Abstract: A framework wall structure, a building and a framework wall construction method that may improve structural performance against horizontal force and prevent damage to and around a joining member are provided. A viscoelastic member is sandwiched between joining surfaces of an adjacent member set formed of a stud, a lintel receiving portion and a block so that the viscoelastic member absorbs energy of horizontal force and absorption performance of vibration may be improved. Also, the viscoelastic member may decrease a shear force applied to a nail, prevent that the nail is deformed and a nail hole is enlarged, and prevent damages of the nail and a nailed member.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes a first electromagnetic element and a second electromagnetic element, such as electrodes, disposed opposite to each other with a sealed cavity therebetween. The sealed cavity is formed by removing a sacrifice layer and then performing sealing. A sealing portion is formed by superposing a film of a hardened second sealing material that has fluidity at normal temperature on a film of a first sealing material that does not have fluidity at normal temperature.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes a first electromagnetic element and a second electromagnetic element, such as electrodes, disposed opposite to each other with a sealed cavity therebetween. The sealed cavity is formed by removing a sacrifice layer and then performing sealing. A sealing portion is formed by superposing a film of a hardened second sealing material that has fluidity at normal temperature on a film of a first sealing material that does not have fluidity at normal temperature.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a capacitive electromechanical transducer, including: forming a lower electrode layer on a substrate; forming a sacrificial layer on the lower electrode layer; forming by application a resist layer on the sacrificial layer to form a cavity pattern; forming an insulating layer above regions including a region that contains the resist layer used to form the cavity pattern, and then removing a part of the insulating layer that is formed above the resist layer along with the resist layer, thereby leaving the insulating layer in the other regions than the region where the cavity pattern has been formed; forming a vibrating film above the region where the cavity pattern has been formed and the regions where the insulating layer remains; and removing the sacrificial layer to form a cavity.

Abstract: There is provided an electromechanical transducer capable of improving yield and obtaining a cavity having a good internal flatness, and a method of fabricating the same. The electromechanical transducer is fabricated in such a manner that an SOI substrate 209 having an active layer 210 whose surface is planarized on a supporting substrate 201 with a thermal oxide insulating layer 205 interposed therebetween is provided; the active layer is patterned into a cavity shape; insulating films 206 and 207 are formed on the patterned active layer; an etching hole 203 passing through the insulating films and communicating with the active layer is formed; and a cavity 202 is formed by etching away the active layer using the etching hole.

Abstract: This invention includes energizing an electrode in which the surface facing a cavity is exposed as one electrode for electrolytic etching and the other electrode provided at the outside and contacting an electrolytic etching solution to perform electrolytic etching of a sacrificial layer to form a cavity. Thereafter, a removal agent is introduced from an etching hole to reduce residues of the sacrificial layer due to the electrolytic etching.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes a first electromagnetic element and a second electromagnetic element, such as electrodes, disposed opposite to each other with a sealed cavity therebetween. The sealed cavity is formed by removing a sacrifice layer and then performing sealing. A sealing portion is formed by superposing a film of a hardened second sealing material that has fluidity at normal temperature on a film of a first sealing material that does not have fluidity at normal temperature.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a capacitive electromechanical transducer, including: forming a lower electrode layer on a substrate; forming a sacrificial layer on the lower electrode layer; forming by application a resist layer on the sacrificial layer to form a cavity pattern; forming an insulating layer above regions including a region that contains the resist layer used to form the cavity pattern, and then removing a part of the insulating layer that is formed above the resist layer along with the resist layer, thereby leaving the insulating layer in the other regions than the region where the cavity pattern has been formed; forming a vibrating film above the region where the cavity pattern has been formed and the regions where the insulating layer remains; and removing the sacrificial layer to form a cavity.

Abstract: A processing apparatus includes a processing bath having a liquid injection port in the bottom thereof, a rectifier plate located between the bottom of the processing bath and a position at which an object to be processed is positioned, and a distribution portion extending between the rectifier plate and the liquid injection port and over the liquid injection port. The distribution portion includes an opposing portion opposing the liquid injection port, a surrounding portion surrounding a space between the opposing portion and the liquid injection port, and a guard portion or extended portion extending outwardly from the bottom end of the surrounding portion.

Abstract: An evaluation apparatus which evaluates a sample. The apparatus includes a light source which irradiates the sample with light, an imaging spectrometer which spectroscopically measures light reflected by the sample and senses an image, a first calculator which obtains amplitude information on an amplitude of a spectral reflectance of the sample based on the image sensed by the imaging spectrometer within a predetermined wavelength range of spectral reflectance spectra obtained by the spectrometer, a memory which holds in advance relationship information representing a relationship between the amplitude information of the spectral reflectance and an absorption coefficient, and a second calculator which obtains an absorption coefficient of the sample based on the amplitude information obtained by the first calculator and the relationship information held in the memory.

