Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a light source provided with converting structure for converting an advancing direction of light emitted from the light source, whereby a direction in which the light source is disposed can be determined regardless of a direction in which light is emitted. The advancing direction of the light emitted from a light emitting element is converted into a direction in which light transmitting structure can transmit the light, so that a luminous intensity on a photosensitive drum can be increased. The light source is designed so as to increase a light emitting area of the light emitting element and condense light emitted therefrom. The light emitting element utilizes a flat luminous unit, which is combined with a light transmitting structure in one optical piece.

Abstract: Providing an exposure unit using an organic electroluminescence element with a large emitted light quantity. The organic electroluminescence element has, on a substrate 31, an anode 32 acting as a hole injection electrode, a cathode 33 acting as an electron injection electrode, a first and second emission layers 34 and 35 each having a light emission region, and a charge generation layer 38 injecting electrons into the light emission layer 34 lying close to the anode 32 and injecting holes into the light emission layer 35 lying close to the cathode 33, these layers being arranged between the anode 32 and the cathode 33.

Abstract: A light source for an image writing apparatus which can reduce the number of units without sacrifice in sufficient accuracy, and does not need an accurate alignment, and production method for the light source. The light source for the image writing apparatus forms an image by light emitted from light emitting elements provided on a specific substrate onto a photosensitive drum, wherein light emitting elements are disposed in a zigzag manner on one sheet of the substrate.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a light source provided with a converting means for converting the advancing direction of light emitted from the light source, whereby the direction in which the light source is disposed can be determined regardless of a direction in which light is emitted. The advancing direction of the light emitted from a light emitting element is converted into a direction in which the light transmitting means can transmit the light, so that the luminous intensity on the photosensitive drum can be increased. It is designed so as to increase a light emitting area of the light emitting element and condense the light emitted therefrom, in result the luminous flux density can be improved. The light emitting element applies a flat luminous unit, which is combined with a light transmitting means in one optical piece.

Abstract: The invention has an object of providing an organic electroluminescence element with a large emitted light quantity, an exposure unit and an image-forming apparatus both using the element. The organic electroluminescence element in accordance with the invention has, on a substrate, an anode acting as a hole injection electrode, a cathode acting as an electron injection electrode, a plurality of light emission layers each having a light emission region and a charge generation layer injecting electrons into the light emission layer lying close to the anode and injecting holes into the light emission layer lying close to the cathode, these layers being arranged between the anode and the cathode, and is configured so that the work function of the charge generation layer is set higher than the ionization potential of the light emission layer lying close to the anode.

Abstract: A light source includes a light emitting unit including a light emitting layer for electrically emitting a light, and a waveguide for emitting a light irradiated from the light emitting unit into air through a light take-out surface formed on an end face, wherein an area of the light take-out surface of the waveguide is set to be smaller than that of the light emitting layer. Thus, the light irradiated from the light emitting layer is emitted through the light take-out surface of the waveguide. Therefore, it is possible to freely determine the size of the light source by the size of the light take-out surface of the waveguide. Consequently, it is possible to easily obtain a very small light source.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus for reading a original line by line, by moving the line image sensor in a direction orthogonal to the line, in which the line sensor is displaced in the line direction in each line to read the image of the original in a checkered pattern of pixels, and for interpolating a pixel in spaces of the said checkered pattern, plural interpolation candidate values for the pixel are determined and one of them is selected according to surrounding pixel values of the said pixel position to be interpolated, thereby reproducing edge portion of the original accurately.

Abstract: A carryable memory media is provided with a directory for storing specific format files having a certain specific file form and a directory for storing nonspecific format files having any free form. The portable information terminal comprises the above carryable memory media detachable to and from the terminal body, and is provided with means for storing the non-specific format files in said carryable memory media and stores a file in said carryable memory media at a data area corresponding to the directory formed for storing non-specific format files. The portable information terminal is also provided with means for forming a directory for storing specific format files, and stores a file in said carryable memory media at a data area corresponding to the directory formed for storing specific format files.

Abstract: An encoder produces a plurality of different phase signals. A detecting unit detects all edges of the plurality of different phase signals from the encoder. A central processing unit (CPU) measures edge intervals of edges succeeding with respect to time. A first process is for obtaining a control target value on the basis of a value measured by the CPU, and a second process is for controlling the drive speed of the drive source on the basis of the result of comparing the value measured by the CPU and the control target value.

Abstract: An image reader, which is capable of reading tone effects of a document precisely and can be miniaturized, includes a document glass, a light source for illuminating the document, an optical system for image formation of a reflected light from the document, an image reading section, a carriage, a driving motor for driving the carriage, a vertical scanning white reference board disposed outside an area, in which the document is mounted, within a range of reading and at least arranged apart from the carriage in a direction toward the document glass, a vertical scanning shading correction arrangement for correction to keep an image signal level at a constant level, and a locating section for locating a position in a horizontal scanning direction of the vertical scanning white reference board, whereby tone effects of the document can be read precisely and the image reader be miniaturized.

Abstract: An image forming device which perform tone reproduction of a by changing the size of dots according to input image data comprising a plurality of pixels, each of which has an image density. A block partitioning portion partitions the input image data into blocks, each which has a predetermined number of pixels and each of the pixels having a predetermined position within each of the blocks. A tone modulation portion determines priorities corresponding to predetermined positions of the pixels within each of the blocks and changes the size of the dots according to the image densities of the pixels within the block. The tone modulation portion increases the size of the dots corresponding to the pixels in such a manner that the size of one of the dots corresponding to one of the pixels is larger than that of another one of the dots corresponding to another one of the pixels having a lower priority than one of the pixels but having the same image density.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus equipped with a photosensitive device rotatable which is responsive to exposure light so as to allow formation of a toner image thereon and an intermediate transfer device rotatable which is brought into contact with the photosensitive device so that the toner image formed on the photosensitive device are transferred onto a surface of the intermediate transfer device. The photosensitive device has a reference mark indicative of a predetermined position in its rotational direction and the intermediate transfer device also has a reference mark representative of a predetermined position in its rotational direction. These reference marks are detected by first and second reference position sensors, thereby measuring the rotational periods of the photosensitive device and the intermediate transfer device so as to calculate a difference therebetween.