TRANSPORT SYSTEM
A railway can have trains for generally high speed if curves have very large radius. For this to be generally possible the trains must be able to nm in steep slopes. When driving wheels are pressed against the rail head sides a double drive force from friction is achieved and controlled by a separate force independent of the weight of the train. The carrying wheels are made free from lateral forces by suspended them in cardan rings. The driving wheels running on the rail head sides also only steer if no force is applied. The switches can be free from movable pars Wheels against flank rails parallel to the outermost rails keeps the train left in the switches. Double-rotor motors give the driving. They can be attached to the wheels on the rail head side, hut also to the carrying cardules. Such motors can also be placed within the carrying wheels, in cardules and m the driving wheels on the sides. The rails can get trapeze form. With tube formed rails they can be filled with cables and sand for isolation from noise.
Flank rails are new rails parallel to outermost rails in a switch.
Flank wheel is a wheel with vertical axis down on the sides of carriages.
Railector is a rail switch with flank rails.
Railed right is e.g. to perform a right pass through a railector.
Cardule is a cardan suspended carrying wheel.
Steer and drive wheels are running on the rail head sides.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARYWheels on rails shall manage a number of functions. To make it possible for the carriage to run on rails the wheels must carry it. The wheels shall be steered to follow the rails. The wheels shall drive the carriage. The wheels shall follow a switch to selected track or run into common track at the switch.
This wheels with flanges, conic rings and friction can manage all above, which is an achievement.
A very strong shortage is nevertheless the inability to run up hills. From that it follows that the acceleration will be limited. Conic wheels with sinus run claim that the rails are laid with great precision.
The concept with rail is so strong that it in general application has existed for soon 200 years and is still the best transportation method. Here an analysis of the classical rail road will be made in order to find solutions among others to the problem mentioned.
The carrying capacity of the wheels is increased if the contact surface to the rail is made large. The wheels ought to be completely cylindrical and the rail completely plane. No wheel can run perfect both on straight track and in curves. One could make standard curves and lift and sink wheels.
As an illustration to how complex the analysis will be a solution will yet be given to a perfect rolling of cylindrical wheels in curves.
On straight bands cylindrical wheels can roll without slipping. If one bends a band in the edge direction, the band will buckle. One can give this buckling sinus form with a suitable wavelength. Let the band be an inner rail in a curve. Make another rail in the same way, but with the sinus form in counter phase and the wavelength increased, in proportion to the increased radius. Place cylindrical wheels just across in the curve. Let them rotate freely in rectangular cardan ring, with the front-rear axis moved down to the level of the bands, by letting the rectangular ring reach down to and on each side somewhat past the bands. Place upside down U-links in front of and rear the cardan ring in level with the bands. Place for the purpose especially formed beams ahead and behind the wheels on the arc formed top of the U-links, which top shall lie in the mean level of the bands. Place another two wheels on the band on a distance corresponding to a number of wave lengths and add half a wavelength. Place a beam between the left end on the specially formed girders ahead and rear.
Place in the same way a girder between the right ends. Connect the midpoints of these girders to the carriage or a cross going girder. When the wheels tilt and roll forward the carriage will run plainly.
Sins the cylindrical wheel is difficult to steer a compromise, which yet improve, is needed. The contact surface will be made as broad as possible and rolling will be made perfect on straight tracks sins such shall be tried to attain in order to avoid strong centrifugal forces.
The play in the edges of the wheel will be used for giving the wheels rolling properties in curves by tilting the wheels. The wheel axis then needs to be tilted. Some mechanism could detect the curve radius and tilt the axis according to the detection. One can also put an axis into the turning center. Then one can seek for mechanisms, which more intimate automatic control the tilt of the wheel to correct value.
The wheel axis gets a mechanical connection to short axis ahead and rear the wheel. The suspension of cardan type occurs. These short axes, geometrically called the front-rear axis can he placed in level with the wheel axis or over or under. This gives a possibility to trim the properties. The wheel profile can vary about a circle profile with its center in the front-rear axis, which give another parameter for trimming the wheel running. The cardan suspension of the wheel gives “naturally” the name CARDULE.
FIG, 7 shows bars with trapeze thrilled cross-section make the steer and drive wheels lie against massive steel.
The basic geometric form of the rolling is that the front—rear axis and the wheel axis intersect and that the wheel carrying surface is a part of a sphere, which is the case on
The steering is not needed to be very just. If a side wind, presses the carriage the wheel will tilt slightly around the cardule front-rear axis, which is close to the center of gravity of the wheel, which thus tilt easiest and making the cross friction force negligible. The rectangular cardan ring has so low weight that the bending forces on the wheel axis will not be appreciable.
