Apparatus to form columns of granular material
This invention, as a Continuation in Part of application Ser. No. 10/364,066, involves a drive syustem positioned at the base of an apparatus to install columns of granular material in soil. The present invention, with its rotary drive system positioned at the base of the apparatus, broadens the original invention by also utilizing a specially shaped cavity forming means to initially describe the cavity periphery and then form the cavity in a contiuous fashion, rather than the incremental fashion heretofore in use. Whereas the advance in the original involves advancing a hollow shaft element into soil at least in part by rotation, and adding equipment such as a storage and feed hoppers containing and feeding granular material to and through the hollow shaft element to fill the cavity in soil as the hollow shaft element is withdrawn to form a column, the present invention, with its rotary drive at the base of the apparatus can be used to produce the column in the same manner, but its novelty relates to being able to produce a cavity in soil by advancing the mandrel to its full depth with the rotary drive positioned at the base of the apparatus, as more fully described herein. While positioning the rotary drive on the support unit of the apparatus has been used, the position of the rotary drive has not been at the base of the support unit, and as the length of the element forming the cavity periphery in soil was limited to the distance between the rotary drive the ground surface, cavity formation heeded to be done incrementally and cavity support may have been required when soil is not self-supporting.
This invention is a Continuation in Part of patent application Ser. No. 10/364,066, and the rest of the essential and non-essential information is hereby incorporated by reference. This application relates to apparatus to form columns of granular material by rotating a hollow shaft to form a cavity in soil for substantially the full length of the hollow shaft, with the means reasonably fixed in the near vicinity of the base of the apparatus to rotate the hollow shaft for at least a portion of its advance to a depth required for column formation. The outer dimension of the hollow shaft is configured to approximate the outer dimension of its forward end to install columns of granular material, i.e. “sand drains” when the granular material is predominantly sand; “micro piles” when the columns include granular aggregate, cement and water; as well as other columns of granular materials, which may include natural, crushed as well as powdered components. The equipment for column installation is configured to minimize weight and other force or forces applied to advance the cavity forming hollow shaft element, termed “mandrel”, which is rotated at least in part, in its advance to form the cavity in which the column of granular material is formed. Although the mandrel is shown herein to be circular for simplicity, the mandrel can have any desired external shape provided that its interior is open and reasonably continuous to permit passage of granular material. All major elements that power the advance and rotation of the hollow shaft are positioned at or near the base of the apparatus for ease of maintenance. The hollow shaft passing through the apparatus rotational drive element provides a degree of support during its withdrawal to maintain cavity shape enabling it to be filled with granular material to form the column.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ARTEquipment used for the installation of columns of granular material in soil, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,690, has a hopper mounted on a cavity forming tool, and incorporates means to interrupt flow of granular material from the hopper after each column is formed to retain material to fill cavities at additional column locations. The dimensions and weight of the hopper and granular material contained to form more than one column requires movable or mobile apparatus to support and move the equipment to a succession of column locations. The column formation cycle, which includes moving from one column location to the next, is interrupted each time the quantity of granular material in the hopper mounted with the cavity forming tool diminishes to the point where granular material needs to be added to complete one or more subsequent columns. When the column of granular material has a circular drain, its diameter is may be on the order of 2″ or more and the cavity forming tool commonly at least 10′ in length, whereas micro-piles may be on the order of 3″ or more in diameter. With the weight of the hopper and contained material applied at or near the top of cavity forming tool as it advances into soil, the tool needs to be supported incrementally to avoid rupture due to overstress and structural fatigue associated with lateral deflection under the weight of the hopper and granular material during its advance into soil when the cavity forming tool is rotated.
Rotary drives positioned at the top of hollow shaft cavity forming tools are used to form cavities in soil. Where the column is of fluid saturated granular material, such as concrete and mortar, a conduit is connected to the cavity forming tool through which the fluidic material is pumped into the soil cavity, as is the case for “micr-piles” which are relatively small in diameter.
