Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry determines whether a first virtual pipeline decoding unit (VPDU) is split into smaller blocks and whether a second VPDU is split into smaller blocks. In response to a determination the first VPDU is not split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is split into smaller blocks, a block of chroma samples is predicted without using luma samples. In response to a determination the first VPDU is split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is split into smaller blocks, the block of chroma samples is predicted using luma samples. In response to a determination the first VPDU is not split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is not split into smaller block, the block of chroma samples is predicted using luma samples. The block is encoded using the predicted chroma samples.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: determines whether an image format of a video is a format including a chroma component; when it is determined that the image format is a format including a chroma component, signals a flag indicating whether application of JCCR is allowed or not in a header of a stream, and (i) encodes the video with application of the JCCR allowed, or (ii) encodes the video with application of the JCCR not allowed; and when it is determined that the image format is a format including no chroma component, signals no flag indicating whether application of the JCCR is allowed or not in the header of the stream, and encodes the video with application of the JCCR not allowed.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. In both of a first type of residual coding where an orthogonal transform is applied and a second type of residual coding where the orthogonal transform is skipped, wherein when a restriction on a number of CABAC processes allows CABAC coding of a set of coefficient information flags, the circuitry: encodes the coefficient information flags by CABAC; and otherwise, the circuitry: skips the CABAC encoding of the coefficient information flags; and the circuitry encodes a remainder value of the coefficient with Golomb-Rice code when the coefficient information flags are encoded; and otherwise the circuitry encodes a value of the coefficient with the Golomb-Rice code, wherein in the second type of residual coding, the circuitry encodes absolute value flags each relating to an absolute value of the coefficient after encoding the coefficient information flags and before encoding the remainder value of the coefficient.

Abstract: Optical alignment between an optical waveguide device and an optical connection part is realized easily and at low cost. An optical circuit in which optical waveguides to be connected to optical fibers are formed includes: an alignment optical waveguide configured to be opposed to, on an optical waveguide edge face to which an optical connection part having guide holes for insertion of core wires of the optical fibers is to be fixed, a guide hole into which an alignment optical fiber is to be inserted; and a light path changing member configured to change a path of light to a vertical direction with respect to the optical axis direction of the core of the alignment optical waveguide.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each coefficient of a plurality of coefficients included in a block, determines a base level relating to Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) for the coefficient, and encodes an absolute value of the coefficient. In determining the base level, when one or more flags are used in encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, the base level is determined to be a first value, and when one or more flags are not used in the encoding, the base level is determined to be a second value that is smaller than the first value. In encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, when one or more flags are not used, a rice parameter is determined based on the base level which is equal to the second value, and the coefficient is binarized using the rice parameter.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation: determines whether a size of a current block, which is a unit for which a vector candidate list including vector candidates is generated, is less than or equal to a threshold; when the size of the current block is less than or equal to the threshold, generates the vector candidate list by registering a history-based motion vector predictor (HMVP) vector candidate in the vector candidate list from an HMVP table without performing a first pruning process; when the size of the current block is greater than the threshold, generates the vector candidate list by performing the first pruning process and registering the HMVP vector candidate in the vector candidate list from the HMVP table; and encodes the current block using the vector candidate list.

Abstract: An encoder determines, based on a width and a height of a block, whether or not to disable a prediction mode in which the block is split along a partitioning line defined by a distance and an angle and then prediction is performed; and encodes the block with the prediction mode disabled or not disabled according to a result of the determination on whether or not to disable the prediction mode. Here, the distance is the shortest distance between the center of the block and the partitioning line, and the angle is an angle representing a direction from the center of the block toward the partitioning line in the shortest distance. The encoder determines to disable the prediction mode when (i) a width-to-height ratio is at least 8 or (ii) a height-to-width ratio is at least 8.

