Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: a first substrate; a first electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; and a second substrate, wherein the photoelectric conversion element includes a sealing part sealing at least the photoelectric conversion layer, the sealing part is disposed so as to surround periphery of the photoelectric conversion layer, and a width of the sealing part disposed at each side has a minimum width A and a maximum width B in a width direction, and a ratio (B/A) of the maximum width B to the minimum width A is 1.02 or more but 5.0 or less.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer of the invention which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a-Aa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-Ab.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; a third electrode; a photoelectric conversion part in which the first electrode, the hole blocking layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, and the second electrode are stacked; an electrode contact part in which the second electrode is in contact with the third electrode; and a division part dividing the photoelectric conversion part and the electrode contact part, wherein an area (S1) where the second electrode is in contact with the third electrode in the electrode contact part and an area (S2) of the photoelectric conversion part satisfy expression (1) below: 1.0×10?5?100×(S1/S2) . . . expression (1).

Abstract: A vehicle includes at least one driving operation unit configured to receive a driving operation of a driver of the vehicle; at least one sensor configured to detect a driving operation performed on the driving operation unit; and a control device configured to receive a signal input from the at least one sensor. The control device includes one or more processors; and one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to derive driving result information for evaluating the driving operation, based on at least the signal input from the at least one sensor; execute processing for storing the derived driving result information in a storage device as history information; read the history information stored in the storage device; and output output information based on a comparison result between the derived driving result information and the read history information.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode section; a second electrode section; an electron-transporting section between the first electrode section and the second electrode section; a light-absorbing section; and a hole-transporting section. The hole-transporting section has a peak that reaches maximum at a Raman shift of 1575 cm?1±10 cm?1 and a peak that reaches maximum at a Raman shift of 1606 cm ?1±10 cm?1 in a Raman spectrum obtained by emitting laser light having a wavelength of 532 nm; and has a peak intensity ratio A/B of 0.80 or more, the peak intensity ratio A/B being obtained from a maximum peak intensity A of the peak that reaches maximum at 1575 cm?1±10 cm?1 and a maximum peak intensity B of the peak that reaches maximum at 1606 cm?1±10 cm?1.

Abstract: A surfactant for polymerization including at least one selected from a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb, wherein R1a, R2a, R3a, Xa, R1b, R2b, R3b, R4b, L and Xb are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a composition containing a fluoropolymer and the at least one surfactant, a composition containing a fluoropolymer and a compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2, where M2 is as defined herein, and a molded article made from the composition containing a fluoropolymer and the compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2.

Abstract: A composition having a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more, containing a polytetrafluoroethylene, and substantially free from a compound represented by the following general formula (3): (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2??General Formula (3): wherein M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54, where each R5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and q is 1 or 2.

Abstract: Provided are a method for inspecting a refrigerant pipe, the method being able to quickly determine durability, and a refrigerant pipe confirmed to be highly durable. The method is a method for inspecting a refrigerant pipe containing copper or a copper alloy. In the method, the refrigerant pipe is exposed to an aqueous alkaline solution and inspected based on a color change of the refrigerant pipe due to exposure of the refrigerant pipe to the aqueous alkaline solution.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, an electron-transporting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a second electrode, wherein the hole-transporting layer includes a hole-transporting material, an alkali metal salt, and a hypervalent iodine compound.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb.

Abstract: A solar cell module (100) including: a substrate (1); and a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements disposed on the substrate (1), each of the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements including a first electrode (2a, 2b), an electron transport layer (3, 4), a perovskite layer (5), a hole transport layer (6), and a second electrode (7a, 7b), wherein, within at least two of the photoelectric conversion elements adjacent to each other, the hole transport layers (6) are continuous with each other, and the first electrodes (2a, 2b), the electron transport layers (3, 4), and the perovskite layers (5) are separated by the hole transport layer (6) within the at least two of the photoelectric conversion elements adjacent to each other.

Abstract: A method for removing a fluorine-containing compound from discharge water, which includes bringing discharge water containing two or more fluorine-containing compounds represented by the following general formula (1) or (2) into contact with an adsorbent so as to adsorb the two or more fluorine-containing compounds: (H—(CF2)m—COO)pM1??General Formula (1): wherein m is 3 to 19, M1 is H, a metal atom, NRb4, where Rb is the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and p is 1 or 2; (H—(CF2)n—SO3)qM2??General Formula (2): wherein n is 4 to 20; M2 is H, a metal atom, NRb4, where Rb is the same as above, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and q is 1 or 2.

Abstract: A method for producing a composition containing low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene, the method including: (I) irradiating a composition containing high molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene with ionizing radiation to obtain a composition containing low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity at 380° C. in the range of 1.0×102 to 7.0×105 Pa·s; and (II) carrying out at least one selected from the group consisting of washing treatment, steam treatment and decompression treatment on the composition containing low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; an electron-transporting layer; a hole-transporting layer; and a second electrode. The electron-transporting layer, the hole-transporting layer, and the second electrode are on or above the first electrode. The second electrode includes a charge-collecting layer. The charge-collecting layer includes a conductive nanowire and a conductive polymer that covers at least part of the conductive nanowire and is stacked on the hole-transporting layer.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; a third electrode; a photoelectric conversion part in which the first electrode, the hole blocking layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, and the second electrode are stacked; an electrode contact part in which the second electrode is in contact with the third electrode; and a division part dividing the photoelectric conversion part and the electrode contact part, wherein an area (S1) where the second electrode is in contact with the third electrode in the electrode contact part and an area (S2) of the photoelectric conversion part satisfy expression (1) below: 1.0×10?5?100×(S1/S2) . . . expression (1).

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer; and a second electrode, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes an electron-transporting layer and a hole-transporting layer, the electron-transporting layer includes a lithium ion, the hole-transporting layer includes an organic hole-transporting material and a lithium salt, and lithium included in the electron-transporting layer is more than lithium included in the hole-transporting layer.

Abstract: Photoelectric conversion element including: substrate; first electrode; hole-blocking layer; photoelectric conversion layer; and second electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer including electron-transporting layer and hole-transporting layer, wherein in photoelectric conversion element edge part in direction orthogonal to stacking direction of the substrate, first electrode, hole-blocking layer, photoelectric conversion layer, and second electrode, electron-transporting layer outermost end is positioned inside than first electrode outermost end, hole-transporting layer outermost end is positioned outside than second electrode outermost end, and the second electrode outermost end is positioned inside than the electron-transporting layer outermost end, and height of edge part including the first electrode outermost end in the stacking direction is smaller than total of average thicknesses of first electrode, hole-blocking layer, and electron-transporting layer, where the height is distance between substra

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, a first hole transport layer, and a second electrode, wherein the first hole transport layer includes at least one of basic compounds represented by general formula (1a) and general formula (1b) below: where in the formula (1a) or (1b), R1 and R2 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or aromatic hydrocarbon group and may be identical or different, and R1 and R2 may bind with each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element is provided. The photoelectric conversion element comprises a substrate, a first electrode, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode. The electron transport layer comprises a photosensitizing compound. The hole transport layer comprises a basic compound A and an ionic compound B. The basic compound A is represented by the following formula (1): where each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or R1 and R2 share bond connectivity to form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring; and the ionic compound B is represented by the following formula (2): where X+ represents a counter cation.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; an electron transport layer; a hole transport layer; and a second electrode, wherein the hole blocking layer includes a metal oxide including a titanium atom and a niobium atom.