Architectural Structure, Structural Unit and Method for Constructing the Same
The present invention provides an architectural structure having a main frame of honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane, a structural unit therefore, and a method for constructing the same. An architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, wherein a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with one structural unit (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) disposed at a position that includes one apex (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6) of a hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof in front view, means are provided for rigidly joining two structural units by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the respective outer circumferential surfaces of the two structural units that adjoin each other, so as to oppose each other, while the surfaces (s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6) that are rigidly joined each crosses one of the sides of the hexagonal cell, and an opening (W) surrounded by all the structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of each hexagonal cell.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an architectural structure built by connecting a plurality of structural units with each other, and particularly to an architectural structure comprising a main frame of honeycomb configuration that expands in a plane formed from hexagonal cells as unit cells. The invention also relates to the structural unit and a method of constructing the architectural structure by using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Several methods have been known for constructing a skeleton by using structural units made of precast concrete member.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-328816 discloses a precast concrete member used in an architectural structure constructed by connecting triangular unit cells in a dome configuration, and a method of connecting the same. In the architectural structure of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-328816, six legs extend radially from each apex of the triangular cell. The precast concrete member used in the construction of this structure includes a joint member having hexagonal shape in plan view that is located at the center and six column members that are connected to the six sides of the joint member. Each column member has thicker portions at both ends thereof, so that a PC steel is inserted into the shoulder of the thicker portion of one column member to pass through the joint member to the shoulder of the thicker portion of an opposing column member, and is fastened with post tension applied thereto. This is the method employed to connect the members in case the cell is constituted from an even number of column members that extend radially.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-328816 shows a method for joining three column members (an odd number) to the side faces of a substantially triangular joint member in
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2000-144909 discloses a trifurcated column used to form a structural column of an architectural structure or a bridge pier in a hexagonal structure. The trifurcated column is constituted from a hexagonal strut disposed vertically and three beams that are connected to the strut at the bottom thereof and extend obliquely downward. A structure having a configuration of hexagonal cell as shown in plan view of FIG. 4 of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2000-144909 is formed by connecting the top end of the hexagonal strut and the bottom ends of the three beams successively.
It has been common in the prior art to construct a high-rise or super high-rise architectural structure in pure rigid frames formed by combining vertical columns and horizontal beams in a three dimensional grid. This construction method has such a drawback that the presence of a beam in every span poses a significant restriction on the design of interior space. A tube frame formed from columns disposed consecutively along the outer circumference of the building and beams that connect the columns, in contrast, has an advantage of greater degree of freedom in design, since an inner space that is free of columns and beams can be formed. It is also considered to have higher resistance to earthquakes and wind pressure since the entire building deforms like a tube.
Meanwhile a honeycomb structure constituted by connecting hexagonal cells as unit cells in a repetitive pattern has been known to be a rugged structure, and has been used in various sections of architectural structures and as building members (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-328816, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-4130, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 10-18431, etc.). As an application of the honeycomb structure to a tube frame, a structure is known in which hexagonal cells are connected in a horizontal plane to form a honeycomb structure and a plurality of the honeycomb structures are combined via straight vertical columns to form a multi-story structure, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-60301.
Another application of honeycomb structure to a tube frame is described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 6-287913, where formwork elements made of precast concrete in the form of columns having a hexagonal cross section are put into contact with each other on the side faces thereof so as to form a wall having a cross section of honeycomb configuration in the horizontal plane, and the structure is extended upward by repeating the placement of concrete into the column-shaped space delimited by the wall, thereby to construct a bridge pier.
Further, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-83738 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 53-43217 are cited in an international search report of International Patent Application PCT/JP2006/316868 upon which the priority claim of this application is based. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-83738 discloses a structure formed by connecting a plurality of triangular panel units with each other in a plane via hinges provided at the apexes of the panel units in such a manner as the panels can swing, lifting or pressing down the assembly into a dome configuration, and fixing the panels. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 53-43217 discloses a wall structure formed by connecting panel units of rectangular parallelepiped shape with each other by means of tendons. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-36435 discloses a dome structure formed by connecting panel units of a hexagonal or pentagonal shape with each other.
Although the structure disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-60301 has a honeycomb configuration that extends as a flat horizontal plane, the structure is essentially different from a honeycomb configuration that is erected substantially vertically and expands in a plane such as the tube frame that constitutes the outer circumference of a building. The same argument applies also to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 6-287913.
A tube frame formed from hexagonal cells connected together in a honeycomb configuration, if realized, is expected to be an extremely rugged structure. Construction of such a tube frame requires a method for forming a flat or curved surface erected by connecting hexagonal cells. Since the honeycomb structure is a collection of unit structures of essentially the same shape, it is more convenient in terms of the construction works to repeat the connection of structural units of the same shape, rather than connecting individual columns and beams. Accordingly, there are demands for structural units of a standardized shape that allow to efficiently construct a structure of honeycomb configuration.
The precast concrete member described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-328816 makes is possible to construct an architectural structure constituted from unit structures each having the shape of legs extending radially from the center. However, the center at which all the legs join is where the stress is concentrated, and therefore it is not desirable in terms of structural stability to connect all the column members to one joint member at the center.
The trifurcated pillar of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2000-144909 is a unit structure where four legs extend from the center radially in the three dimensional space, and the hexagonal structure formed by connecting these members inevitably makes a three dimensional hexagonal structure. As a result, it is not possible to use this structure to form the flat or curved surface of a tube frame formed from hexagonal cells connected together in a honeycomb configuration.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-83738 describes a method of constructing a structure by connecting all panels in a plane in advance, deforming the assembly into a dome shape and fastening it, not a method of constructing the entire structure by successively connecting the individual panel units. The structure described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 53-43217 is constructed by connecting panel units by means of tendons disposed in a vertical or horizontal direction, and has no relation to a honeycomb structure. The structure described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-36435 is primarily intended to ensure the structural strength by forming a dome shape. Thus the inventions of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-83738 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 53-43217 are not capable of providing a tube frame having a main frame of honeycomb configuration formed by connecting structural units together.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThus, an object of the present invention is to provide an architectural structure having a main frame of honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a structural unit for constructing such an architectural structure and a method for constructing the same.
In order to achieve the objects described above, the present invention provides the following constitutions.
