Abstract: A hydrocarbon production method includes: a hydrogen extraction step of extracting hydrogen from an organic hydride by a dehydrogenation reaction; and a hydrocarbon production step of producing a hydrocarbon by a reaction by a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process using the extracted hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In addition, in the hydrogen extraction step, reaction heat generated in the hydrocarbon production step is used.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is provided with a first light shielding member, a second light shielding member, a third light shielding member, and a fourth light shielding member along four edges of a pixel electrode, respectively, and liquid crystal molecules are oriented so as to intersect a first direction and a second direction and head toward an intersection region of the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. The pixel electrode covers a wall portion on a lower layer side, in a region overlapping with the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. The wall portion includes a layered film including a first layer, and a second layer made of a material different from the first layer, and the first layer on a lower layer side is an etching stopper when the second layer is formed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is provided with a first light shielding member, a second light shielding member, a third light shielding member, and a fourth light shielding member along an edge of a pixel electrode, and liquid crystal molecules intersect a first direction X and a second direction Y and are oriented toward a second intersection region between the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. A convex portion extending along an end portion of the pixel electrode is provided at a lower layer side of the pixel electrode, and the pixel electrode overlaps with the convex portion in a region overlapping with the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. The convex portion is separated from an adjacent pixel electrode in plan view, and is not linked to the convex portion that overlaps with the adjacent pixel electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is provided with a first light shielding member, a second light shielding member, a third light shielding member, and a fourth light shielding member along four edges of a pixel electrode, respectively, and liquid crystal molecules are oriented so as to intersect a first direction and a second direction and head toward an intersection region of the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. The pixel electrode covers a wall portion on a lower layer side, in a region overlapping with the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. The wall portion includes a layered film including a first layer, and a second layer made of a material different from the first layer, and the first layer on a lower layer side is an etching stopper when the second layer is formed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is provided with a first light-shielding member, a second light-shielding member, a third light-shielding member, and a fourth light-shielding member along an edge of a pixel electrode, and liquid crystal molecules are set with a pretilt direction (an alignment direction) in a direction intersecting both a first direction and a second direction and facing a second intersection region between the third light-shielding member and the fourth light-shielding member. In addition, at a lower layer side of the pixel electrode, a convex portion extending along an end portion of the pixel electrode is provided. The pixel electrode avoids overlapping, in a region along both the first light-shielding member and the second light-shielding member, with the convex portion, and overlaps, in a region along both the third light-shielding member and the fourth light-shielding member, with the convex portion.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is provided with a first light shielding member, a second light shielding member, a third light shielding member, and a fourth light shielding member along an edge of a pixel electrode, and liquid crystal molecules intersect a first direction X and a second direction Y and are oriented toward a second intersection region between the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. A convex portion extending along an end portion of the pixel electrode is provided at a lower layer side of the pixel electrode, and the pixel electrode overlaps with the convex portion in a region overlapping with the third light shielding member and the fourth light shielding member. The convex portion is separated from an adjacent pixel electrode in plan view, and is not linked to the convex portion that overlaps with the adjacent pixel electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is provided with a first light-shielding member, a second light-shielding member, a third light-shielding member, and a fourth light-shielding member along an edge of a pixel electrode, and liquid crystal molecules are set with a pretilt direction (an alignment direction) in a direction intersecting both a first direction and a second direction and facing a second intersection region between the third light-shielding member and the fourth light-shielding member. In addition, at a lower layer side of the pixel electrode, a convex portion extending along an end portion of the pixel electrode is provided. The pixel electrode avoids overlapping, in a region along both the first light-shielding member and the second light-shielding member, with the convex portion, and overlaps, in a region along both the third light-shielding member and the fourth light-shielding member, with the convex portion.

