Abstract: A photodetector comprising: a separation region that is provided in a semiconductor substrate and defines a pixel region; a hole accumulation region that is provided in the semiconductor substrate of the pixel region along a side surface of the separation region; a multiplication region that is provided in the semiconductor substrate of the pixel region and is configured by joining a first conductivity type region and a second conductivity type region from the surface side of the semiconductor substrate in the thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate; and an insulating region provided in the semiconductor substrate in a region between the multiplication region and the hole accumulation region, wherein a formation depth of the insulating region is larger than a formation depth of the first conductivity type region.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for forming a multilayer coating film, including applying a first and second aqueous base coat, and a clear coat to an object, and thereafter simultaneously heating and curing the three-layer coating film. The first aqueous base coat includes a water-soluble or water-dispersible polyurethane resin having a glass transition temperature of ?20° C. or below and a weight average molecular weight of 30,000 to 500,000, and a crosslinkable resin having a weight average molecular weight of 600 or more. The first aqueous base coat-coated film has a breaking strength of 2050 N/cm2 or more and a loss tangent (tan ?) at ?20° C. of 0.075 or more. The migration amount of a melamine resin from the second aqueous base coat-coated film layer to the first aqueous base coat-coated film layer is within 3% by mass of a total resin solid content of the first aqueous base coat.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for forming a multilayer coating film, including applying a first and second aqueous base coat, and a clear coat to an object, and thereafter simultaneously heating and curing the three-layer coating film. The first aqueous base coat includes a water-soluble or water-dispersible polyurethane resin having a glass transition temperature of ?20° C. or below and a weight average molecular weight of 30,000 to 500,000, and a crosslinkable resin having a weight average molecular weight of 600 or more. The first aqueous base coat-coated film has a breaking strength of 2050 N/cm2 or more and a loss tangent (tan ?) at ?20° C. of 0.075 or more. The migration amount of a melamine resin from the second aqueous base coat-coated film layer to the first aqueous base coat-coated film layer is within 3% by mass of a total resin solid content of the first aqueous base coat.

Abstract: Refrigeration apparatus R that includes a refrigerant circuit composed of compressor 11, gas cooler 28, electric expansion valve 39, and evaporator 41 includes: electric expansion valve 33; tank 36; split heat exchanger 29; electric expansion valve 43; electric expansion valve 47; auxiliary circuit 48; main circuit 38; low-pressure sensor 51; and control apparatus 57, in which control apparatus 57 regulates the pressure of the refrigerant after the refrigerant flows out of tank 36 but before flows into electric expansion valve 39 to be a first constant pressure when the pressure detected by low-pressure sensor 51 is smaller than a specified pressure, and regulates the pressure of the refrigerant to be a second constant pressure smaller than the first constant pressure when the pressure detected by low-pressure sensor 51 is larger than the specified pressure.

Abstract: Refrigeration apparatus R that includes a refrigerant circuit composed of compression section 11, gas cooler 28, electric expansion valve 39, and evaporator 41 includes: electric expansion valve 33; tank 36; split heat exchanger 29; electric expansion valve 43; electric expansion valves 47 and 71; auxiliary circuit 48, main circuit 38, and control apparatus 57, in which control apparatus 57 regulates the gas cooler outlet temperature based on outside air temperature when the outside air temperature is higher than a specified temperature, and regulates the gas cooler outlet temperature based on saturation temperature ST of saturated liquid of the refrigerant after the refrigerant flows out of compressor 11 but before flows into electric expansion valve 33, when the outside air temperature is lower than the specified temperature.

Abstract: A method for forming a multilayer coating film includes applying an aqueous first base coating composition (A) onto a cured electrodeposition coating film, applying an aqueous second base coating composition (B) without preheating, performing preheating, further applying a clear coating composition (C), and simultaneously heat-curing the first base coating film, the second base coating film, and the clear coating film. The aqueous first base coating composition contains a specific aqueous polyester resin, a specific aqueous acrylic resin, a specific aqueous urethane resin and a melamine resin. A breaking energy of a coating film formed of the aqueous first base coating composition and a peel strength between the coating film and the cured electrodeposition coating film are controlled to specific values.