An architectural structure according to claim 1 is an architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, where a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with one of the structural units (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) disposed at a position that includes an apex (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6) of a hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof in front view, means are provided for connecting two adjacent structural units by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the outer circumference of the two structural units, to oppose each other, while the surfaces (s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6) that are joined cross one of the sides of the hexagonal cell, and an opening (W) surrounded by all structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell.
An architectural structure according to claim 2 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 1 that is made of precast concrete, where the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, and a plurality of the joint surfaces are provided as a part of the side faces.
An architectural structure according to claim 3 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 2 that is made of precast concrete, where the pair of panel surfaces have a hexagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the hexagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
An architectural structure according to claim 4 is characterized in that the hexagonal shape of the pair of panel surfaces of claim 3 is formed from a short side and a long side that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
An architectural structure according to claim 5 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 2 that is made of precast concrete, where the panel surface has three legs that extend in three directions from the center in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the three legs is used as the joint surface.
An architectural structure according to claim 6 is an architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, where a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with one of the structural units (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) disposed at the position including two adjacent apexes of the hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof, means are provided for connecting two adjacent structural units by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the outer circumference of the two adjacent structural units, to oppose each other, while the surfaces that are joined cross one of the sides of the hexagonal cell, and an opening (W) surrounded by all structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell.
An architectural structure according to claim 7 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 6 that is made of precast concrete, where the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, and a plurality of the joint surfaces are provided as a part of the side faces.
An architectural structure according to claim 8 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 7 that is made of precast concrete, where each of the pair of panel surfaces has an octagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the octagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
An architectural structure according to claim 9 is characterized in that the octagonal shape of the pair of panel surfaces of claim 8 is formed from short sides and long sides that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
An architectural structure according to claim 10 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 7 that is made of precast concrete, where the panel surface has four legs that extend in four directions from the center thereof in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the four legs is used as the joint surface.
An architectural structure according to claim 11 has the constitution of claim 2 or 7 wherein the means of connecting the two adjacent structural members made of precast concrete comprises a tendon that crosses the opposing joint surfaces and passes through both structural units, and an anchoring member that applies a post tension to the tendon and secures both ends thereof on the side face of each structural unit.
An architectural structure according to claim 12 has the constitution of claim 1 or 6 wherein the structural unit is made of steel, reinforced concrete, steel-encased reinforced concrete or wood.
An architectural structure according to claim 13 is an architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, where a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with first structural units (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) each disposed at a position that includes an apex of the hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof and second structural units (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16) each disposed at a position that include two adjacent apexes of the hexagonal cell, means are provided for connecting two of the first and/or the second structural units that adjoin each other by disposing the joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the outer circumference of the two structural units, to oppose each other, while the joined surfaces cross one of the sides of the hexagonal cell, and an opening (W) surrounded by all of the first and/or second structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell.
An architectural structure according to claim 14 has the constitution of claim 1, 2, 6, 7 or 13 wherein, among the structural units that are connected consecutively in the vertical direction, the structural units disposed at higher positions and the structural units disposed at lower positions have different shapes, so that the opening formed by the structural units disposed at higher positions is larger than the opening formed by the structural units disposed at lower positions.
A structural unit according to claim 15 is used to construct the architectural structure of any one of claims 1 to 14.
A structural unit according to claim 16 is a structural unit made of precast concrete that is used to form the main frame of the architectural structure of claim 1, wherein the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, a plurality of joint surfaces for connecting adjacent structural units are provided as partial surfaces of the side faces, and a plurality of tendon insertion holes that pass between each of the plurality of joint surfaces and the other portion of the side face are provided in such a configuration that they do not overlap each other.
A structural unit according to claim 17 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 16 that is made of precast concrete, wherein the panel surfaces have a hexagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the hexagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
A structural unit according to claim 18 is characterized in that the hexagonal shape of the panel surfaces of claim 17 is formed from short sides and long sides that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
A structural unit according to claim 19 has the constitution of the structural unit of claim 16 that is made of precast concrete, wherein the panel surfaces have three legs that extend in three directions from the center in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the three legs is used as the joint surface.
A structural unit according to claim 20 is a structural unit made of precast concrete that is used in the main frame of the architectural structure according to claim 6, wherein the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other, and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, a plurality of the joint surfaces are provided as a part of the side faces for connecting the adjacent structural units, and a plurality of tendon insertion holes that pass between each of the plurality of joint surfaces and the other portion of the side face are provided in such a configuration that they do not overlap each other.
A structural unit according to claim 21 has the constitution of the structural unit made of precast concrete of claim 20, wherein the panel surfaces have an octagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the octagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
A structural unit according to claim 22 is characterized in that the octagonal shape of the panel surfaces of claim 21 is formed from short sides and long sides that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
A structural unit according to claim 23 has the constitution of the structural unit made of precast concrete of claim 20, wherein the panel surface has four legs that extend in four directions from the center thereof in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the four legs is used as the joint surface.
A structural unit according to claim 24 has the constitution of the structural unit made of precast concrete of claim 20, wherein half units, that are equal parts of the structural unit divided along a division plane crossing a pair of opposing non-joint surfaces, are joined with the division surfaces opposing each other so as to form the structural unit.
A half unit according to claim 25 has the shape of one of two members that are equal parts of the structural unit according to claim 20 divided along a division plane crossing a pair of opposing non-joint surfaces.
A structural unit according to claim 26 has the constitution of claim 16 or 20 wherein a plurality of slab connecting holes are provided to pass through the structural unit in a direction perpendicular to the pair of panel surfaces.
A structural unit according to claim 27 has the constitution of claim 16 or 20 wherein the joint surface is formed from either two sloped surfaces in a ridge shape or two sloped surfaces in a valley shape.
A structural unit according to claim 28 has the constitution of claim 16 or 20 wherein it is disposed in a portion where the virtual honeycomb configuration has a curved surface, and has a bending portion.
A method of constructing the architectural structure according to claim 29 is a method of constructing the architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of the structural units according to claim 16 or 20, the method comprises disposing two adjacent structural units so that the respective joint surfaces oppose each other in such a configuration that the tendon insertion holes thereof communicate with each other; passing a tendon through the communicating tendon insertion holes; and applying a post tension to the tendon to fasten it thereby to joint the two adjacent structural units.