Abstract: There is provided an optical connection structure in which an optical fiber and an optical semiconductor waveguide are easily connected with low loss. The present invention relates to an optical connection structure configured to connect an optical waveguide device and an optical fiber including cores having different refractive indexes, wherein an optical connection component using a planar lightwave circuit is bonded and fixed on an end surface of an input/output waveguide of the optical waveguide device, a value of a refractive index of a core of the planar lightwave circuit is between a value of the refractive index of the core of the optical waveguide device and a value of the refractive index of the core of the optical fiber, and the optical waveguide device and the optical fiber are optically connected via the planar lightwave circuit.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory and circuitry coupled to the memory. The circuitry, for each of temporal sub-layers for temporal scalability different from spatial scalability, stores first parameters into buffering period supplemental enhancement information (SEI) and encodes the first parameters. The first parameters present initial delays in timing to extract data from a coded picture buffer (CPB). The circuitry stores a second parameter into the buffering period SEI and encodes the second parameter. The second parameter indicates a total number of the temporal sub-layers. A value of the second parameter is equal to a value of a third parameter that is encoded into a sequence parameter set and indicates a total number of the temporal sub-layers.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry, and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each of a plurality of sub-bitstreams having mutually different frame rates, encodes identification information into a header of a bitstream including the plurality of sub-bitstreams, the identification information indicating a temporal ID that is an identifier of a temporal layer related to a temporal scalability and corresponds to the sub-bitstream, and encodes level information indicating a conformance level of the sub-bitstream.

Abstract: An encoder that includes memory and circuitry coupled to the memory. The circuitry encodes a slice into one or more data access regions in a variable length encoding process. The circuitry encodes one or more offsets into a slice header, based on a flag written into a sequence header and a total number of the one or more data access regions. The one or more offsets each specify a head position of a corresponding one of the one or more data access regions in a bitstream. When the flag indicates that the one or more offsets are to be encoded and the total number is at least two, the one or more offsets are encoded. The flag switches between encoding and not encoding the one or more offsets regardless of whether the total number is at least two.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: derives a motion vector of a current block by referring to at least one reference picture different from a picture to which the current block belongs; performs a mode for estimating, for each sub-block unit of sub-blocks obtained by splitting the current block, a surrounding region of the motion vector to correct the motion vector; determines whether to apply deblocking filtering to each of boundaries between neighboring ones of the sub-blocks; and applies the deblocking filtering to the boundary, based on a result of the determination.

Abstract: A decoder includes circuitry which, in operation, parses a first flag indicating whether a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process is enabled for a first block located adjacent to a left side of a current block; parses a second flag indicating whether the CCALF process is enabled for a second block located adjacent to an upper side of the current block; determines a first index associated with a color component of the current block; and derives a second index indicating a context model, using the first flag, the second flag, and the first index. The circuitry, in operation, performs entropy decoding of a third flag indicating whether the CCALF process is enabled for the current block, using the context model indicated by the second index; and performs the CCALF process on the current block in response to the third flag indicating the CCALF process is enabled for the current block.

Abstract: Polyolefin resin modifiers are provided that contain a nonionic surfactant, an organic sulfonate salt, and an inorganic salt. The organic sulfonate salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, alkylarylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and sulfonic aliphatic ester alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms. The inorganic salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.

Abstract: Provided is a modifier for a polyester-based resin film, containing alkali metal salt of alkylaryl sulfonic acid (A) in which an alkyl group includes 6 to 22 carbons, and an inorganic salt (B), the inorganic salt (B) being at least one selected from sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and lithium chloride.

Abstract: Polyolefin resin modifiers are provided that contain a nonionic surfactant, an organic sulfonate salt, and an inorganic salt. The organic sulfonate salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, alkylarylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and sulfonic aliphatic ester alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms. The inorganic salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.

Abstract: A grouping unit, with the use of facility order priority information and facility order rule information, determines a group to which facility orders belong, stores the group in grouping information, performs grouping of facility orders, which do not include a sequential relation in a reverse direction among facility orders, into the same group, performs grouping of facility orders, which include a sequential relation in a reverse direction among facility orders, into a different group, integrates the facility orders grouped in the same group, and sets the integrate facility order as a display facility order of the group.

Abstract: Provided is a modifier for a polyester-based resin film, containing alkali metal salt of alkylaryl sulfonic acid (A) in which an alkyl group includes 6 to 22 carbons, and an inorganic salt (B), the inorganic salt (B) being at least one selected from sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and lithium chloride.

Abstract: Polyolefin resin modifiers are provided that contain a nonionic surfactant, an organic sulfonate salt, and an inorganic salt. The organic sulfonate salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, alkylarylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and sulfonic aliphatic ester alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms. The inorganic salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.

Abstract: Polyolefin resin modifiers are provided that contain a nonionic surfactant, an organic sulfonate salt, and an inorganic salt. The organic sulfonate salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, alkylarylsulfonic acid alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and sulfonic aliphatic ester alkali metal salts whose alkyl group has 6 to 22 carbon atoms. The inorganic salt can be at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.