Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula (B1). Further disclosed is a corrosion inhibitor (B) containing one or more selected from the compound represented by the following formula (B1). Further disclosed is a lubricant composition containing an ionic liquid (A) and the corrosion inhibitor (B). The compound and the corrosion inhibitor are excellent in stability in any of a high vacuum, a low-temperature environment, a high-temperature environment, and an ordinary temperature-ordinary pressure environment, and the lubricant composition containing the corrosion inhibitor is excellent in metal corrosion resistance, solubility, and low evaporability. In the general formula (B1), M is an alkali metal and RB11 is an alkylene group having 1 to 19 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a flavor for expanded tobacco material has an extraction vessel (2) for bringing supercritical carbon dioxide into contact with tobacco material (A) to dissolve tobacco components in the carbon dioxide; a separation vessel (14) connected to the extraction vessel (2), for separating fat-soluble ingredients of the tobacco components from the tobacco components dissolved in the carbon dioxide to retrieve the fat-soluble ingredients; and a circulation path for circulating the supercritical carbon dioxide between the extraction vessel (2) and the absorption vessel (38) storing purified water while purifying the carbon dioxide by the purification layer (4) made of activated carbon, and absorbing water-soluble ingredients of the tobacco components in purified water; and a retrieval vessel (52) for retrieving the purified water, in which the water-soluble ingredients of the tobacco components are absorbed, from the absorption vessel (38) as absorption water.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a flavor for expanded tobacco material has an extraction vessel (2) for bringing supercritical carbon dioxide into contact with tobacco material (A) to dissolve tobacco components in the carbon dioxide; a separation vessel (14) connected to the extraction vessel (2), for separating fat-soluble ingredients of the tobacco components from the tobacco components dissolved in the carbon dioxide to retrieve the fat-soluble ingredients; and a circulation path for circulating the supercritical carbon dioxide between the extraction vessel (2) and the absorption vessel (38) storing purified water while purifying the carbon dioxide by the purification layer (4) made of activated carbon, and absorbing water-soluble ingredients of the tobacco components in purified water; and a retrieval vessel (52) for retrieving the purified water, in which the water-soluble ingredients of the tobacco components are absorbed, from the absorption vessel (38) as absorption water.

Abstract: A method of extracting a component from material includes the steps of alternately arranging the material (10) and absorbent (12) in layers along an inner channel (8c) of a container (8), supplying a high-pressure solvent into the inner channel (8c) of the container (8), extracting a predetermined component from the material (10) into the solvent, and absorbing the predetermined component in the solvent into the absorbent (12) to remove the component.

Abstract: Sheet tobacco according to the present invention includes a carrier sheet made of nonwoven plant fibers, and a tobacco powder layer formed on the carrier sheet and containing a powder mixture of tobacco lamina powder and binder powder. In a sheet tobacco manufacturing process according to the present invention, a carrier sheet of plant fibers is formed by a nonwoven fabric production process, a tobacco powder layer is formed by spreading the powder mixture on the carrier sheet, and a cover sheet of plant fibers is optionally formed on the tobacco powder layer. Subsequently, the carrier sheet, the tobacco powder layer and the optical cover sheet are all together subjected to heating and pressing, thereby producing sheet tobacco with a two- or three-layer structure. The present invention also provides a manufacturing system for carrying out the sheet tobacco manufacturing process.

Abstract: Sheet tobacco according to the present invention includes a carrier sheet made of nonwoven plant fibers, and a tobacco powder layer formed on the carrier sheet and containing a powder mixture of tobacco lamina powder and binder powder. In a sheet tobacco manufacturing process according to the present invention, a carrier sheet of plant fibers is formed by a nonwoven fabric production process, a tobacco powder layer is formed by spreading the powder mixture on the carrier sheet, and a cover sheet of plant fibers is optionally formed on the tobacco powder layer. Subsequently, the carrier sheet, the tobacco powder layer and the optical cover sheet are all together subjected to heating and pressing, thereby producing sheet tobacco with a two- or three-layer structure. The present invention also provides a manufacturing system for carrying out the sheet tobacco manufacturing process.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method and a manufacturing system for cut tobacco, a first additive mainly containing a humectant is added to laminar tobacco, the laminar tobacco provided with the first additive is shredded to form cut tobacco, a second additive containing a perfume is added to the cut tobacco, the cut tobacco is dried thereafter, and a top flavoring as a third additive is added to the dried cut tobacco.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method and a manufacturing system for cut tobacco, a first additive mainly containing a humectant is added to laminar tobacco, the laminar tobacco provided with the first additive is shredded to form cut tobacco, a second additive containing a perfume is added to the cut tobacco, the cut tobacco is dried thereafter, and a top flavoring as a third additive is added to the dried cut tobacco.