(A) The invention according to claim 1, 6, 13 or 15 has mainly the effects described below. The architectural structure of the present invention has a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units and, in one embodiment, each structural unit is disposed at a position including each apex of a hexagonal cell that is a unit cell of honeycomb configuration in front view, that is erected vertically and expands in a plane. In another embodiment, one structural unit is disposed at a position that includes two adjacent apexes of a hexagonal cell that is a unit cell. In further another embodiment, first structural units each disposed at the position that includes one apex and second structural units each disposed at a position that includes two apexes are used in a mixed arrangement. The virtual honeycomb configuration (may hereafter be referred to simply as honeycomb configuration) is not a member having physical existence, but a configuration envisioned to exist in the physical space for the purpose of defining the positions where the structural units are to be disposed and the relative positions of the adjacent structural units.
In any of the forms described above, the means are provided for joining two adjacent structural units by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in a part of the outer circumference of the two adjacent structural units, to oppose each other, and the joined surfaces cross one of the sides of the hexagonal cell. Moreover, an opening surrounded by all the structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell, when the plurality of structural units are connected with each other.
The structural units that are connected with each other as described above can be disposed so as to cover the apexes and sides of all hexagonal cells that constitute the virtual honeycomb configuration. That is, when reference is made to one hexagonal cell, a plurality (six, five, four or three) structural units are connected in a ring shape along the six sides of the hexagonal cell with an opening formed in the mid portion, thus realizing an architectural structure having a main frame of honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane. Particularly the circumferential surface of the tube frame can be formed in a honeycomb structure. In addition, a slab can be installed at any desired position of the structural unit that constitutes the main frame of honeycomb configuration, so that the height of each story can be freely set.
In the main frame of honeycomb configuration according to the present invention, the structural units are disposed so as to include the positions of the apexes of the hexagonal cell that are subjected to the highest concentration of stress. That is, since connection between the structural units is not made at the position of an apex, the structure is highly resistant to stresses. In comparison to a structure where linear members are connected at the apexes of triangular or hexagonal cells at which stress is concentrated as those described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-328816 or Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-60301, for example, the present invention provides higher structural stability. Moreover, in the main frame of honeycomb configuration of the present invention, the surface whereon two structural units are joined crosses one of the sides of the hexagonal cell. That is, joining of two structural units is made on a side of the hexagonal cell where stress is at the lowest level, thus resulting in a favorable situation. As a result, a frame of a large span can be constructed by using the main frame formed from the structural units of the present invention.
The structural unit of the present invention also allows a relatively high degree of freedom in designing the shape of a portion that is not restrained by the conditions of arrangement and connection described above. For example, the size of the opening formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell can be altered by changing the shape of the outer circumference other than the joint surface of the structural unit (namely a non-joint surface). It is also made possible to accommodate wide modifications of design.
Also the architectural structure formed from the structural units of the present invention is constructed by connecting the structural units having the same or similar shapes according to a basically repetitive pattern, and therefore the number of different versions of the structural units can be reduced to one kind, or two or three kinds at the most. This feature provides an advantage in terms of mass production. As a result, it is made possible to reduce the manufacturing cost, improve the construction process and reduce the period of construction work. However, the structural units of the present invention can be manufactured in a large variety of resembling shapes that can be connected to each other, and therefore there is no limitation to the number of kinds.
(B) The invention according to claims 2 to 5, 7 to 11 and 16 to 28 has mainly the effects described below. It is preferable to fabricate the structural unit of the present invention from precast concrete (hereinafter referred to as PC and a structural unit made of PC may be referred to as a PC panel). A PC panel has a pair of panel surfaces that are a front surface and a back surface opposing each other and a side face extending between the edges of the pair of panel surfaces, with the plurality of joint surfaces being provided as a part of the side face. The PC panel is disposed so that the panel surface runs along the surface of the virtual honeycomb configuration. The panel surface may have such shapes as, for example, trifurcated, hexagonal, octagonal or X shape. The shape can be freely designed through the shape of the formwork.
The PC panel has higher strength than ordinary reinforced concrete, and is capable of constructing an architectural structure that is highly resistant to vibration. As a result, a building that is less susceptible to temblors and highly habitable can be realized.
The PC panels are manufactured at factories, and therefore can be easily subjected to quality control. As a result, it becomes easier to ensure reliability of safety of the structural units produced and the architectural structure built using the same, and it is also easy to keep record of the historical information of the structure.
The PC panel is highly rigid when the panel surface has a shape of a larger surface area (for example, hexagonal or octagonal). In addition, a shape of a larger surface area leads to a greater quantity of concrete and larger weight. A larger surface area has an adverse effect of decreasing the size of the opening that is formed by the structural units. When the PC panel has such a shape that has a smaller surface area, namely a shape similar to a linear member such as a trifurcated or X shape, the PC panel is less rigid and requires a smaller quantity of concrete resulting in lighter weight. A smaller surface area has an adverse effect of increasing the size of the opening that is formed by the structural units. An architectural structure with controlled rigidity can be constructed by combining two or more kinds of PC panels having different shapes (namely having different levels of rigidity).
For example, it is preferable to construct lower stories with PC panels that have a large surface area so as to form a small opening and construct upper stories with PC panels that have a small surface area so as to form a large opening (claim 14). The size of the openings may also be increased stepwise. The architectural structure constructed in this way has high resistance to earthquakes. It is because a high-rise or super high-rise architectural structure has higher resistance to earthquakes when it is lighter in weight in high stories and heavier and stronger in lower stories. Also in such an architectural structure, concrete can be used in a rational way without being wasted as the quantity of concrete can be reduced in upper stories.
In addition, in case the structural unit is formed from a PC panel, the structural unit can be manufactured in a size that is convenient for the vehicle used to transport the structural units for improved efficiency of transportation. Use of PC also enables it to put formworks into efficient use.
In case high-strength concrete is used, the service life of the architectural structure can be elongated thus contributing to the preservation of resources and providing a structure that can be preferably used as the skeleton in SI (skeleton infill) separation construction method.
(C) The invention according to claim 11, 16 or 20 has mainly the effects described below. In case the structural units are formed from PC panels, it is preferable that the means of joining two adjacent structural units comprises a tendon that crosses the opposing joint surfaces and passes through both structural units, and anchoring members that apply a post tension to the tendon and fasten both ends thereof on the side face of each structural unit. Connection with high strength can be achieved by fastening the tendon while applying post tension thereto.
Connection with high strength is achieved also by joining one PC panel to an adjacent panel unit by means of three or four tendons that extend in three or four directions.