With no means available to coact with a flight auger, available rotary drives positioned at the lower end of support equipment used in column formation commonly drive a rectangular “Kelly Bar” to which a flight auger is formed at its forward end to excavate a cavity in soil. Whereas the Kelly Bar needs to be long enough to extend the flight auger full depth into the cavity for the desired column, the length of the auger section is limited to the space between the rotary drive and the ground surface after the Kelly Bar retracted. As cavity depth is often longer than the length of the flight auger section, the rotary drive is positioned as high as possible above the support unit with incremental and repetitive advance and retraction of the Kelly Bar and short section of flight auger needed to complete the excavation. Also, support of the formed cavity often is involved, requiring separate installation of pipe or other elements to allow the columnar material to be placed by separate equipment, making the operation time consuming and costly.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIt is the object of this invention to reduce the cost of granular column installation and increase the durability of the cavity forming tool, such as by reconfiguring equipment disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,647,690, 3,690,109 and others; to minimize the weight supported by the tool advanced into soil to form the cavity; to avoid interruption of a column forming cycle when the supply of granular material diminishes and needs to be replenished to continue column formation; to position the elements related to rotating the cavity-forming tool at or near the base of the apparatus to simplify and minimize the cost of its maintenance; and to permit column formation in a continuous manner to avoid delays and the expense associated with current column formation practice.
The term “soil” used herein denotes natural deposits and/or other material that may range from soft to hard. The procedure to form columns includes: a storage hopper at or near the base of the equipment to hold sufficient granular material, termed “backfill” to complete at least one column; a hollow shaft tool or drill, termed “mandrel”, supported by the equipment in a manner that enables force to be applied in its advance into and withdrawal from soil to form a cavity; means to rotate the mandrel during at least a portion of its advanvce; means to move backfill from the storage hopper to and through the mandrel to fill the cavity to form the column; and means to relocate the equipment and storage hopper as needed to form subsequent columns. Locating the hopper at or near the base of the equipment enables it to be replenished with granular material without interrupting the apparatus column forming cycle. The weight of the mandrel and conjoined elements may be sufficient to advance the tool into the soil; however, added linear and rotational force or forces may be applied to increase its rate of advance and reduce cycle time to form the cavity which is filled to complete the column. Variations in equipment arrangement as described, and means to expedite cavity formation and use of forces in the context of the invention will be evident to those familiar in the art.
Where granular backfill material cannot be moved by pumping, it is moved as needed from the storage hopper to a feed tank at or above the hollow shaft by a conveyor system, or by applying fluid pressure or a combination of these. In the present invention, where the feed tank is used it need only contain sufficient backfill to form a single column at a time. The feed tank, which need not be circular, is configured with an inlet to accept the granular material and an outlet through which backfill passes into the formed cavity and through the hollow shaft tool. A valve which may be remotely controlled, may be used at or below the outlet end of the feed tank and elsewhere to interrupt the flow of backfill to minimize waste. Where non-fluidic backfill is supplied to the feed tank, its inlet is closed and fluid under pressure is introduced in a manner to cause the backfill to move through the feed tank outlet into and through the hollow shaft tool and into the cavity formed as the hollow shaft tool is withdrawn from the soil to complete a column. The feed tank size of this invention is small as compared to that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,690, as it needs to contain granular material to form a single column at a time.
As the weight of the feed tank and granular material is less than required in U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,690, the frequency of repair and related costs and interruption to production are expected to decrease. The small feed tank may be easily separated from the hollow shaft tool until backfill is supplied to and through the hollow shaft tool during its removal from soil to form the cavity to complete the column. The feed tank is positioned to receive granular material without interfering with hollow shaft tool advance into and removal from the soil. As a limited quantity of granular material is needed to form a single column, the quantity needed in the feed tank may often be transferred during the time interval in moving the apparatus from one column location to the next so as not to interfere with production. Under specific circumstances, it may be expedient to store granular material in an intermediate feed hopper positioned at the upper end of the apparatus to permit supply the needed quantity granular material more rapidly to the feed tank. Where fluid material is used to form the column, granular material may be pumped from the supply source at the base of the apparatus through a pipe or other closed conduit and directly to and through the hollow shaft of the mandrel used to form the cavity for the required column as the mandrel or drill is withdrawn from the soil. A foaming agent may be added to granular material to render it suitable for pumping. While foaming agents may degrade over a period of time, commercially available defoaming agents may be introduced into the granular material to rapidly eliminate the effects of the foaming agent in the backfill of the completed column.
The need for a feed tank may be avoided when the granular material is moved by connecting the system through which backfill is pumped to the inlet of the hollow shaft tool in a manner to move the granular material into the cavity at a rate needed to it fill the cavity formed as the hollow shaft is withdrawn from the soil to properly complete the column. When a feed tank is used in conjunction with pumping, the backfill is pumped into the tank, where a defoaming agent may be used to restore the quality of the original granular material that is then moved into and through the hollow shaft tool to form the column as previously described.
