Abstract: The present disclosure provides an assembly type bridge lower structure having a socket type elastic duct coupler and a method of constructing the same in which, in construction of an assembly type bridge lower structure that consists of an assembly type foundation part, an assembly type pillar part, and an assembly type coping part, a socket type elastic duct coupler is utilized, thus enabling shear key joining at connection portions of the assembly type foundation part, the assembly type pillar part, and the assembly type coping part, easily accommodating of construction error displacements of the socket type elastic duct coupler, improving watertightness at connection portions of the precast segments, easily accommodating an insertion angle of the insertion member including a steel strand, a steel bar, a reinforcing bar, a FRP, or the like, and preventing an overflow phenomenon that occurs when epoxy is excessively applied during bonding between the precast segments.

Abstract: A friction apparatus is provided. The friction apparatus includes: a first member having a first surface; and a second member having a second surface that contacts the first surface, and moving while in contact with the first member, wherein at least one of the first surface and the second surface is hardened.

Abstract: A friction apparatus is provided. The friction apparatus includes: a first member having a first surface; and a second member having a second surface that contacts the first surface, and moving while in contact with the first member, wherein at least one of the first surface and the second surface is hardened.