Applying pre-stress by means of post tension reduces the occurrence of deflection and cracks (should cracks occur, they would be closed by the pre-stress) in spite of long standing stress, and the entire cross section of the concrete member effectively counters against both compressive and tensile stresses. In addition, application of pre-stress is advantageous in protecting the inserted tendon from corrosion, since cracks are prevented from occurring.
A main frame of honeycomb configuration constructed by using the structural units comprising the pre-stressed PC panels according to the present invention is stronger than a frame of the conventional rigid frame structure made of pre-stressed concrete. For example, a 15-storied building of the conventional rigid frame structure is fairly pliant with a natural period of vibration of about 1.5 seconds, while a 15-storied building of the present invention is very stiff with a natural period of vibration of about 0.3 seconds. This means that the present invention is suitable for an upper skeleton of a vibration-isolated building, because a pliant upper skeleton of a vibration-isolated building may compromise the vibration isolating effect of the isolator.
(D) The invention according to claim 26 has mainly the effects described below. In case the structural unit is formed from a PC panel, it is preferable to provide a plurality of slab connecting holes that pass through the structural unit in a direction perpendicular to the pair of panel surfaces. Providing the slab connecting holes at proper positions where a slab can be connected makes it possible to insert the tendons through the concrete slab and secure it by applying a post tension. Thus strong connection with the slab can be achieved.
(E) The invention according to claim 27 has mainly the effects described below. In case the structural unit is formed from a PC panel, it is preferable that the joint surface is formed from either two sloped surfaces in a ridge shape or two sloped surfaces in a valley shape. A structural unit having joint surfaces formed in a ridge shape and a structural unit having joint surfaces formed in a valley shape can be fitted with each other. This makes it possible to surely prevent rotational movement about an axis perpendicular to the joint surface, so as to maintain the rigid joint.
(F) The invention according to claim 28 has mainly the effects described below. In case the structural units are formed from PC panels, the structural unit used in a portion where the virtual honeycomb configuration is curved has a bending section. When the structural units are arranged in such a way as the bending section runs along the direction of erecting the virtual honeycomb configuration, two surfaces adjoining on the bending section can be disposed at an angle from each other. The bending angle of the bending section may be relatively small, and a significant angle in the surface of the structure can be realized by repeating the small bending sections. Thus it is made possible to construct a tube frame that has a curved cross section (circle, oval or a part thereof) in the horizontal plane.
(G) The invention according to claim 12 has mainly the effects described below. In accordance with the present invention, an architectural structure having a main frame of honeycomb configuration can be constructed from steel, reinforced concrete, steel-encased reinforced concrete or wood, as long as the structural units of a similar configuration can be manufactured from a material other than PC panels.
(H) The invention according to claim 24 or 25 has mainly the effects described below. In case the structural unit to be disposed at two adjacent apexes of a hexagonal cell is formed from a PC panel, it may be significantly larger in size and weight than an ordinary PC panel. In such a case, it is preferable to use half-units, that are equal divisions of a PC panel. Use of the half-units enables it to construct the main frame of the present invention without troubles in manufacture, transportation and assembly.
(I) The invention according to claim 29 has mainly the effects described below. The architectural structure having the main frame formed by connecting a plurality of the structural units formed from the PC panels is constructed by a method in which two adjacent structural units are disposed to have the joint surfaces opposing each other so that tendon insertion holes thereof are aligned, a tendon is inserted through the tendon insertion hole to pass through the two structural units, and the tendon is fastened by applying post tension to the tendon, thereby joining the two structural units. This method improves the workability of construction since the connection of a plurality of PC panels is completed by joining every two members. The construction work is simply to insert a tendon, apply post tension thereto and fasten both ends of the tendon, with less work load. In the case of a conventional rigid frame structure, in contrast, all long beams and pillars must be connected together and it is difficult to complete connection work by connecting every two members.
In addition, the construction method of the present invention is a dry method that eliminates the need of curing of concrete required in a wet process such as reinforced concrete structure with on-site concrete placement, thus resulting in a shorter period of construction work.
FIGS. 31(A1) and (A2) are front and top views, respectively, of the state of joining a modification of the unit shown in
FIGS. 32(A1) and (A2) are a front view and a top view, respectively, of the state of a modification of the unit shown in
Basic embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to
The “virtual honeycomb configuration” in the present invention is an imaginary entity having the honeycomb pattern consisting of hexagonal cell H1 (or hexagonal cell H2 of
The virtual honeycomb configuration is basically erected vertically and expands in a plane. Designs where the virtual honeycomb configuration is erected at a predetermined angle from the vertical direction for an aesthetical reason are within the scope of the present invention. The term “plane” in this specification includes flat plane and curved plane (the same applies to the description that follows).
The hexagonal cell H1 that is a unit cell may not necessarily be an equilateral hexagon, but is at least symmetrical with respect to its vertical centerline (the same applies to the hexagonal cell H2 of
Making reference to
As described above, the plurality of structural units are disposed so as to occupy all apexes and sides of the plurality of hexagonal cells that constitute the honeycomb configuration, and adjoining structural units are connected together with the joint surfaces thereof opposing each other. For the means of connection, it is convenient in the case of structural units made of PC panels, for example, to insert a tendon so as to cross the opposing joint surfaces of two units and apply a post tension to the tendon to fasten, but such means are not limited to this method. Although it is preferable to connect the units rigidly, the connection may also be of an intermediate type between rigid connection and flexible connection, or even flexible connection. While a honeycomb structure has an effect of transforming a part of bending force into axial force and transmitting it, connecting the units by rigid joint is effective in absorbing a part of bending force that has not been transformed into axial force.