Abstract: Sheet tobacco according to the present invention includes a carrier sheet made of nonwoven plant fibers, and a tobacco powder layer formed on the carrier sheet and containing a powder mixture of tobacco lamina powder and binder powder. In a sheet tobacco manufacturing process according to the present invention, a carrier sheet of plant fibers is formed by a nonwoven fabric production process, a tobacco powder layer is formed by spreading the powder mixture on the carrier sheet, and a cover sheet of plant fibers is optionally formed on the tobacco powder layer. Subsequently, the carrier sheet, the tobacco powder layer and the optical cover sheet are all together subjected to heating and pressing, thereby producing sheet tobacco with a two- or three-layer structure. The present invention also provides a manufacturing system for carrying out the sheet tobacco manufacturing process.

Abstract: A telephone hand-free apparatus comprises a housing; a telephone receiving case installed in the housing, the telephone receiving case being so sized and constructed as to receive therein a portable telephone; a board on which a control circuit is arranged, the board being installed in the housing; an external microphone operatively connected to the control circuit and exposed to the outside of the housing; an external speaker operatively connected to the control circuit and installed in the housing; a connection cable extending from the control circuit, so that when the connection cable is connected to a socket of the portable telephone, the external microphone and the external speaker become operative in place of a microphone and a speaker of the portable telephone; and an electric power source which energizes the control circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing an expanded tobacco material. According to the method, a tobacco material (TM) is fed into a pressure vessel (11), followed by pressurizing the interior of the pressure vessel (11) with a carbon dioxide gas to a predetermined impregnation pressure. Then, a liquid carbon dioxide (21) is supplied from above the tobacco material (TM) into the pressure vessel through a sintered metal plate (13), etc., while maintaining the impregnation pressure, thereby saturating the interior of the pressure vessel (11) with a carbon dioxide gas generated by vaporization of the supplied liquid carbon dioxide, and cooling the tobacco material by the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid carbon dioxide, so as to impregnate the tobacco material with carbon dioxide. The tobacco material impregnated with carbon dioxide is brought into contact with a hot gaseous stream within a gaseous stream dryer so as to expand the tobacco material.

Abstract: A controllable exhaust system of an internal combustion engine is shown which includes an exhaust gas inlet tube extending from the engine, a muffler connected at its inlet side to the exhaust gas inlet tube and having first and second exhaust gas flowing passages defined therein, and first and second exhaust gas outlet tubes respectively connected to the first and second exhaust gas flowing passages and extending from the muffler independently. A muffler controller is incorporated with the exhaust system for varying the flow passage area of the second exhaust gas outlet tube in accordance with the pressure of the exhaust gas led into the muffler from the engine.

Abstract: A muffler assembly, for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine has an exhaust gas inlet tube projected into the muffler to feed the muffler with the exhaust gas of the engine. First and second flow passages are defined through which the exhaust gas from the muffler flows independently before discharged to the open air. The controller has a pneumatic actuator that has a piston rod and a work chamber. The piston rod is adapted to reciprocate linearly in accordance with the magnitude of pressure developed in the work chamber. The pressure of the exhaust gas of the engine is fed to the work chamber of the pneumatic actuator. The actuator controls a valve assembly which includes a valve plate and a pivot shaft through which the valve plate is pivotally installed in the second flow passage of the first means.

Abstract: An exhaust system of an internal combustion engine has an exhaust gas inlet tube extending from the engine. A muffler is connected at its inlet side to the exhaust gas inlet tube. The muffler includes first and second exhaust gas flowing passages. First and second exhaust gas outlet tubes are respectively connected to the first and second exhaust gas flowing passages and extend from the muffler independently. A flow controller steplessly varies the flow passage area of the second exhaust gas outlet tube in accordance with the pressure of the exhaust gas discharged from the engine. The flow controller continuously increases the flow passage area with increase of the magnitude of the exhaust gas pressure.