Distributed impedance injection module for mitigation of the Ferranti effect
Disclosed is a method for reducing the variation in voltage, due to Ferranti effect, using the impedance injection capability of distributed impedance injection modules. The Ferranti effect is an increase in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a long transmission line in comparison to the voltage at the sending end. This effect is more pronounced on longer lies and underground lines when the high-voltage power lines are energized with a very low load, when there is a change from a high load to a very light load, or the load is disconnected from the high-voltage power lines of the power grid. This effect creates a problem for voltage control at the distribution end of the power grid.
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This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/055,422 filed Feb. 26, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/264,739 filed Dec. 8, 2015, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/069,785 filed Mar. 14, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/264,744 filed Dec. 8, 2015, and this application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/359,885 filed Jul. 8, 2016.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for distributed control of the inductive and capacitive loading of high voltage power transmission lines by using online injection modules that hang on or are connected to the power lines and are enabled for line balancing and distributed control.
2. Prior Art
Long transmission lines 102 of the power transmission system 100 shown in
The foregoing effect is referred to as the Ferranti effect, and is caused by the combined effects of the distributed shunt capacitance and series inductance giving rise to a charging current in the transmission line. In particular, the transmission line 102 of
Consider the lumped model of
Now consider
When the LoadRL 312 is not zero, the Ferranti effect does not disappear, but at least for substantial loads, the effects of the capacitive shunt current becomes masked by the dominance of the effects of the load current {right arrow over (ILoad)} 311, that is the resultant series inductive and resistive drops due the load current {right arrow over (ILoad)} 311 which is normally much larger than the drops due to the capacitive charging current at no-load conditions. The effects of the shunt capacitor charging current, under these conditions, tends to be lumped with the overall characteristics of the power distribution system for any corrections that may be attempted to maintain voltages, power factors, etc. within desirable limits.
It will be good to have an adaptive solution that can prevent or control the Ferranti effect from increasing the voltage at the receiving end of transmission lines when the load is reduced. What is proposed by the present invention is such a solution implemented using the distributed injection modules, which are also sometimes referred to as active impedance injection modules or distributed voltage/impedance injection modules that have been proposed by the parent applications of the current invention.
The drawings are made to point out and distinguish the invention from the prior art. The objects, features, and advantages of the invention are detailed in the description taken together with the drawings.
The invention disclosed herein is generally directed at providing a system and method for controlling or limiting the increase in voltage at the load end of a long transmission line by using impedance/voltage injection modules, such as, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,952.
A plurality of implementations of injection modules has been proposed by the present inventors to allow balancing of the power transferred over a transmission line by changing the line impedance locally. By making these injection modules intelligent, self-aware, and with local intercommunication capability, it is possible to monitor locally and control the power flow over the high-voltage transmission (HV transmission) lines of the power grid. The distributed injection modules are enabled to recognize changes in the power flow characteristics and inject impedances to compensate for the unwanted changes in the high-voltage (HV) transmission lines.
While these injection modules could be directly connected in series with the transmission line with ground connection, this is not normally done because of the need to provide insulation that can sustain high line voltage differences to ground at each module, which will become prohibitively expensive and also make the modules heavy. In practice, the impedance modules are can be electrically and mechanically connected to the transmission line, and are at line potential, or alternatively only magnetically coupled to the transmission line, but in either case, they are enabled to respond to transmission line current variations. These impedance injection modules are ideal candidates for distributed implementation, as existing high voltage power transmission systems can be retrofitted without disturbing the transmission line itself, though alternate implementation of impedance/voltage injection module installations using movable and other support structures are also usable for correcting the Ferranti effect. (The distributed impedance/voltage injection is described in detail as it is the preferred mode for this application). Thus in substantially all cases, the impedance/voltage injection modules respond to transmission line current and not transmission line voltage. Any transmission line corrections that require line voltage information such as corrections in voltage and power factor by each injection module are made by instructions received by wireless, wireline or power line communication to the module based on current measurements made by that module, other communicably linked modules or other line current measurement capability coupled to the high voltage power lines and again communicably linked to the impedance/voltage injection modules, and voltage measurements made at the next line voltage measurement facility, typically at the next substation.
As previously described, phase diagram
As discussed earlier, concerning the phase diagram 400 in
Since the voltage rise is a distributed function that is cumulative over the length of the HV transmission line, it is possible to introduce corrective changes by the preferred method of injecting the correct voltage (impedance) values by the voltage/impedance injection modules distributed over the HV transmission line. Alternately the correction can be applied, as injected voltages to correct the cumulative effect over sections of the high voltage transmission line by using groups of impedance/voltage injection modules, at different points in the line. Both such corrections will be very effective in overcoming the Ferranti effect.
Note also that the Ferranti effect is not a “strong” effect in comparison to other conditions sought to be corrected by the injection modules (line balancing, power factor correction, etc.), but is a cumulative effect of a long transmission line 102. Consequently, the number of injection modules used for overall transmission line control may easily exceed the number needed simply for correction of the Ferranti effect, in which case one might use an equally spaced subset of the available modules for this purpose.
The injection modules are sometimes referred to as impedance/voltage injection modules, as the function of the modules for the present invention is the injection of an effect onto the transmission line with the proper phasing to achieve the desired result, specifically the diminishing or cancellation of the voltage {right arrow over (ΔVL)} 404 as shown in
Even though the invention disclosed is described using specific implementations, circuits, and components, it is intended only to be exemplary and non-limiting. The practitioners of the art will be able to understand and modify the same based on new innovations and concepts, as they are made available. The invention is intended to encompass these modifications.
