is designed and configured to be displaced is a flange that extends radially outward. The flange is bent downward or upward so that a peripheral edge of the flange contacts another portion of the piston. The peripheral edge of the flange and the other portion of the piston can be welded together or mechanically engaged.

Abstract: A method of producing a cooling channel piston for an internal combustion engine having a cooling channel in its piston crown, wherein a piston lower section with piston bosses, piston pin bores and piston skirts attach to the piston crown, wherein a piston blank is first produced with a circumferential collar radially projecting in the area of the piston crown, wherein the collar is then formed over, wherein, a seating area for the collar is formed in a transition zone between the piston crown and the piston lower section and the collar is formed over in such a way until its outer radially circumferential edge comes very close to or butts completely against the seating area to form a closed cooling channel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing a single-piece cooling channel piston, where a piston blank produced by forging is furnished with a circumferential ring-shaped recess between the piston skirts and the piston crown and with an open-bottomed cooling channel in the area of a piston ring belt, where to increase the surface guidance area of the piston skirts it is envisioned that a component extending this piston ring belt is welded on below the piston ring belt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing a single-piece cooling channel piston, where a piston blank produced by forging is furnished with a circumferential ring-shaped recess between the piston skirts and the piston crown and with an open-bottomed cooling channel in the area of a piston ring belt, where to increase the surface guidance area of the piston skirts it is envisioned that a component extending this piston ring belt is welded on below the piston ring belt.