The mandrel may be circular or angular, where one or more external projections may be applied axially to increase the rigidity of the hollow shaft tool to reduce its deflection and better support forces applied in its advance during cavity formation as well as to enable the mandrel to be rotated as it is advanced into and withdrawn from the soil. A mandrel with helical flight projections, termed “flight auger”, may be used to minimize soil displacement as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,096,622. The force or forces for the linear and rotational advance into soil of the mandrel with and without projections may be applied to the hollow shaft element directly or indirectly through an element or elements conjoined to the mandrel. The shape of the mandrel as well as projections from the mandrel may be utilized to transmit force for its rotation in its advance into the soil as well as to define the shape of the cavity and column formed; and in this configuration the means applying rotational force to the mandrel may be positioned at any point along the mandrel length including the lowest accessible point of the equipment.
The invention also provides a configuration of a circular cavity forming tool, such as a flight auger, to be configured with notches so as to be rotated by a drive positioned at the low end of the support equipment in a manner to enable the substantially entire mandrel to be a flight auger rotated into the soil to form the required cavity by a single advance and withdrawal of the mandrel. Where a circular cavity is required, the segment of the mandrel below the rotary drive element after full mandrel withdrawal need not be notched as required for flights that pass through the rotary drive element. Where notched or circular elements are used for the full length of the mandrel, the mandrel is best rotated during withdrawal to develop a circular column. Where the formed column needs to reflect the mandrel shape with or without projections, the mandrel can be withdrawn without rotation. Elements and means to implement aspects of the invention not detailed in the drawings will be evident to those familiar in the art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following descriptions in conjunction with the attached drawings. Whereas the drawings show the mandrel to be circular and hollow, its shape can be rectangular or take any other appropriate form, and needs to be hollow only when the formed cavity needs to be filled on its withdrawal.
The
Backfill material 11 is moved upward from storage hopper 2 to feed hopper 9 by means of conveyor 4 with cradles 45 sized and spaced as needed moved by drive 30. Conveyor 4 can be activated at any time during column formation and during the time interval for relocating unit 1 to its next column location. Full mandrel withdrawal causes unsupported cap 3 to open mandrel 15 causing tank 12 to lose its pressure. With mandrel 15 fully extracted from soil 6 at the completion of column 14, and feed hopper 9 with its outlet 17 aligned with inlet 18 open in tank 12, backfill material 11 is again caused to flow from feed hopper 9 to feed tank 12 through entry 18 and the column forming process is repeated. The time to move granular material from storage hopper 2 by conveyor 4 to feed hopper 9 and feed tank 12 at the highest level of track support 13 may be controlled to closely reflect time between the start of soil cavity formation and the time unit 1 is positioned at its next location so as to avoid interrupting the column forming cycle. Storage hopper 2 may be refilled at any time, and is best that it hold sufficient material to have refilling done at scheduled breaks in production.
Feed hopper 9 may be eliminated in various ways. One way to alter the feed hopper 9 embodiment in
One or more movable restraints 46 can be flexibly supported by guide 5 through a rope, chain or similar means 50 to establish a safe distance between successive points of mandrel support to avoid flexural overstress and possibility of related structural failure. Use of a different type of track support 13, such as “box leads”, may have specially designed restraint 46 in fixed positions.
To form a column, flight auger 21 is positioned at the point of column formation in a manner for cap 3 to be held in its closed position by the ground surface and soil 6 during its advance to depth 26. The rotation and weight of auger 21 and tank 12 with backfill material 11 advance auger 21 into soil 6. Cap 3 displaces to open the flow path of material 11 to cavity 10 formed as flight auger 21 is withdrawn from soil 6. With cap 3 open in soil 6, fluid pressure or other means applied at tank 12 causes and/or assists the flow of backfill 11 from tank 12 to flight auger 21 and into cavity 10 to form column 14. Withdrawal of the auger 21 from the soil is normally done without reverse rotation, and column 14 reflects the cross-section and depth of flight auger 21 advance. Feed tank 12 loses pressure with cap 3 open above ground. One or more movable restraints 46, can be flexibly supported by guide 5 through a rope, chain or similar means 50 to establish a safe distance between successive points of mandrel support to avoid flexural overstress and possibility of related structural failure. Use of a different type of track support 13, such as “box leads”, may allow use of specially designed restraint 46 in fixed positions.