Claims
1. A method of reducing or eliminating a Ferranti effect in a high voltage transmission line comprising:
- coupling impedance/voltage injection modules to the high voltage transmission line
- at spaced apart locations along the high voltage transmission line, the impedance/voltage injection modules each being powered from the high voltage transmission line and having a high voltage transmission line current sensing capability, an impedance/voltage injection capability and a communication capability; and
- using at least a subset of the impedance/voltage injection modules, sensing current in the high voltage transmission line; and
- when the high voltage transmission line current indicates that a high voltage transmission line load at a receiving end of the high voltage transmission line is low or zero, injecting an impedance/voltage onto the high voltage transmission line at spaced apart locations along the high voltage transmission line to collectively reduce or cancel a voltage generated by a current charging a line capacitance passing through a line impedance.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein all impedance/voltage injection modules are used to inject the impedance/voltage onto the high voltage transmission line to reduce or cancel the voltage generated by the current charging the line capacitance passing through the line impedance when the high voltage transmission line current indicates that the high voltage transmission line load at a receiving end of the transmission line is low or zero.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least a subset of the impedance/voltage injection modules sense the current in the high voltage transmission line and automatically inject the impedance/voltage onto the high voltage transmission line at spaced apart locations along the high voltage transmission line to collectively reduce or cancel the voltage generated by the current charging the line capacitance passing through the line impedance when the current in the high voltage transmission line indicates that the high voltage transmission line load at the receiving end of the high voltage transmission line is low or zero.
4. The method of claim 3 further comprising receiving information relative to the voltage on the high voltage transmission line at the receiving end of the high voltage transmission line and adjusting the injection of an impedance/voltage onto the high voltage transmission line at spaced apart locations along the high voltage transmission line to further control the voltage at the receiving end of the high voltage transmission line.
5. A method of reducing or eliminating a Ferranti effect in a high voltage transmission line comprising:
- identifying a low current in the high voltage transmission line using a current sense device within at least a distributed impedance/voltage injection module coupled to the high voltage transmission line;
- determining an increase in line voltage, due to the Ferranti effect, at a load or substation end due to the low current in the high voltage transmission line;
- injecting a voltage using at least a selected number of distributed impedance/voltage injection modules to compensate for the increase in line voltage at the load or substation end;
- thereby correcting the Ferranti effect on the high voltage transmission line.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the distributed impedance/voltage injection modules are powered from a power drawn from the high voltage transmission line.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the distributed impedance/voltage injection modules are suspended from the high voltage transmission line and are at a line potential of the transmission line.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the determined increase in line voltage at the load end of the line due to the Ferranti effect is corrected by a cumulative incremental distributed voltage injection by the distributed impedance/voltage injection modules coupled to the high voltage transmission line.
9. A system for controlling a voltage increase in a high voltage transmission line due to a Ferranti effect, the system comprising:
- a plurality of distributed impedance/voltage injection modules coupled to the high voltage transmission line;
- a line current sensing circuit associated with each impedance/voltage injection module;
- an impedance/voltage injection circuit associated with each impedance/voltage injection module;
- a voltage sensing and comparison capability at a load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line; and
- a communication channel from the load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line to the distributed impedance/voltage injection modules for transferring information regarding a voltage sensed at the load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line;
- wherein when a low current is sensed by the plurality of distributed impedance injection modules and an intimation of over voltage is received over the communication channel, each of the plurality of impedance/voltage injection modules generate and inject an incremental voltage on to the high voltage transmission line in a manner that a cumulative injected voltage from the plurality of impedance/voltage injection modules is sufficient to reduce or overcome the increase in voltage due to the Ferranti effect at the load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein a voltage correction is by equal distributed incremental voltage by each of the plurality of impedance/voltage injection modules.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication capability is any one of a wireless communication capability, a wire line communication capability or a power line communication capability.
12. A method of reducing or eliminating a Ferranti effect in a high voltage transmission line comprising:
- coupling a plurality of impedance/voltage injection modules to the high voltage transmission line, the impedance/voltage injection modules each being powered from the high voltage transmission line and having an impedance/voltage injection capability and a communication capability; and
- using at least a current sensing capability available on the high voltage transmission line, sensing a current in the high voltage transmission line; and
- when the high voltage transmission line current indicates that a high voltage transmission line load at a receiving end of the high voltage transmission line is low or zero, injecting an impedance/voltage onto the high voltage transmission line using the impedance/voltage injection modules to collectively reduce or cancel a voltage generated by a current charging a line capacitance passing through a line impedance.
13. A system for controlling a voltage increase in a high voltage transmission line due to a Ferranti effect, the system comprising:
- a plurality of distributed impedance/voltage injection modules coupled to the high voltage transmission line;
- a line current sensing capability coupled to the high voltage transmission line and communicably linked to the impedance/voltage injection modules;
- a voltage sensing and comparison capability at a load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line; and
- a communication channel from the load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line to the distributed impedance/voltage injection modules for transferring information regarding a voltage sensed at the load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line;
- wherein when a low current is sensed by the line current sensing capability and an intimation of over voltage is received over the communication channel, each of a subset of the plurality of impedance/voltage injection modules generate and inject an incremental voltage on to the high voltage transmission line in a manner that a cumulative injected voltage from the plurality of impedance/voltage injection modules is sufficient to reduce or overcome the increase in voltage due to the Ferranti effect at the load/substation end of the high voltage transmission line.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 7, 2016
Date of Patent: Jan 15, 2019
Patent Publication Number: 20170160762
Assignee: Smart Wires Inc. (Union City, CA)
Inventors: Debrup Das (Union City, CA), Haroon Inam (San Jose, CA)
Primary Examiner: Kyle J Moody
Application Number: 15/345,065
International Classification: G05F 3/04 (20060101); H02J 3/12 (20060101); H01F 27/06 (20060101); H02J 3/18 (20060101); H02J 3/20 (20060101);