Abstract: An alloy member includes a base member that includes a recess in a surface of the base member and is constituted by an alloy material containing chromium, an anchor portion is disposed in the recess and contains an oxide containing manganese and a covering layer is connected to the anchor portion and contains a low-equilibrium oxygen pressure element whose equilibrium oxygen pressure is lower than that of chromium.

Abstract: An alloy member includes a base member that includes a recess in a surface of the base member and is constituted by an alloy material containing chromium, an anchor portion is disposed in the recess and contains an oxide containing manganese and a covering layer is connected to the anchor portion and contains a low-equilibrium oxygen pressure element whose equilibrium oxygen pressure is lower than that of chromium.

Abstract: An alloy member includes a base member that includes a recess in a surface of the base member and is constituted by an alloy material containing chromium, an anchor portion is disposed in the recess and contains an oxide containing manganese and a covering layer is connected to the anchor portion and contains a low-equilibrium oxygen pressure element whose equilibrium oxygen pressure is lower than that of chromium.

Abstract: An electronic endoscope removably connected to a video processor in which a predetermined gamma characteristic is set includes: an image pickup device provided at a distal end of an insertion portion configured to be inserted into a subject, the image pickup device being configured to pick up an optical image of the subject to generate an image pickup signal; a gain circuit configured to amplify the image pickup signal using a predetermined gain parameter; a gamma characteristic recognition circuit configured to recognize the gamma characteristic of the video processor; and a gain adjustment circuit configured to set the gain parameter according to the gamma characteristic.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an illuminator configured to guide illumination light from a light source capable of emitting the illumination light intermittently and apply the illumination light to an object; an imaging element including a light receiver where multiple pixels configured to receive light and perform photoelectric conversion to generate electric signals are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, and a reader configured to sequentially read the electric signals per horizontal line from each of the multiple pixels; a generator configured to, based on a first vertical synchronization signal that is input from an external processor and reference timing of exposure of the imaging element with the illumination light, generate a second vertical synchronization signal for controlling timing at which the reader reads the electric signal; and an imaging controller configured to cause the reader to read the electric signals sequentially according to the second vertical synchronization signal.

Abstract: An alloy member includes a base member that includes a recess in a surface of the base member and is constituted by an alloy material containing chromium, an anchor portion that is disposed in the recess and contains an oxide containing manganese, and a covering layer that is connected to the anchor portion and contains a low-equilibrium oxygen pressure element whose equilibrium oxygen pressure is lower than that of chromium.

Abstract: A gain adjustment unit calculates a total sum of analog gains on a way from photoelectric conversion output of an image pickup device to input of an analog/digital conversion circuit with use of picked-up images provided from the analog/digital conversion circuit, the analog/digital conversion circuit being configured to convert an output of an analog processing section into a digital signal, the analog processing section being configured to transmit and amplify an image pickup signal from the image pickup device, the image pickup device being provided at an insertion portion of an endoscope, and determines, as an adjustment gain, a difference between a target value of a total sum of gains and the total sum of the analog gains, and output information.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes an endoscope, an illumination portion, a light adjustment portion, an insertion channel configured to allow insertion of a laser probe capable of radiating an aiming monochromatic laser beam, a gain control portion, a halation detection portion, and a control portion, and in a case that halation by the aiming monochromatic laser beam is detected in the halation detection portion, the control portion controls the light adjustment portion to adjust the illumination light and controls the gain control portion to control the gain.

Abstract: An electronic endoscope removably connected to a video processor in which a predetermined gamma characteristic is set includes: an image pickup device provided at a distal end of an insertion portion configured to be inserted into a subject, the image pickup device being configured to pick up an optical image of the subject to generate an image pickup signal; a gain circuit configured to amplify the image pickup signal using a predetermined gain parameter; a gamma characteristic recognition circuit configured to recognize the gamma characteristic of the video processor; and a gain adjustment circuit configured to set the gain parameter according to the gamma characteristic.

Abstract: An endoscope connected to a control apparatus, includes an imager, a status signal acquisition circuit, and a preprocessor. The imager images a subject to generate an imaging signal related to the subject. The status signal acquisition circuit receives a status signal indicating an operation status or an operation mode of the endoscope or of the control apparatus. The preprocessor processes the imaging signal according to the status signal received via the status signal acquisition circuit.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an illuminator configured to guide illumination light from a light source capable of emitting the illumination light intermittently and apply the illumination light to an object; an imaging element including a light receiver where multiple pixels configured to receive light and perform photoelectric conversion to generate electric signals are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, and a reader configured to sequentially read the electric signals per horizontal line from each of the multiple pixels; a generator configured to, based on a first vertical synchronization signal that is input from an external processor and reference timing of exposure of the imaging element with the illumination light, generate a second vertical synchronization signal for controlling timing at which the reader reads the electric signal; and an imaging controller configured to cause the reader to read the electric signals sequentially according to the second vertical synchronization signal.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes a solid state image pickup device including a plurality of pixels with a photoelectric conversion element, a transfer section, an electric charge conversion section, a reset section, an operation mode control section configured to switch a first operation mode in which the reset section and the transfer section are turned off, and a second operation mode in which the reset section is turned off, and the transfer section is turned on, a black level correction section, and a memory, and transfers a synchronous signal for outputting an image signal from the solid state image pickup device, and a control signal for causing the solid state image pickup device to operate in the first operation mode and the second operation mode respectively by using a common signal line.

Abstract: A gain adjustment unit calculates a total sum of analog gains on a way from photoelectric conversion output of an image pickup device to input of an analog/digital conversion circuit with use of picked-up images provided from the analog/digital conversion circuit, the analog/digital conversion circuit being configured to convert an output of an analog processing section into a digital signal, the analog processing section being configured to transmit and amplify an image pickup signal from the image pickup device, the image pickup device being provided at an insertion portion of an endoscope, and determines, as an adjustment gain, a difference between a target value of a total sum of gains and the total sum of the analog gains, and output information.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes a solid state image pickup device including a plurality of pixels with a photoelectric conversion element, a transfer section, an electric charge conversion section, a reset section, an operation mode control section configured to switch a first operation mode in which the reset section and the transfer section are turned off, and a second operation mode in which the reset section is turned off, and the transfer section is turned on, a black level correction section, and a memory, and transfers a synchronous signal for outputting an image signal from the solid state image pickup device, and a control signal for causing the solid state image pickup device to operate in the first operation mode and the second operation mode respectively by using a common signal line.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes an endoscope, an illumination portion, a light adjustment portion, an insertion channel configured to allow insertion of a laser probe capable of radiating an aiming monochromatic laser beam, a gain control portion, a halation detection portion, and a control portion, and in a case that halation by the aiming monochromatic laser beam is detected in the halation detection portion, the control portion controls the light adjustment portion to adjust the illumination light and controls the gain control portion to control the gain.

Abstract: There is provided a heat exchanger element and a heat exchanger which are smaller, lighter in weight, and lower in cost than conventional heat exchange bodies, heat exchangers and the like. In the honeycomb structure, t?0.2, ?>100, 20?t×??250, and 10,000??×? are satisfied when thermal conductivity of a material for the partition walls is taken as ? [W/K˜m], and, regarding a cell structure of the honeycomb structure, a wall thickness of the partition walls is taken as t [mm], and a cell density is taken as ? [cells/sq.in.].