The driving will also be flexible. The cardule is well suited to drive. The friction force, which goes forward or backward can be maximally exploited because no cross forces exist,
A cardule where axis and wheel change place is shown in
On
Wheel against the rib 18 is easy to apply as in
Wheels with solid rubber have fewer demands and can be useful because they wear modest claims when used with heavy pressure only when running on hills and are accelerating. The rails have better be lifted for the steering wheels to run freely.
The rail rib can by superstructures be made thicker as in
The rail can be completed in different ways. With flat bars 20 from under the head down to the foot as in
The flat bars can be fixed in the foot but with a slot to the head, making it possible to fill the space with concrete 21 and then be closed.
Bracing 22 with fiat bar as in
With cardules running on the head it is an advantage if it is flat and wide. This can be made with a superstructure 24 as in
The super head can reach down to the foot as in
The superstructure on
New rails can be made rectangular and with trapeze form 29. They can reach the extreme form of being solid. Variants are shown in 8, 9 and 10.
Now when steeper hills can be managed, old lines can be straightened and new lines made straighter. This is a new Principe of building railways where the parts of the tracks will be built for those driving forces which are required and the driving wheels is activated where the driving forces are needed. If the rails are soiled so that slipping occurs, then the pressure on the driving wheels will be increased. Old lines can he used and new lines can go where one wish without worrying much for hills. This reduces intrusion into natural and built, consent.
Now when the load-carrying wheels have no flanges the rails in the railectors, which are switches for the use steering wheels, can be made without joints as in
A railector with a boggy down under a carriage is shown in cut in
How the railectors can be implemented in steps is shown in
The squares are rails, horizontal rectangles are steer wheels, hatched horizontal rectangles are flank wheels and vertical rectangles are flank left rail or flank right rail or two railector flank rails. When two tracks shall go together to a single track the outer rails outer sides will be free from branching. In
In FIG, 16 the boggy reach the flank rails. The left flank rail 42 is affecting the flank wheel 41, so that the steer wheel 40 is tight to the left rail. The right flank rail 43 5 goes free. Then the right steer wheel 38 can be lifted as in
The signal system detects when the railector area is passed and press down the nearest inner steer wheel 38 shown in
One option is that the right flank rail 43 has a slopping roof as in
When wheel pairs with intermediate shaft are not used the floor can be lowered allowing for two floors. The thick strong hubs need not be used in the cardules.
Other wheels which do not take up the cross forces are shown in
Depending on the operating conditions spokes and the corresponding part will be so week that they allow cross movements. Totally fabulous materials are in the pipeline.
Truncated cone-like rolls partly inside each other in a ring as in the cross-section in
A similar wheel with alternately big 58 and small rolls 59 partly within each other are in
A wheel, which slide on an axis take up very small side forces, but need a side way fixing of the axis and also a controlled turning round a vertical axis to be useful. On
The next step in the improvement is to increase the width of the carriage to appropriate dimensions. The gauge affects the economy in all parts, the comfort and the adaptation to its purpose of the passenger carriage. Also goods-wagons are to narrow, which was realized from Swedish Patent Gazette first page 1981-08-10. The drawing, is shown in
There are machines, which maintain lines in a very effectively and fast way. This depends among other things on the fact that rails are in place. Thus lines can easily be made broader to double gauge with machines, which run on the existing rails. The choice of gauge will of cause be a popular 2W generation that is to say the two rails 69. 70 will he left so that one rail will go in the middle between a broad standard line to the rail 71 as in
With a wheel house 75 in the carriage the floor will be reach the level of the platform and the doors between the carriages will get a lot of space. Two floors can easily be used without making the carriage non stabile. Two beds 76 on the cross get space between the outer walls. If the carriage is divided in half and passage is in the first floor then two rooms, well sound isolated, can be packed with beds. 18 beds in the length will fit in the cross-section.
If the load is ore the middle rail could be left so that further wheels could carry the weight. That wheels need to resist taking up cross forces, even if the outer wheels have flanges. Because the wheels with flanges are cone shaped, the roll diameter varies and thus the middle wheel shall roll freely,
Old carriages with standard gauge can also run on a track with new rails. Now the transition to 2W can be made in steps during a long period.
Carriages can have sleeping compartments on both sides of a corridor with light from the ceiling. Berths get space in all day carriages. When one also can get space for three floors one realizes that the trains will be short, stabile and with small air drag.
With flexible wheel system and sand in the rails the train will run calm and quit from eg. coast to coast.