Abstract: Between a first substrate and a pixel electrode, a transmissive-type electro-optical device includes a light shielding body extending along an edge of the pixel electrode in plan view, a transmissive wall portion extending along the edge of the pixel electrode in plan view and covering the light shielding body, and an insulating transmissive body filling a recessed portion surrounded by the wall portion. The transmissive body has a refractive index larger than that of the wall portion. Thus, a boundary surface between the wall portion and the transmissive body serves as a reflective surface, and the transmissive body forms a wave guide. The transmissive body includes a first transmissive film and a second transmissive film laminated on the first transmissive film on a side opposite to the first substrate.

Abstract: A transmissive-type liquid crystal display device includes a base material having transmissivity, a light-shielding body having a grid pattern in a plan view seen from a thickness direction of the base material, a pixel electrode, a first insulator that is provided to cover the light-shielding body and has transmissivity, and a second insulator that is disposed in contact with the first insulator between the base material and the pixel electrode and has transmissivity. A refractive index of the second insulator is higher than a refractive index of the first insulator. An outer edge of a surface of the second insulator on the pixel electrode side overlaps the light-shielding body in the plan view.

Abstract: A transmissive-type liquid crystal display device includes a base material having transmissivity, a light-shielding body having a grid pattern in a plan view seen from a thickness direction of the base material, a pixel electrode, a first insulator that is provided to cover the light-shielding body and has transmissivity, and a second insulator that is disposed in contact with the first insulator between the base material and the pixel electrode and has transmissivity. A refractive index of the second insulator is higher than a refractive index of the first insulator. An outer edge of a surface of the second insulator on the pixel electrode side overlaps the light-shielding body in the plan view.

Abstract: Between a first substrate and a pixel electrode, a transmissive-type electro-optical device includes a light shielding body extending along an edge of the pixel electrode in plan view, a transmissive wall portion extending along the edge of the pixel electrode in plan view and covering the light shielding body, and an insulating transmissive body filling a recessed portion surrounded by the wall portion. The transmissive body has a refractive index larger than that of the wall portion. Thus, a boundary surface between the wall portion and the transmissive body serves as a reflective surface, and the transmissive body forms a wave guide. The transmissive body includes a first transmissive film and a second transmissive film laminated on the first transmissive film on a side opposite to the first substrate.

Abstract: The indirect internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell system includes an indirect internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell that has a first reformer which produces a reformed gas from a hydrocarbon-based fuel by using a steam reforming reaction, a solid oxide fuel cell which generates electric power by using the reformed gas obtained in the first reformer, and a container which houses the first reformer and the solid oxide fuel cell, the first reformer being disposed in a position to receive heat radiation from the solid oxide fuel cell; a second reformer which is disposed outside the container and produces a reformed gas by reforming a hydrocarbon-based fuel; and a line which leads the reformed gas obtained in the second reformer from the second reformer to an anode of the solid oxide fuel cell.

Abstract: The indirect internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell system includes an indirect internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell that has a first reformer which produces a reformed gas from a hydrocarbon-based fuel by using a steam reforming reaction, a solid oxide fuel cell which generates electric power by using the reformed gas obtained in the first reformer, and a container which houses the first reformer and the solid oxide fuel cell, the first reformer being disposed in a position to receive heat radiation from the solid oxide fuel cell; a second reformer which is disposed outside the container and produces a reformed gas by reforming a hydrocarbon-based fuel; and a line which leads the reformed gas obtained in the second reformer from the second reformer to an anode of the solid oxide fuel cell.

Abstract: For shortening the starting time of an autothermal reformer, the autothermal reformer is started by a method comprising: a first preheating step of heating a reforming catalyst up to a predetermined temperature with use of heating means, the heating means being positioned upstream of the reforming catalyst to heat the reforming catalyst; a second preheating step of stopping the heating after arrival at the predetermined temperature, feeding vaporized fuel and air to the reforming catalyst at the predetermined temperature, allowing the fuel to be oxidized by the reforming catalyst and thereby heating the reforming catalyst; and a starting step of also supplying steam to the reforming catalyst heated by the second preheating step and starting autothermal reforming under the condition for a steady state.

