Abstract: In an apparatus, a gas containing CH4 and CO2 is supplied from a first supply unit to a synthetic gas production unit which generates a synthetic gas containing CO and H2 while heating a first catalytic structure; the synthetic gas is supplied to a gas production unit which generates a lower olefin-containing gas including propylene while heating a second catalytic structure; and a detection unit detects propylene discharged from the gas production unit. The first catalytic structure includes first supports having a porous structure and a first metal fine particle that is present in first channels of the first supports. The second catalyst structure includes second supports having a porous structure and a second metal fine particle in the second supports. The second supports have a second channels, a portion of which have an average inner diameter of 0.95 nm or less.

Abstract: Provided is a refrigerating machine oil which comprises an ester between a polyol consisting of at least one of pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol represented by formula (I) and 2-propylheptanoic acid, and is characterized in that the refrigerating machine oil can be used in combination with a refrigerant consisting of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze). When the refrigerating machine oil is used in combination with a refrigerant consisting of HFO-1234ze, excellent miscibility with the refrigerant, lubricity, thermal and chemical stability and the like can be achieved.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixed ester of pentaerythritol or a mixed polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acids; the mixed polyhydric alcohol consisting of pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol represented by formula (I), and the carboxylic acids comprising 2-ethylhexanoic acid and 2-propylheptanoic acid. The mixed ester exhibits excellent properties (e.g., miscibility with a refrigerant that comprises fluoropropene, low-temperature fluidity, and lubricity) in a well-balanced manner while having the viscosity within the range required for a refrigerant oil, and may be used in an industrial lubricant (e.g., refrigerant oil) and the like.

Abstract: Provided is a refrigerating machine oil which comprises an ester between a polyol consisting of at least one of pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol represented by formula (I) and 2-propylheptanoic acid, and is characterized in that the refrigerating machine oil can be used in combination with a refrigerant consisting of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze). When the refrigerating machine oil is used in combination with a refrigerant consisting of HFO-1234ze, excellent miscibility with the refrigerant, lubricity, thermal and chemical stability and the like can be achieved.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixed ester of pentaerythritol or a mixed polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acids; the mixed polyhydric alcohol consisting of pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol represented by formula (I), and the carboxylic acids comprising 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid and 2-propylheptanoic acid. The mixed ester exhibits excellent properties (e.g., miscibility with a refrigerant that comprises fluoropropene, low-temperature properties, oxidation stability, oxidation-hydrolysis stability, and lubricity) in a well-balanced manner while having the viscosity within the range required for a refrigerant oil, and may be used in an industrial lubricant (e.g., refrigerant oil) and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixed ester of pentaerythritol or a mixed polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acids; the mixed polyhydric alcohol consisting of pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol represented by formula (I), and the carboxylic acids comprising 2-ethylhexanoic acid and 2-propylheptanoic acid. The mixed ester exhibits excellent properties (e.g., miscibility with a refrigerant that comprises fluoropropene, low-temperature fluidity, and lubricity) in a well-balanced manner while having the viscosity within the range required for a refrigerant oil, and may be used in an industrial lubricant (e.g., refrigerant oil) and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixed ester of pentaerythritol or a mixed polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acids; the mixed polyhydric alcohol consisting of pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol represented by formula (I), and the carboxylic acids comprising 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid and 2-propylheptanoic acid. The mixed ester exhibits excellent properties (e.g., miscibility with a refrigerant that comprises fluoropropene, low-temperature properties, oxidation stability, oxidation-hydrolysis stability, and lubricity) in a well-balanced manner while having the viscosity within the range required for a refrigerant oil, and may be used in an industrial lubricant (e.g., refrigerant oil) and the like.

Abstract: To provide a contactless communication system that can reduce a time required to complete an identification of all data carriers that exist around a reader/writer and thus attempt to speed up its processing. According to the contactless communication system, multiple data carriers detect a response requesting command from an access device and send back an individual response signal for one-bit information to the access device at a time that is ordered based on a portion of each carrier's identification information, and the access device monitors individual slots for the response signals and determines that detection of the presence of data carriers is completed when it has obtained individual signals from the data carriers, thereby reducing the time required to complete the identification of all data carriers.

Abstract: A means of referring to a reference signal embedded in multi-color two-dimensional bar code (302) received from the Internet and optimizing the adjustment of colors of an output picture image. Furthermore, when the recognition fails, the tint is readjusted by a feedback means and the recognition rate in portable terminal (303) is improved. This configuration improves the recognition rate of a picture image at the portable terminal of multi-color two-dimensional bar code (302) received from the Internet, and makes it possible to transmit a large amount of data information from television to the portable terminal for a short time.

Abstract: To provide a contactless communication system that can reduce a time required to complete an identification of all data carriers that exist around a reader/writer and thus attempt to speed up its processing. According to the contactless communication system, multiple data carriers detect a response requesting command from an access device and send back an individual response signal for one-bit information to the access device at a time that is ordered based on a portion of each carrier's identification information, and the access device monitors individual slots for the response signals and determines that detection of the presence of data carriers is completed when it has obtained individual signals from the data carriers, thereby reducing the time required to complete the identification of all data carriers.