In a trapeze rail magnetic force can be used to pull the wheels against the rails. In
The electric motor can be made with lower weight. That which normally is the stator gives bearings in a new housing and is allowed to rotate in the opposite direction as the rotor. The new tube formed axis will be provided with slip rings for 3-phase AC or DC voltage. The axis can go to a gear where the rotation direction of the one axis will be changed and the torque performed from one axis.
Concerning the steer and drive wheels 16, 17 which rotate in different directions is the using natural eg. as in
The cardule can have a motor inside the wheel, as in
From the collectors 92 wires go out to the converter 93 inside the rotor 94. On the rotor there are a winding 95, which feeds with the 3-phase voltage. The rotor has also inner cog-wheels 96 to a planetary gear. The planet wheels 97 are attached to a disc 98 on a tube axis 99, which sits on the bearing 100 on the tube formed axis 91, which outside has a flange 101 for the attached to a not shown cardan ring 4. On the opposite side sits only a tube formed axes 102 with flanges 103.
The outer cog-wheel 104 of the planetary gear sits inside the cardule wheel 2 whose sides are carried on the tube axis 99, 102.
When the DC voltage will he delivered to the rotor winding, this generate a circulating magnetic field. This drives the rotor in one direction and the wheel in the opposite direction. The Coriolis-forces can with the rotation in different directions be balanced to tilt the cardule in the curves.
Of cause one shall not forget magnetic forces. The transmission of the magnetic field to a motor from the ground to the train can be effective with large pole-shoes as in
If a cardule on an existing line with standard gauge is used then the wheels under a carriage can lock like
The steer wheels has namely 1 m diameter why they can't sit opposite on the rails without being displaced. From 2 conventional wheels with flanges to 2 cardules and 8 steer and drive wheels, at least 5 times greater driving force can be achieved. The comparison can be made with a usual boggy between carriages with 4 wheels or two bogies with 8 wheels, but the weight is distributed between the wheels, so that the total drive forces is unchanged. The steer and drive wheels can however be pressed against the rail as strong as one like.
On
There the driving force can be increased 3 times.
How roomy it will be is shown by the fact that there is space for double doors 206 between the carriages. A flank rail 32 and a flank wheel 34 are also shown.
The permanent problem for the railway is the rigid gauge. The consequences are many. Different gauge arose, causing factories to build many types of carriages, passenger to change train and goods to be reloaded. It is of cause costly to rebuild lines to standard gauge. The carriages are as a rule made only for one gauge, but it has become necessary to make carriages for a couple of gauges.
The use of the cardule makes it possible to give the carriage a limited lateral movement. The cardule can be steered with wheels with flanges on both sides and be more or less or not carrying. With locked gauge between the wheels an outer flange can be lifted when passing old switches. Optionally the switches can be built for double flanges
The steering of the cardule, but also ordinary wheels can be helped up hills. This can be done as in
The advantage with this is that the trains can change gauge without hinder, but also that the gauge can be adapted to the situation. For preventing the trains to roll over inwards in steep curves with high superelevation when the sped is low and not roll over outwards when the speed is high the gauge can be increased.
With cardules the problem has its solution by increasing the gauge only in the curves. Where the ground is clay the embankment can be broadened, the sleepers extended and the gauge increased to make the track harder. New lines can be built with broad gauge and with broader carriages, which give better comfort and more effective use of the materials.
In
The cardule 8 is steered with two front steer wheels and two rear steer wheels 16, 17 against the sides of the rail head, which can have extra height.
The steer wheels can be replaced with steer magnets. There profiles can be used, which correspond to the flanges on the usual wheels, so that they can run on ordinary switches. The steering can also be driven in e.g. hills where a linear motor together with the rails will be made and provided with electric energy preferable in magnets in the rails.
When also the steer wheels are driving they will be forced together with great force from e.g. wires, which lie on sheaves on the steer wheel axes, so that blocks in tackles are achieved. The wires are bent to follow the steer wheel sides and put the pressure of the wheel arms 86, 87 on the rail head sides.
The cardule axis with bracket site in a broad left cross bar 322. The steer wheels are also brought together with cardule holder 323 to the left cross bar 322.
From the right cardule 320 is the right cross bar 324 coming.
The connection of the cross bars 322, 324 to the carriage can be made on many ways. Here this is illustrated with the slipping of the left cross bar 322 over the right crossbar 324. They have an elongated hole where a center axis 325 goes to the carriages marked with the beams 326, 327. They are kept together while the steer wheels move them side wards when the rails have varying, gauge along the line.
In order to make the drawings readable the center parts have been made small, but in the reality they shall go the way out to the cardules to withstand the load with reasonable dimensions. The beam 326 is drawn translucent around the center axis 325. The cardule is here of the type with front-rear axis inside the bearings and a cardan bearing in the middle on the front-rear axis inside a cross axis.