The unit 1 shown in
As will be clearly seen from
Referring to
The main frame constitutes a main portion of the skeleton, that plays a major role in the structural strength. In the main frame formed by connecting a plurality of the structural units on the apexes and sides of the hexagonal cell of the virtual honeycomb configuration as shown in
The hexagonal cells H2 that are unit cells of a virtual honeycomb configuration depicted by alternate dot and dash line in
In units 1 to 6 shown in
Referring to
The phrase “adjacent apexes” refers to the apexes located at both ends of one side of the hexagonal cell that constitutes the honeycomb configuration. Each of the plurality of units disposed in a ring on one hexagonal cell may not necessarily be disposed on two apexes within the hexagonal cell, but one apex of the hexagonal cell and one apex of an adjacent hexagonal cell may be treated as a pair (refer to
The unit 7 shown in
As will be clearly seen from
Referring to
The hexagonal cell H12 that is a unit cell of a virtual honeycomb configuration depicted by alternate dot and dash line in
The arrangements of the units shown in
In the arrangement of units shown in
In the case of units 7 to 12 shown in
In the arrangement pattern A, arrangement of three units shown in
In the arrangement pattern B, one unit occupies two apexes located on both ends of the top side and the bottom side (in horizontal direction) in all hexagonal cells H1. As a result, four units are disposed on one hexagonal cell. Among the four units, two units occupy four apexes of the top side and the bottom side, and the other two units occupy one apex of the hexagonal cell and one apex of the adjacent hexagonal cells. In the arrangement pattern B, a rectangular opening Wd is formed.
Further, the arrangement patterns A and B can be connected continuously, and a pentagonal opening We is formed in the border between these arrangement patterns.
In the arrangement pattern A, arrangement of three units shown in
In the arrangement pattern B, one unit occupies two apexes located on both ends of the left side and the right side (in vertical direction) in all hexagonal cells H2. As a result, four units are disposed on one hexagonal cell. Among the four units, two units occupy four apexes on the left side and the right side, and the other units occupy one apex of the hexagonal cell and one apex of adjacent hexagonal cells. In the arrangement pattern B, a rectangular opening Wd is formed.
Further, the arrangement patterns A and B can be connected continuously, and a pentagonal window We is formed in the border between these arrangement patterns.
Units 4 to 6 shown in
The diversity in the shapes of the structural units shown in
Examples described below are intended merely to exemplify these modifications, and do not restrict the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1By making reference to
The tube frame 100 shown in
The hexagonal cell H1 formed in an equilateral hexagonal shape is a mere example, and the shape may not necessarily be an equilateral hexagon as long as it is symmetrical with respect to its vertical centerline.
As shown in
As shown in
The architectural structure having such a constitution has a tubular structure that is capable of exerting a great bearing force against horizontal load applied from any direction. Also in the tube frame formed from the hexagonal structure section, all joints of the pillars and beams show a well-balanced stability. As a result, bending stress generated by load in the joint of pillar and beam is less than the stress generated in a tube frame of a conventional rigid frame structure. This is because a part of the bending force is transformed into axial force against members (pillars and beams) and is transmitted. In addition, the PC member has higher strength against compressive force, and provides advantage in bearing an axial force.
Further as shown in
As shown in the top view of
The opening W surrounded by six units 1(1) to 1(6) that are disposed on the hexagonal cell H1 is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H1. In this example, the opening W has a hexagonal shape disposed in the same orientation as the hexagonal cell H1.
As shown in
Every connection between two adjacent units is made as described above. As a result, three tendons that extend in different directions seemingly cross each other in a mid portion in the unit 1. While the mid portion of the unit 1 is located at an apex of the hexagonal cell and is therefore subjected to concentrated stress. However, since there is no joint in this portion and three tendons are disposed therein, an extremely strong structure is realized. Also, connection between two adjacent units is made at the mid point of each side where relatively small stress is generated, which is advantageous for the structure.
Applying pre-stress by means of post tension reduces the occurrence of deflection and cracks in spite of long standing stress, and the entire cross section of the concrete member effectively counters against both compressive and tensile stresses. As a result, a frame of a large span can be constructed. In addition, the application of pre-stress is advantageous in protecting the inserted tendon from corrosion, since cracks are prevented from occurring (these advantages are provided similarly by examples that follow).
When joining the joint surfaces of two units, it is preferable to form a narrow gap between the two joint surfaces that oppose each other, and fill the gap with mortar, resin mortar, grout or the like that has higher strength than PC. Such a filler enables it to accommodate errors in the construction work, thereby improving the efficiency of construction work (the same applies to examples that follow).
The unit 1 is a PC panel manufactured using a predetermined formwork. As will be clearly seen from
The side faces other than that located at the distal ends of the legs are non-joint surfaces. A valley is formed by non-joint surfaces 1d2 and 1d3 between the joint surfaces 1a and 1b. A valley is formed by non-joint surfaces 1e2 and 1e3 between the joint surfaces 1b and 1c. A valley is formed by non-joint surfaces 1f2 and 1f3 between the joint surfaces 1c and 1a.
As shown in
The unit 1 shown in
Although the hexagonal cell H1 is symmetrical with respect to a vertical centerline as described with reference to
The joint surfaces of the three legs of the unit 1A form ridges, each consisting of two sloped surfaces (1a4 and 1a5, 1b4 and 1b5, 1c4 and 1c5). In contrast, the joint surfaces of the three legs of the unit 1B form valleys, each consisting of two sloped surfaces (1a6 and 1a7, 1b6 and 1b7, 1c6 and 1c7).
The ridge of the joint surface of unit 1A and the valley of the joint surface of unit 1B have shapes that fit with each other. Accordingly, units 1A and 1B are disposed alternately and are joined together so that the joint surfaces fit with each other. Fastening of the units by applying post tension with the tendons is carried out similarly to the embodiment described previously. When the units are joined together by causing the joint surfaces to fit with each other, the leg can be reliably prevented from rotating, by the interlocking between the ridge and valley shapes, thus producing a stronger structure.
The shapes of the joint surfaces of the two kinds of unit that fit with each other are not limited to the ridge and valley shapes shown in
To join the unit 1 and the PC slab 30, each tendon 31 is inserted into the slab connection hole 1g and is fastened by an anchoring member in the state of being subjected to post tension.
As shown in
Further, use of the bent unit 1C makes it possible to continuously form not only a curved surface that bends in one direction but also a curved surface that bends in the opposite direction. For example, a curved surface that undulates when viewed from above.
In case the main frame is parallel to the vertical direction also in the curved surface portion such as in the tube frame shown in
Combining the flat unit 1 shown in
The shapes and positions of joint surfaces 1Da, 1Db and 1Dc of the unit 1D are the same as those of the unit 1, and therefore the unit 1D can be joined with the unit 1 or the unit 1C. The unit 1D is different from the unit 1 in the shape of the non-joint surface. The unit 1D has a shape in which the valley of the non-joint surface is modified to decrease the depth. The legs of the unit 1D do not have a constant width, and the width increases from the joint surfaces 1Da, 1Db and 1Dc toward the center. For example, angle δ extended by the side face 1Df3 and the adjacent joint surface 1Da (also the angle extended by the side face 1Df2 and the adjacent joint surface 1Dc) is an obtuse angle (δ is 90 degrees in the unit 1). Any modification of the unit 1 where the angle in the panel surface falls in a range of 90°≦δ<120° will be classified as trifurcated.