Abstract: An evaluation apparatus which evaluates a sample. The apparatus includes a light source which irradiates the sample with light, an imaging spectrometer which spectroscopically measures light reflected by the sample and senses an image, a first calculator which obtains amplitude information on an amplitude of a spectral reflectance of the sample based on the image sensed by the imaging spectrometer within a predetermined wavelength range of spectral reflectance spectra obtained by the spectrometer, a memory which holds in advance relationship information representing a relationship between the amplitude information of the spectral reflectance and an absorption coefficient, and a second calculator which obtains an absorption coefficient of the sample based on the amplitude information obtained by the first calculator and the relationship information held in the memory.

Abstract: An evaluation apparatus which evaluates a sample having a porous layer. The apparatus includes a light source which irradiates the sample with light, an imaging spectrometer which spectroscopically measures light reflected by the sample and senses an image, a first calculator which obtains amplitude information on an amplitude of a spectral reflectance of the sample based on the image sensed by the imaging spectrometer, a memory which holds in advance relationship information representing a relationship between amplitude information of spectral reflectance of a member having a porous layer and an absorption coefficient of the porous layer of the member, and a second calculator which obtains an absorption coefficient of the sample based on the amplitude information obtained by the first calculator and the relationship information held in the memory.

Abstract: An evaluation apparatus includes a light source which irradiates a substrate with light, an imaging spectrometer which spectroscopically measures light reflected by the substrate and senses an image, a first calculator which obtains amplitude information on the amplitude of the spectral reflectance of the substrate based on the image sensed by the imaging spectrometer, a memory which holds in advance relationship information (approximate expression) representing the relationship between the amplitude information of the spectral reflectance and an absorption coefficient, and a second calculator which obtains the absorption coefficient of the substrate based on the amplitude information obtained by the first calculator and the relationship information (approximate expression) held in the memory.

Abstract: A highly uniform flow is provided to an object to be processed, while a processing apparatus is downsized, to remove particles efficiently. The processing apparatus includes a processing bath having a liquid injection port in the bottom thereof, a rectifier plate located between the bottom of the processing bath and a position at which an object to be processed is positioned, and a distribution portion extending between the rectifier plate and the liquid injection port and over the liquid injection port. The distribution portion includes an opposing portion opposing the liquid injection port, a surrounding portion surrounding a space between the opposing portion and liquid injection port, and a guard portion or extended portion extending outwardly from the bottom end of the surrounding portion.

Abstract: A thin film laser emitting device includes a Bragg reflector including a recess and one or more diffraction gratings provided around the recess, a thin film laser layer formed in the recess, for generating lights, the lights being reflected by the diffraction gratings, a pair of electrodes, provided in the recess to have the thin film laser layer therebetween, and a laser emitting means, provided at a portion of the gratings, for emanating the reflected lights.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nanostructured BaTiO3 film, plate or array that has from 1,000 to 10,000 times the storage capacity of conventional capacitors. The barium titanates are of the formula BaaTibOc wherein a and b are independently between 0.75 and 1.25 and c is 2.5 to about 5.0. The barium titanates may further be doped with a material, “M”, selected from Au, is Au, Cu, Ni3Al, Ru or InSn. The resulting titanate may be represented by the formula MdBaaTibOc wherein d is about 0.01 to 0.25, a is about 0.75 to about 1.25, b is about 0.75 to about 1.25 and c is about 2.5 to about 5.0. X-ray diffraction results illustrate that the crystal structure of the thin films changed from predominantly cubic to tetragonal phase and crystallite size increased with increasing concentration of “M”.

Abstract: A drawdown table rotatable at high speed is provided to spread ink mixed with no foreign matter so that a thin film of ink is printed with high accuracy. The ink is discharged from an ink feeding unit to the surface of the drawdown table, and uniformly spread in a non-contact manner on the entire surface of the table so that it has a predetermined thickness. A relief having a pattern to be formed is attached to either the drawdown table or a plate cylinder to be pressed to contact the drawdown table after the ink has been spread.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7 H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: A display device is constituted by a pair of substrates at least one of which is provided with a display electrode. The display electrode comprises an electroconductive transparent film comprising indium oxide and/or tin oxide and having a surface unevenness of at most 30 Å. The transparent film may preferably be an ITO film containing an amorphous component. The transparent film is effective in improving a surface flatness allowing a good alignment control performance while retaining a good transmittance and a low sheet resistance and is readily etched with weak acid to suppress peeling of an underlying layer thereof and an occurrence of microcracks therein.