Abstract: A method for forming a multilayer coating film includes applying an aqueous first base coating composition (A) onto a cured electrodeposition coating film, applying an aqueous second base coating composition (B) without preheating, performing preheating, further applying a clear coating composition (C), and simultaneously heat-curing the first base coating film, the second base coating film, and the clear coating film. The aqueous first base coating composition contains a specific aqueous polyester resin, a specific aqueous acrylic resin, a specific aqueous urethane resin and a melamine resin. A breaking energy of a coating film formed of the aqueous first base coating composition and a peel strength between the coating film and the cured electrodeposition coating film are controlled to specific values.

Abstract: Provided is a refrigeration apparatus which can reduce outlet pressure of a refrigerator even in overload conditions and which can improve refrigeration capacity by liquefying a refrigerant in an intermediate cooler. When outlet pressure of a refrigerator 2 is higher than critical pressure, a control apparatus 60 performs control to reduce the opening degree of a decompression electric valve 31 at the upstream side of an intermediate cooler 30. Thereby, the refrigerant is liquefied by gas-liquid separation in the intermediate cooler 30, so that the refrigerator outlet pressure is made less than the critical pressure, and the liquid refrigerant can be sent to a showcase 3. As a result, the specific enthalpy of the refrigerant at the inlet side of main diaphragm means 41 of the showcase 3 can be reduced, and thereby, the cooling effect can be increased.

Abstract: Refrigeration apparatus R that includes a refrigerant circuit composed of compression section 11, gas cooler 28, electric expansion valve 39, and evaporator 41 includes: electric expansion valve 33; tank 36; split heat exchanger 29; electric expansion valve 43; electric expansion valves 47 and 71; auxiliary circuit 48, main circuit 38, and control apparatus 57, in which control apparatus 57 regulates the gas cooler outlet temperature based on outside air temperature when the outside air temperature is higher than a specified temperature, and regulates the gas cooler outlet temperature based on saturation temperature ST of saturated liquid of the refrigerant after the refrigerant flows out of compressor 11 but before flows into electric expansion valve 33, when the outside air temperature is lower than the specified temperature.

Abstract: Refrigeration apparatus R that includes a refrigerant circuit composed of compressor 11, gas cooler 28, electric expansion valve 39, and evaporator 41 includes: electric expansion valve 33; tank 36; split heat exchanger 29; electric expansion valve 43; electric expansion valve 47; auxiliary circuit 48; main circuit 38; low-pressure sensor 51; and control apparatus 57, in which control apparatus 57 regulates the pressure of the refrigerant after the refrigerant flows out of tank 36 but before flows into electric expansion valve 39 to be a first constant pressure when the pressure detected by low-pressure sensor 51 is smaller than a specified pressure, and regulates the pressure of the refrigerant to be a second constant pressure smaller than the first constant pressure when the pressure detected by low-pressure sensor 51 is larger than the specified pressure.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for forming multilayer coating film, which comprises successively carrying out a step of applying an intermediate paint onto a coating object to form an intermediate coating film; a step of forming a base coating film by applying onto the intermediate coating film a water-based base coating paint; a step of forming a clear coating film by applying onto the base coating film a clear coating paint, and a step of heating the uncured intermediate coating film, base coating film and clear coating film to simultaneously cure these three coating films; wherein the intermediate paint has a complex viscosity at 40° C. (?*40) of not higher than 100 Pa·sec under the conditions of shear stress, 1.0 Pa and frequency, 0.1 Hz, and a complex viscosity at 80° C. (?*80) of at least 800 Pa·sec under the conditions of shear stress, 1.0 Pa and frequency, 0.1 Hz.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for forming multilayer coating film, which comprises successively carrying out a step of applying an intermediate paint onto a coating object to form an intermediate coating film; a step of forming a base coating film by applying onto the intermediate coating film a water-based base coating paint; a step of forming a clear coating film by applying onto the base coating film a clear coating paint, and a step of heating the uncured intermediate coating film, base coating film and clear coating film to simultaneously cure these three coating films; wherein the intermediate paint has a complex viscosity at 40° C. (?*40) of not higher than 100 Pa·sec under the conditions of shear stress, 1.0 Pa and frequency, 0.1 Hz, and a complex viscosity at 80° C. (?*80) of at least 800 Pa·sec under the conditions of shear stress, 1.0 Pa and frequency, 0.1 Hz.