Abstract: Methods and apparatus for use in a water treatment system to separate charged compositions from the water stream are provided. An electric filtration cell may include a fluid passageway, a filtration membrane, and a first and second electrode, configured to provide an oscillating electric field across the filtration membrane to separate charged compositions on a first side of the membrane. A water treatment system may be provided to separate charged compositions from a water stream. The water treatment system may include an electromagnetic field (EMF) device to generate an electromagnetic field within a passageway. The water treatment system may further include a filtration membrane and a first electrode and a second electrode, configured to provide an oscillating electric field across the filtration membrane to separate charged compositions. In one embodiment, the system is configured to separate struvite and/or vivianite on a first side of the membrane.

Abstract: A method receives an image from a video. The image is split into a first set of first blocks of a first size and then the first blocks are split into a second set of second blocks of a second size. The method tests a first set of down-sampling patterns for the second set of second blocks in a first block in the set of first blocks to determine if a quality of reconstruction of the down-sampled second blocks meets a threshold associated with the respective first set of down sampling patterns. Second blocks satisfying the threshold are down-sampled using the first set of down-sampling patterns. Also, the method tests a second set of down-sampling patterns for the first block using a second set of down-sampling patterns to select one of the second set of down sampling patterns to use to down-sample second blocks that did not satisfy the threshold.

Abstract: A method receives an image from a video. The image is split into a first set of first blocks of a first size and then the first blocks are split into a second set of second blocks of a second size. The method tests a first set of down-sampling patterns for the second set of second blocks in a first block in the set of first blocks to determine if a quality of reconstruction of the down-sampled second blocks meets a threshold associated with the respective first set of down sampling patterns. Second blocks satisfying the threshold are down-sampled using the first set of down-sampling patterns. Also, the method tests a second set of down-sampling patterns for the first block using a second set of down-sampling patterns to select one of the second set of down sampling patterns to use to down-sample second blocks that did not satisfy the threshold.