When 5=120°, the valley diminishes and the unit is hexagonal similarly to the unit 2 shown in
As shown in
In case six units 1D are connected in a ring shape as shown in
While the unit 1D shown in
By making reference to
The main frame 102 shown in
The unit 2 has a hexagonal panel with six sides as shown in
As shown in
As will be clearly seen from
The hexagonal shape of the panel surface of the unit 2 may be varied with different ratios of the short side and the long side. When hexagons of the same width (distance between the opposing short side and long side) are compared, the larger the difference between the short side and the long side is, the larger the opening W formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H1. Also, the opening W is an equilateral hexagon and the smallest when all sides have the same length. On the other hand, the area of the joint between the short side faces is smaller when the difference between the short side and the long side is larger, and the area of the joint is the largest when all sides have the same length. A larger area of the joint is advantageous in terms of strength. The lengths and proportion of the short side and the long side are determined in accordance with the required strength of the architectural structure, size of the opening and other factors. However, since the present invention is a structure based on a honeycomb configuration, sufficient strength can be ensured even when the difference between the short side and the long side is increased, which is advantageous for providing a larger opening.
With reference made to
When the short side faces of two units 2(1) and 2(2) are disposed to oppose each other as shown in
Then the tendon 21a is inserted through the tendon insertion hole and is subjected to a post tension so as both ends thereof are fastened by means of a pair of anchoring members 22a, 22a thereby firmly joining the units 2(1) and 2(2) together. The unit 2(2) is further joined with unit 2(3) by means of second tendon 21b and a pair of anchoring members 22b, 22b. Furthermore, the unit 2(2) is joined with unit 2(5′) included in the adjacent hexagonal cell by means of third tendon 21c′ and anchoring members 22c′, 22c′.
When units are connected with each other as described above, one unit is joined with adjacent three panel units by tendons 21a, 21b, 21c′ that extend in three different directions, and therefore each joint surface is prevented from rotating, thus providing a rigid joint. Thus it is made possible to construct the architectural structure comprising a main frame that is rigidly joined in a honeycomb configuration.
With reference to
In the honeycomb structure that uses the units 2, the panel units located at the apexes of the hexagonal cell H1 where the stress is most concentrated are planar members that have two-dimensional expansion and there is no joint within this portion, so that the structure is highly resistant to stresses. The joints are located at mid points of the sides of the hexagonal cell H1 where less stress is generated, thus providing another advantage.
With reference to
As shown in
The short sides and the long sides are disposed alternately in the panel surfaces 2i and 2j. For example, in the panel surface 2i, the sides are disposed in the order of short side 2a1, long side 2d1, short side 2b1, long side 2e1, short side 2c1 and long side 2f1. The short sides all have the same length and the long sides all have the same length.
In addition, six side faces 2a, 2d, 2b, 2e, 2c, 2f are provided that are perpendicular to the panel surfaces 2i, 2j and extend between corresponding sides. The side faces 2a, 2b, 2c that extend between the short sides are short side faces that make joint surfaces, and the side faces 2d, 2e, 2f that extend between the long sides are long side faces that make non-joint surfaces.
Furthermore, as shown in
The dimensions of each portion of the unit 2 are determined in accordance with the requirements and conditions of the architectural structure to be constructed, the conditions of transportation, etc.
Although not shown, a modification of the unit 2 having a hexagonal shape where two long sides among the three long sides of the panel surface are the same in length and the remaining one side has a different length may be used.
In the unit 2A, one short side face 2Ac forms a small angle β1, from the direction C that is perpendicular to the panel surfaces 2Ai, 2Aj. A honeycomb structure having a curved surface can be constructed by using such units 2A.
The angle β1 is such a small angle that a joint strength comparable to that of the unit 2 shown in
As shown in
Use of the bent unit 2B makes it possible to continuously form not only a curved surface that bends in one direction but also a curved surface that bends in the opposite direction. For example, a curved surface that undulates when viewed from above may be formed.
Combining the flat unit 2 shown in
By making reference to
The main frame shown in
In the lower portion K1, six units 4 are disposed so as to include the positions of apexes h1 to h6 of the hexagonal cell H2, and two adjoining units are joined by disposing the joint surfaces thereof to oppose each other at the mid point of each side. The joint surfaces s1 to s6 cross the respective sides perpendicularly. As a result, six units 4 are connected together in a ring shape. In the upper portion K2, six units 5 are disposed on the hexagonal cell H2 and are similarly connected with each other. The units 4 and the units 5 are different in the shape of the non-joint surface, but are the same in the position and shape of the joint surface, and therefore can be joined with each other.
In the lower portion K1, a hexagonal opening Wf is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H2 and, in the upper portion K2, a substantially circular opening Wg is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H2. In the border area, an opening Wh having an irregular shape is formed. The unit 4 has a smaller panel area (hence a smaller volume) than that of the unit 5, and therefore the opening Wg is larger than the opening Wf accordingly. A smaller volume of the unit means lighter weight and a smaller quantity of concrete. Being lighter in weight makes the unit suitable for use in upper stories that are subjected to relatively less loads. It is preferable to use units of smaller volume in higher stories since it reduces the load on the lower stories. In the lower stories, heavier loads from the structure above can be borne by using units made of a sufficient quantity of concrete.
With reference made to
When joint surfaces of two units 4(1) and 4(2) are disposed to oppose each other as shown in
By joining the units together in this way, every unit can be connected with three adjacent units by means of the three tendons 21a, 21b, 21c that extend in three different directions, so that each joint surface is prevented from rotating, thus providing a rigid joint. This makes it possible to construct the architectural structure having the main frame formed by rigidly joining the units in a honeycomb configuration.
With reference to
As shown in
Furthermore, tendon insertion holes 4a3 (between the joint surface 4a and the concave surface 4e), 4b3 (between the joint surface 4b and the concave surface 4f) and 4c3 (between the joint surface 4c and the concave surface 4d) are provided between the opposing side faces among the six side faces. The tendon insertion holes 4a3, 4b3, 4c3 are perpendicular to the joint surfaces 4a, 4b, 4c, respectively. The tendon insertion holes 4a3, 4b3, 4c3 preferably open in the joint surfaces and in the concave surfaces at substantially the center thereof. In the front view of
The dimensions of each portion of the unit 4 are determined in accordance with the requirements and conditions of the architectural structure to be constructed, the conditions of transportation and other factors.
As shown in
The bent unit 4A may also be used in a bending portion where two flat surfaces of the main frame intersect (for example, the corner of the tube frame shown in
Use of the bent unit 4A makes it possible to continuously form not only a curved surface that bends in one direction but also a curved surface that bends in the opposite direction. For example, a curved surface that undulates when viewed from above.
EXAMPLE 4By making reference to
In the lowest portion K1 of the main frame shown in
The units 8, 13, 14 and 15 are each disposed at a position that includes a pair of adjoining apexes of the hexagonal cell H2. For example, among the units 8 of the lowest portion K1, unit 8(1) occupies the apex h1 and one apex of the adjacent hexagonal cell, unit 8(2) occupies the apexes h2 and h3, unit 8(3) occupies the apex h4 and one apex of the next hexagonal cell, and unit 8(4) occupies the apexes h5 and h6. In each of the units disposed as described above, side faces located at the top right, top left, bottom right and bottom left are used as joint surfaces. Two units that adjoin each other are joined together with the corresponding joint surfaces disposed to oppose each other, and four units 8 are connected together in a ring configuration. These connections are rigid joints. Each of the four surfaces s1, s3, s4 and s6 that are joined crosses one of the sides of the hexagonal cell H2. For the unit 13 in the second portion K2, the unit 14 in the third portion K3 and the unit 15 in the top portion K4, the units are disposed and joined similarly, although lengths of the sides of the hexagonal cell H2 are different. The units 8, 13, 14 and 15 are the same in the position and shape of the joint surface although the shape of the non-joint surface of the panel surface is different, and therefore can be joined with each other.
There may be a case where the shape of the hexagonal cell that is the unit cell of the virtual honeycomb configuration changes from the bottom toward the top as in example shown in
In the lowest portion K1, a rectangular opening Wh is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H2, in the second portion K2 a substantially oval opening Wi is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H2, in the third portion K3 a substantially rhombic opening Wj is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H2, and in the top portion K4 a rhombic opening Wk is formed in the mid portion of the hexagonal cell H2. The higher from the lowest portion K1 upward to the top portion K4, the smaller the units are in panel area (hence smaller in volume) and therefore the larger the opening is accordingly. A smaller volume of the unit means lighter weight and a smaller quantity of concrete. Being lighter in weight makes the unit suitable for use in upper stories that are subjected to relatively less loads. It is preferable to use units of smaller volume in higher stories since it reduces the load on the lower stories. In the lower stories, heavier loads from the structure above can be borne by using units made of a sufficient quantity of concrete.
With reference made to
When the joint surface located at the top left of the unit 8 and the joint surface located at the bottom right of the unit 13 are disposed to oppose each other as shown in
The second tendon 21b is inserted through the tendon insertion holes of the unit 8 and another unit 8 located at the lower left and one end thereof is fastened on the upper side face of the unit 8 by means of the anchoring member 22b and the other end thereof is fastened on the lower side face of the another unit 8 located at the lower left by means of the anchoring member 22b.
The third tendon 21c is inserted through the tendon insertion holes of the unit 8 and another unit 8 located at the lower right and one end thereof is fastened on the top end of the unit 8 by means of the anchoring member 22c and the other end thereof is fastened on the bottom side face of the another unit 8 located at the lower right by means of the anchoring member 22c.
The fourth tendon 21d is inserted through the tendon insertion holes of the unit 8 and the unit 13 located at the top right and one end thereof is fastened on the lower side face of the unit 8 by means of the anchoring member 22d and the other end thereof is fastened on the upper side face of the unit 13 located at the top right by means of the anchoring member 22d.
All of the units shown in
While the tendon insertion holes that communicate in two units do not necessarily run straight in the main frame shown in
As shown in
When viewed from the panel surface 8i side, the tendon insertion holes 8a3 and 8d3 appear to cross each other, while the tendon insertion holes 8b3 and 8c3 appear to cross each other. Actually, the tendon insertion holes are disposed at positions within the thickness of the unit 8 where they do not overlap each other. It is preferable, however, that all tendon insertion holes are located as near the center within the thickness of the unit as possible, for the purpose of balancing.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
When the units 8, 13, 14 and 15 shown in
A panel made by integrating half-units 8m and 8n corresponds to the unit 8 shown in
As shown in
As shown in FIGS. 31(A1) and (A2), the front panel surface of the unit 8A consists of two surfaces 8Ai1 and 8Ai2 that form an angle β at a boundary thereof that is a bend 8Ak that runs along a straight line where the surfaces intersect to form the bend. The same applies also to the rear panel. Thus the unit 8A is bent along the bend 8Ak. A main frame having a curved surface can be constructed by joining the units 8A that have such a bend 8Ak and the unit 8 described previously. The degree of bending increases as more units 4A are added and connected to the unit 8A. In case the main frame is parallel to the vertical direction also in the curved portion as in the cylindrical tube frame shown in
The bent unit 8A may also be used in a bending portion where two flat surfaces of the main frame intersect (for example, the corner of the tube frame shown in
Use of the bent unit 8A makes it possible to continuously form not only a curved surface that bends in one direction but also a curved surface that bends in the opposite direction. For example, a curved surface that undulates when viewed from above. The same applies also to units 13A, 14A and 15A.
EXAMPLE 5Provided that units of a similar shape to that of any of the examples of PC panels described above are used, a similar main frame can be constructed with members other than PC panels, although not shown in the drawing. Thus an architectural structure having a main frame of honeycomb structure can be constructed from steel, reinforced concrete, steel-encased reinforced concrete or wood.
Claims
1. An architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, wherein a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with one of the structural units (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) disposed at a position that includes one apex (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6) of a hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof in front view, means are provided for joining the two structural units by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the respective outer circumferential surfaces of the two structural units that adjoin each other, so as to oppose each other, while the surfaces (s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6) that are joined each lies on one of the sides of the hexagonal cell and crosses the side, and an opening (W) surrounded by all the structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of each hexagonal cell.