Variations in methods, embodiments and equipment described and/or illustrated will be evident to those familiar in the art without deviating from the teachings presented in this disclosure. The use of shaft segments can be applied to the hollow shaft equipment of the present invention with modifications for the needed cavity formation and fill placement teachings of the present invention which may be further varied by applying selected teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,690 and others.
Claims
1. Movable or mobile support apparatus to form a cavity in soil comprising a rotary drive means with a rotating hollow output shaft supported by said apparatus, said hollow output shaft is configured to mesh and coact with the external shape of a cavity forming shaft means in a manner to enable said cavity forming means to slide through said hollow output shaft as said cavity forming means advances into and through soil at least in part by rotation to define said cavity periphery, said cavity being formed as said cavity forming shaft means is withdrawn from said soil.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 applied to forming a column of granular material in soil by use of a conveyor means to supply said granular material from a storage hopper to a closable feed tank conjoined to a hollow cavity forming means with a movable cap at its forward end held in position by pressure from soil prevented from entering said hollow cavity forming means advancing into and through said soil to define said cavity, said feed tank is closed and pressurized with fluid as said hollow cavity forming means is withdrawn from said soil to form said cavity causing said cap to displace into said cavity as said granular material flows from said feed tank through said hollow cavity forming means into said cavity to form said column of said granular material in said soil.
3. Apparatus of claim 2 wherein said hollow cavity forming means has projections to move axially through said hollow output shaft as said projections which coact and mesh with said hollow output shaft to cause said hollow cavity forming means to rotate at least in part in advancing axially into and through said soil.
4. Apparatus of claim 2 with a feed hopper to hold a quantity of said granular material to supply said feed tank with said granular material to form at least one said column.
5. Apparatus of claim 1 wherein said cavity forming means is hollow and configured with at least one external projection to mesh and coact with said rotating hollow output shaft.
6. Apparatus of claim 4 where said projections orient axially along said hollow cavity forming means to define said cavity.
7. Apparatus of claim 4 wherein said projections orient in a helical manner around said hollow shaft to define said cavity.
8. Apparatus of claims 5 wherein said rotary drive means conjoins said axial said projections in a manner to enable said drive to rotate said hollow cavity forming means and define said cavity periphery.
9. Apparatus of claims 6 wherein said rotary drive means conjoins gaps in said projections in a manner to enable said drive to rotate said hollow cavity forming means and displace at least a portion of said soil upward to form said cavity as said hollow cavity forming means is withdrawn from said soil.
10. Apparatus of claim 2 wherein said conveyor means used to move said granular material from said storage hopper is positioned to discharge said granular material into a feed hopper configured to guide said granular material from said storage hopper into said feed tank.
11. Apparatus of claim 2 where movement of said granular material from said storage hopper to said tank is assisted by fluid pressure.
12. Apparatus of claim 2 wherein said granular material is made fluidic and able to be pumped by adding a foaming agent, and incorporating a pump means at an appropriate location to move said material as needed to and through the said hollow cavity forming means and into said cavity to form said column.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said granular material treated with a foaming is treated with a defoaming agent when its fluidic condition is no longer needed to form said column.
14. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said granular material is predominantly sand and the column formed is a sand drain used to expedite consolidation of soft compressible soil.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 applied to form a column of wherein said granular material includes at least one additives to render said granular material fluidic so as to be conveyed by pumping from a storage hopper through a pipe or conduit to an inlet end of a hollow cavity forming means with a movable cap at its outlet end, with said cap held in position by the pressure of soil that is prevented from entering said hollow cavity forming means advancing into and through said soil axially and at least in part by rotation to define said cavity to the required depth, and withdrawal of said hollow cavity forming means to form said cavity causing said cap to displace into said cavity as said granular material flows through said hollow cavity forming means into said cavity to form said column.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said granular material is a mix which includes granular aggregate, cement and water to form fluidic concrete.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said granular material includes a foaming agent to render said granular material fluidic, and later adding a defoaming agent to undo the fluidic characteristic in the formed column.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said cavity is filled with suitable granular material to for a column in said soil.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said columns are contiguous to form a barrier in said soil.
20. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said columns are contiguous to form a barrier in said soil.
Type: Application
Filed: Sep 12, 2005
Publication Date: Jan 12, 2006
Inventor: Richard Landau (Summit, NJ)
Application Number: 11/223,418
International Classification: E21B 11/02 (20060101); E02B 11/00 (20060101); E02D 11/00 (20060101);