Abstract: There are provided an SOFC system using kerosene as a reforming raw material, the SOFC system being capable of effectively cooling the cell and capable of being stably operated with no decreased efficiency, and an operating method thereof. The solid oxide fuel cell system includes reforming means for reforming kerosene to obtain a reformed gas, a methanation catalyst layer disposed downstream of the reforming means and capable of promoting a methanation reaction, cooling means for cooling the methanation catalyst layer, and a solid oxide fuel cell disposed downstream of the methanation catalyst layer. The operating method of a solid oxide fuel cell system includes reforming kerosene to obtain a reformed gas, performing a methanation reaction to increase a methane amount in the reformed gas, and supplying a gas obtained in the methanation to a solid oxide fuel cell.

Abstract: For shortening the starting time of an autothermal reformer, the autothermal reformer is started by a method comprising: a first preheating step of heating a reforming catalyst up to a predetermined temperature with use of heating means, the heating means being positioned upstream of the reforming catalyst to heat the reforming catalyst; a second preheating step of stopping the heating after arrival at the predetermined temperature, feeding vaporized fuel and air to the reforming catalyst at the predetermined temperature, allowing the fuel to be oxidized by the reforming catalyst and thereby heating the reforming catalyst; and a starting step of also supplying steam to the reforming catalyst heated by the second preheating step and starting autothermal reforming under the condition for a steady state.

Abstract: An indirect inside reforming SOFC system that enables elimination of the use of hydrogen storage equipment for anode protection at start-up, etc. There is provided an indirect inside reforming solid oxide fuel cell comprising a first reformer for producing a reformate gas from a hydrocarbon fuel with the use of steam reforming reaction; a solid oxide fuel cell for power generation from the reformate gas obtained by the first reformer; and a container for housing both of the first reformer and the solid oxide fuel cell, wherein the first reformer is disposed at a position receiving heat radiation from the solid oxide fuel cell.

Abstract: A process of the present invention for producing a hydrotreated gas oil has a step for obtaining a product oil having a total aromatic content of 3% by volume or less by hydrogenating a hydrotreated oil including 95% by volume or more of fraction having a boiling point range of 150-380° C., a sulfur content of 2-15 ppm by mass, a total aromatic content of 10-25% by volume, and a naphthene of 20-60% by volume in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst; and a step for obtaining, by hydrogenating the above-described product oil in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst containing a crystalline molecular sieve component, a product oil satisfying the conditions that the content of petroleum fraction having a boiling point range of lower than 150° C. is 16% by volume or less, and the sum of the total aromatic content and the total naphthene content is 80% or less relative to the sum of these in the hydrotreated oil.

Abstract: The gas oil fraction hydrotreatment process of the invention is characterized by using a hydrorefined petroleum-based hydrocarbon oil with a sulfur content of 5-15 ppm by mass, a total aromatic content of 10-25% by volume and a boiling point range of 150-380° C. as the feed oil and subjecting the feed oil to hydrotreatment in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to obtain an ultralow sulfur and low aromatic gas oil fraction having a sulfur content of not greater than 1 ppm by mass and a total aromatic content of not greater than 1% by volume. This hydrotreatment process allows production of a “zero sulfur” and “zero aromatic” gas oil fraction in an efficient and reliable manner without provision of special operating conditions or equipment investment.

Abstract: The gas oil fraction hydrotreatment process of the invention is characterized by using a gas oil fraction with a sulfur content of 0.8-2% by mass and a total aromatic content of 20-35% by volume as the feed oil and subjecting the feed oil to hydrotreatment in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst comprising at least one metal from among Group 6A metals and at least one metal from among Group 8 metals as active metals, and under reaction conditions with a reaction temperature of 330-390° C., a hydrogen partial pressure of 12-20 MPa and a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.1-1 h?1, to obtain an ultralow sulfur and low- aromatic gas oil fraction having a sulfur content of not greater than 1 ppm by mass and a total aromatic content of not greater than 1% by volume. This hydrotreatment process allows production of a “zero sulfur” and “zero aromatic” gas oil fraction in an efficient and reliable manner without provision of special operating conditions or equipment investment.