2. The architectural structure according to claim 1, wherein the structural unit is made of precast concrete, where the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, and a plurality of the joint surfaces are provided as a part of the side faces.
3. The architectural structure according to claim 2, wherein the structural unit is made of precast concrete, where the pair of panel surfaces have a hexagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the hexagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
4. The architectural structure according to claim 3, wherein the hexagonal shape of the pair of panel surfaces is formed from a short side and a long side that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
5. The architectural structure according to claim 2, wherein the structural unit is made of precast concrete, where the panel surface has three legs that extend in three directions from the center in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the three legs is used as the joint surface.
6. An architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, wherein a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with one of the structural units (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) disposed at a position that includes two adjacent apexes of a hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof in front view, means are provided for connecting the two adjacent structural units by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the respective outer circumferential surfaces of the two structural units that adjoin each other, to oppose each other, while the surfaces that are joined each cross one of the sides of the hexagonal cell, and an opening (W) surrounded by all the structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of each hexagonal cell.
7. The architectural structure according to claim 6, wherein the structural unit is made of precast concrete, where the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, and a plurality of the joint surfaces are provided as a part of the side faces.
8. The architectural structure according to claim 7, wherein the structural unit is made of precast concrete, where each of the pair of panel surfaces has an octagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the octagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
9. The architectural structure according to claim 8, wherein the octagonal shape of the pair of panel surfaces is formed from short sides and long sides that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
10. The architectural structure according to claim 7, wherein the structural unit is made of precast concrete, where the panel surface has four legs that extend in four directions from the center thereof in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the four legs is used as the joint surface.
11. The architectural structure according to claim 2, wherein the means of connecting the two adjacent structural units made of precast concrete comprises a tendon that crosses the opposing joint surfaces and passes through both structural units, and an anchoring member that applies a post tension to the tendon and secures both ends thereof on the side face of each structural unit.
12. The architectural structure according to claim 1, wherein the structural unit is made of steel, reinforced concrete, steel-encased reinforced concrete or wood.
13. An architectural structure having a main frame formed by connecting a plurality of structural units, wherein a virtual honeycomb configuration that is erected vertically and expands in a plane is provided with one of first structural units (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) disposed at a position that includes one apex of a hexagonal cell (H1, H2) that is the unit cell thereof in front view, and second structural units (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) disposed at a position that includes two adjacent apexes of the hexagonal cell, means are provided for connection by disposing joint surfaces, that are formed in part of the respective outer circumferential surfaces of the two first and/or second structural units that adjoin each other, to oppose each other, while the surfaces that are joined each lies on one of sides of the hexagonal cell and crosses the side, and an opening (W) surrounded by all of the first and/or second structural units that are disposed on the hexagonal cell is formed in the mid portion of each hexagonal cell.
14. The architectural structure according to claim 1, wherein, among the structural units that are connected consecutively in the vertical direction, the structural units disposed at higher positions and the structural units disposed at lower positions have different shapes, so that the opening formed by the structural units disposed at higher positions is larger than the opening formed by the structural units disposed at lower positions.
15. A structural unit that is used to construct the architectural structure according to claim 1.
16. A structural unit made of precast concrete that is used to form a main frame of the architectural structure according to claim 1, wherein the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, a plurality of joint surfaces for connecting adjacent structural units are provided as partial surfaces of the side faces, and a plurality of tendon insertion holes that pass between each of the plurality of joint surfaces and the other portion of the side face are provided in such a configuration that they do not overlap each other.
17. The structural unit according to claim 16 that is made of precast concrete, wherein the panel surfaces have a hexagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the hexagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
18. The structural unit according to claim 17, wherein the hexagonal shape of the panel surfaces is formed from short sides and long sides that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
19. The structural unit according to claim 16 that is made of precast concrete, wherein the panel surfaces have three legs that extend in three directions from the center in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the three legs is used as the joint surface.
20. A structural unit made of precast concrete that is used in the main frame of the architectural structure according to claim 6, wherein the outer circumference thereof has a pair of panel surfaces consisting of a front surface and a back surface that oppose each other, and a side face extending between edges of the pair of panel surfaces, a plurality of the joint surfaces are provided as a part of the side faces for connecting the adjacent structural units, and a plurality of tendon insertion holes that pass between each of the plurality of joint surfaces and the other portion of the side face are provided in such a configuration that they do not overlap each other.
21. The structural unit according to claim 20 that is made of precast concrete, wherein the panel surfaces have an octagonal shape in front view, and the side face between a side and one located next to the adjacent side of the octagonal cell is used as the joint surface.
22. The structural unit according to claim 21, wherein the octagonal shape of the panel surfaces is formed from short sides and long sides that are disposed alternately, and that a side face between the short sides is used as the joint surface.
23. The structural unit according to claim 20 that is made of precast concrete, wherein the panel surface has four legs that extend in four directions from the center thereof in front view, and the side face located at the distal end of each of the four legs is used as the joint surface.
24. The structural unit according to claim 20 that is made of precast concrete, wherein half units, that are equal parts of the structural unit divided along a division plane crossing a pair of opposing non-joint surfaces, are joined with the division surfaces opposing each other so as to form the structural unit.
25. A half unit that has the shape of one of two members that are equal parts of the structural unit according to claim 20 divided along a division plane crossing a pair of opposing non-joint surfaces.
26. The structural unit according to claim 16, wherein a plurality of slab connecting holes are provided to pass through the structural unit in a direction perpendicular to the pair of panel surfaces.
27. The structural unit according to claim 16, wherein the joint surface is formed from either two sloped surfaces in a ridge shape or two sloped surfaces in a valley shape.
28. The structural unit according to claim 16, wherein it is disposed in a portion where the virtual honeycomb configuration has a curved surface, and has a bending portion.
29. A method of constructing the architectural structure according to claim 16, which comprises disposing two adjacent structural units so that the respective joint surfaces oppose each other in such a configuration as the tendon insertion holes thereof communicate with each other; passing a tendon through the communicating tendon insertion holes; and applying a post tension to the tendon to fasten it thereby to joint the two adjacent structural units.
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 7, 2006
Publication Date: Jun 11, 2009
Inventors: Ichiro Takeshima (Tokyo), Tsutomu Kamoshita (Tokyo)
Application Number: 12/087,121
International Classification: E04H 12/00 (20060101); E04C 2/40 (20060101); E04B 1/38 (20060101);