Abstract: A discharge unit generates electric power and a discharge fluid by simultaneously transferring acidic protons from a reducer fluid at a negative electrode of an electrolyte-electrode assembly (EEA) to an oxidant fluid at a positive electrode of the EEA through an electrolyte, and simultaneously transferring electrons from the negative electrode to the positive electrode through an external electric circuit. A neutral oxidant fluid is stored on board and is supplied to the discharge unit without prior on-board acidification. A regeneration system converts the discharge fluid into an alkaline discharge fluid using a base, splits the alkaline discharge fluid into a reducer and an intermediate oxidant in a splitting-disproportionation reactor, and releases the reducer and a base, while producing an aqueous multi-electron oxidant (AMO) by disproportionating the intermediate oxidant with the base. The regenerated AMO and reducer are supplied to the discharge unit for power generation.

Abstract: The invention provides a device for measuring the conductivity in a controlled environment and method thereof. The device comprises (i) a sample comprising a first material such as protonic conductor, (ii) an environmental medium comprising a controlled level of a second material such as water vapor, and (iii) a separator such as a sample holder. The separator isolates the sample from the environmental medium; the separator substantially prevents the first material from migrating into the environmental medium; and the separator allows the second material to migrate between the environmental medium and the sample. The invention resolves the problems of e.g. interfacial impedance, humidity equilibration and the loss of contact between the sample and the electrode upon sample shrinking.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method and apparatus for determining concentrations of organic additives in metal plating solutions, based on infrared spectroscopy, and more specifically attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR).

Abstract: The present invention relates to method and apparatus for determining concentrations of organic additives in metal plating solutions, based on infrared spectroscopy, and more specifically attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR).