Abstract: A battery state estimating apparatus includes an updating unit. The updating unit updates a charge-transfer impedance model in a battery model of a secondary battery, which is a series connection of a DC resistance model, a charge-transfer impedance model, and an diffusion impedance model, using the amount of change in a measurement value of a current flowing through the secondary such that a first relationship between the current flowing through the secondary battery and a voltage across the charge-transfer resistance approaches a second relationship between an actual value of the current and an actual value of the voltage across the charge-transfer resistance. The first relationship between the current flowing through the secondary battery and the voltage across the charge-transfer resistance is defined based on the Butler-Volmer equation. A state estimator estimates a state of the secondary battery based on the battery model including the updated charge-transfer impedance model.

Abstract: A battery state estimation apparatus estimates a state of a secondary battery based on a battery model thereof. The battery model includes a DC resistance model, a reaction resistance model, and a diffusion resistance model. The apparatus includes a DC information storage section which stores information on the DC resistance related to temperature of the secondary battery, a reaction information storage section which stores information on the reaction resistance parameter related to the temperature, a diffusion information storage section which stores information on each of the first and second parameters related to the temperature, and a state estimation section which calculates the DC resistance, the reaction resistance parameter, and the first and second parameters from the stored information, by using the temperature as input, and estimates the state of the secondary battery based on the DC resistance, reaction resistance parameter, and first and second parameters.

Abstract: In an apparatus, a circuit model includes a DC resistance model, and a reaction impedance model having a nonlinear relationship between a first potential difference across a reaction resistance and a current flowing through the secondary battery. The nonlinearly relationship depends on a temperature of the secondary battery. The circuit model includes a diffusion impedance model. The apparatus predicts a future remaining voltage across the secondary battery at a future timing when a predetermined duration will have elapsed since a prediction time. The apparatus calculates a future polarization voltage across the secondary battery at the future timing. The apparatus predicts a target power parameter of the secondary battery at the future timing according to the future remaining voltage, the future polarization voltage, a first potential difference across the reaction resistance, and a second potential difference across the DC resistance model.

Abstract: A battery state estimating apparatus includes an updating unit. The updating unit updates a charge-transfer impedance model in a battery model of a secondary battery, which is a series connection of a DC resistance model, a charge-transfer impedance model, and an diffusion impedance model, using the amount of change in a measurement value of a current flowing through the secondary such that a first relationship between the current flowing through the secondary battery and a voltage across the charge-transfer resistance approaches a second relationship between an actual value of the current and an actual value of the voltage across the charge-transfer resistance. The first relationship between the current flowing through the secondary battery and the voltage across the charge-transfer resistance is defined based on the Butler-Volmer equation. A state estimator estimates a state of the secondary battery based on the battery model including the updated charge-transfer impedance model.

Abstract: A secondary battery control unit has a calculating portion identifying a parameter of an equivalent circuit based on an estimation error that is obtained by a comparison between an actual output value of a secondary battery and an equivalent output value of the equivalent circuit. Based on a predetermined amount of an infinitesimal change in the parameter and an evaluation function that is obtained using a result of the comparison, the calculating portion numerically calculates a slope of the evaluation function and renews the parameter based on the slope. As a result, the secondary battery control unit has the calculating portion capable of identifying the parameter of the equivalent circuit while reflecting effects of deterioration of the secondary battery and capable of being integrated to a vehicle-mounted microcomputer.

Abstract: A secondary battery control unit has a calculating portion identifying a parameter of an equivalent circuit based on an estimation error that is obtained by a comparison between an actual output value of a secondary battery and an equivalent output value of the equivalent circuit. Based on a predetermined amount of an infinitesimal change in the parameter and an evaluation function that is obtained using a result of the comparison, the calculating portion numerically calculates a slope of the evaluation function and renews the parameter based on the slope. As a result, the secondary battery control unit has the calculating portion capable of identifying the parameter of the equivalent circuit while reflecting effects of deterioration of the secondary battery and capable of being integrated to a vehicle-mounted microcomputer.

Abstract: In an apparatus, a circuit model includes a DC resistance model, and a reaction impedance model having a nonlinear relationship between a first potential difference across a reaction resistance and a current flowing through the secondary battery. The nonlinearly relationship depends on a temperature of the secondary battery. The circuit model includes a diffusion impedance model. The apparatus predicts a future remaining voltage across the secondary battery at a future timing when a predetermined duration will have elapsed since a prediction time. The apparatus calculates a future polarization voltage across the secondary battery at the future timing. The apparatus predicts a target power parameter of the secondary battery at the future timing according to the future remaining voltage, the future polarization voltage, a first potential difference across the reaction resistance, and a second potential difference across the DC resistance model.

Abstract: A battery state estimation apparatus estimates a state of a secondary battery based on a battery model thereof. The battery model includes a DC resistance model, a reaction resistance model, and a diffusion resistance model. The apparatus includes a DC information storage section which stores information on the DC resistance related to temperature of the secondary battery, a reaction information storage section which stores information on the reaction resistance parameter related to the temperature, a diffusion information storage section which stores information on each of the first and second parameters related to the temperature, and a state estimation section which calculates the DC resistance, the reaction resistance parameter, and the first and second parameters from the stored information, by using the temperature as input, and estimates the state of the secondary battery based on the DC resistance, reaction resistance parameter, and first and second parameters.

Abstract: A connector having electro-conductive rubber terminals is composed of an insulated casing having a plurality of recessed portions and a plurality of rubber terminal portions, of electro-conductive rubber inserted in respective ones of the recesses. The rubber terminals are connected together in rows to a runner and are inserted by rows into the recessed portions and then the terminals are cut from the runner whereby said terminal portions are attached to said insulated casing.