Claims
1. Railway characterized in that the carriages and engines are carried by wheels essentially free from cross forces
- and that they are steered by wheels, which can be mainly free from cross forces and steer devices like slide blocks, magnetized wheel, magnets, windings which are pushing and polling against the rail heads
- and driven by wheels and magnets on a line with rails, which has along the line varying gauge.
2. Railway according to 1 and 2 characterized in that at points there are added flank rails parallel with the outermost rail making a railector, which steer the carriages and engines against one of the outermost rail heads by steer and drive wheels and on the carriages and engines low on their sides have flank wheels with vertical axes steer against a flank rail.
3. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines are steered and railected with steer mechanisms, which can be driving against the rail sides, which are shaped for this like rails with trapeze formed cross-section.
4. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines have double-rotor motors, which drives the steer and carrying wheels and thus the lines instead of switches have railectors.
5. Railway according to 1 and 2 characterized in that the carriages and engines has steer beams low sitting on their sides and that flank bars going parallel to the outermost rails have wheels which roll on the beams when passing a railector.
6. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines have wheels free from cross forces and a rolling surface, which is a part of a sphere, part of an ellipsoid, a cylinder surface and a saddle surface and the wheels sit in a cardan suspension, cardule, with ring whose axis taps are front-rear going.
7. Railway according to 1 and 6 characterized in that the carriages and engines have rolling surface on the wheels which are modified with different form on right and left side, like conic and deviations from those named surfaces, which give better steering and creep laterally and thus reduce tilting of the wheels.
8. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines has steer wheels, which has tilted axes and are adapted to the rails with conic contact surface against Virgil rails and cylindrical surface against rails with tilted sides like trapeze formed four edged tubes and of flat bars and from U-profiles composed tube formed rails with sand and cables.
9. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines has steering wheels with vertical axes and rolls against the rail sides.
10. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines has the carrying wheels steered by wheels with flanges on the inner sides to manage going on ordinary tracks and switches.
11. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines has the carrying wheels steered by wheels with flanges on both sides for running on lines with variable gauge.
12. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carriages and engines run on ordinary rails superimposed with flat steels, rods part of rails superstructure on the rail heads, superstructure on the rail down to the foots and that in different degree for different stiff hills and acceleration parts.
13. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the railectors has completely rigid rails,
- with partly fillings between the rails, which can lift steer wheels, and make railectors for the trains with contact surfaces outside the outermost rails and has flank rail with or without
- row of wheels, which the train with or without flank wheels can be flush to and thus sits parallel
- to and outside the outermost rails.
14. Railway according to 1 and 13 characterized in that the steer wheels can be lifted, which is controlled from signal and communication with the railector system, at the driver and from central, but also with mechanical force if they sit in down position when they run into a railector.
15. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the one type of wheel, which is free from cross forces consists of a fix wheel with ball formed possibly springy carrying surface on which sits a moveable springy ring with spherical inner surface and suitable outer surface.
16. Railway according to 1 characterized in that one type of wheel consist of cone shaped rolls with bow formed generatrix with the radius as big as the wheel radius form the wheel ring by being made to rotate on after each other sitting axes composed and with material fixed in the hub.
17. Railway according to 1 characterized in that one type of wheel consist of big and small symmetrical rolls with bow formed generatrix with the radius as big as the wheel radius form the wheel ring by in order every second roll being made to rotate on axes composed and with material fixed in the hub.
18. Railway according to 1 characterized in that it has one type of wheel, which are dressed with warped ring, which is fasten with cogs, bands, taps and gables and sit on an axis, which is made for sliding in its bearing and is steered with some mechanism by the position of the rail.
19. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the trains have broad carriages for cars, which will be let in from one side and out from the other side and that the cars can be packed like a bookcase.
20. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the bodies for 2W, 3W etc. will be built with many floors, corridors, lifts, doors between bodies and belvedere. {21. Railway according to 1 characterized in that double-rotor motors rotate the drive wheels provided from the steer wheels by pressing them against the rail and rotate the cardule.}
22. Railway according to 1 characterized in that double-rotor motors, which both rotors via built in gear drives the wheels and are provided with voltage via brushes in the center of the axis and that the inertia moment in the rotors compensate Coriolis-forces to a dimension capable of functioning.
23. Railway according to 1 and 3 characterized in that the driving in especially hills with linear electric motors as steer devises made with pole-shoes of electro-plate folded along and cross the motor with greater radius than the plate thickness, so that light pole-shoes spread the magnetic field and reduce the magnetic resistance in the air gap.
24. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the motors are made with pole-shoes as in claim 20 but placed circularly.
25. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the carrying cardule has its front—rear axis within the bearing, so this cardule consist of a short tube, which has two holes, preferable following the in diameter, for one within a middle part widened front—rear axis, which in the ends has bearings on which sits a rod, which with some distance fit into the short tube and which other end directly or indirectly via e.g. spring system sits in a body.
26. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the steering and driving wheels are cardules in pair, which roll against the sides of a rail in that angle of the axes, which a rolling claim and that a duostator between those rotors consist of rods of magnetic material like packs of band of electro plate formed in the ends to connect with air gaps to the rotors and bearing windings preferably for 3-phase alternating voltage and also direct voltage over half the duostator and over separate rods accomplish rotation and press against the rail.
27. Railway according to 1 and 26 characterized in that the rotors are composed of teeth with thickness in the inner end for contribution to the inner part of the rotor in the form of a ring.
28. Railway according to 1, 26 and 27 characterized in that a variant of teeth is accomplished of a pack of band, which get upset ends to give pole-shoes and from the center part are wounded with two flat rings are wounded with two flat rings of band with in the beginning increasing width and in the end waning width, outside the flat rings superimposed U-formed conductor with waning thickness against the inner edge and outermost conducting strong rods, which are lied over and under the pack, after which the whole is folded in the middle to two teeth, which together with many other double teeth are fasten at each other to ring after which the U-formed conductors are fasten together and a strong conducting ring is affixed to the rods.
29. Railway according to 1, 26 and 27 characterized in that one variant of teeth is rolled of band to a ring, which is formed to pole-shoe in the one end and to loop in the other end, after which the unite through the loop is provided with rod, which is lied against the inside on two rings rolled of band and at last the conducting rods are treaded between the pole-shoes and the ring and is fastened together with the ring.
30. Railway according to 1, 26 and 27 characterized in that a variant of teeth is accomplished of a pack of band, which is given upset ends to give pole-shoes and close to the ends are provided with conductors, will be bent in the middle part and pressed flat in the accomplished inner end, which provides with rolled band, which ends with waning width, so that the unite together with many other pressed unites perform a short connected rotor.
31. Railway according to 1 and 30 characterized in that the pack of band instead will be bent and pressed round a flat pressed roll of band.
32. Railway according to 1 and 28 characterized in that the polling magnet sits in the space between the wheels.
33. Railway according to 1 and 4 characterized in that the steering drive wheels are pressed together by wires, which run on sheaves, as in blocks in tackles, which sits between the steer and drive wheels and the rotors and which sheaves sits on special bearings consist of a broad inner ring with many outside lying rows of rolls of bolls on which many outer rings for sheaves lie, at which the sheaves axis tilt so that the wires are directed so that they point to the head on the rail and after that goes via a bending wheel to another bending wheel on the outer side of the rail.
34. Railway according to 1 characterized in that it has in pares steer and drive wheels, of which one roll on the left side of the rail head and is a cardule, which front-rear axis lie over the rail and has holds in the center of a 3-phase inner stator fastened in a girder under the body or a platform surrounded by a short connected rotor ring, which sits on the wheel ring of the cardule and has the outer surface prepared to take polling magnet field from the poles on the attracting magnets, at which the wheel ring with the rotor ring shall have space to be tilted along the front-rear axis, so that their axes preferably will be vertical standing, so that they easy pass over rails in e.g. railector.
35. Railway according to 1 characterized in that it has in pair steer and drive wheels, which roll against the side on the head of the rail and can be individually lifted and lowered.
36. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the inner stator, the rotor ring and the attraction magnets are provided with not symmetric V-grove, which bend the magnetic flow, so that a force component in tangent direction occur.
37. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the steering of the steer and drive wheel against the outermost rails in a railector is completed with attraction magnets in the boggy, which poll against the outer side of outermost rail which can be provided with soft magnetic material.
38. Railway according to 1 characterized in that the steer and drive wheels sits whichever electric motor, like synchrony motor with permanent magnets of e.g. niob, asynchrony motor, DC motor like a double rotor version suspension of inner or outer type under the body with the maneuvers lifting, lowering and tilting, so that the steer and drive wheel ca pass e.g. rails in tunas.
39. Railway according to 1 characterized in that a train can run on of girders reinforced streets and roads with bicycle way and sidewalks with waysides reinforced by iron profiles, at which adaptation from track to streets is made with the inner steer and drive wheels steering during a moment when the outer steer wheels are tilted past horizontal position to that where the wheel ring reach the street level where the edge of the side walk goes narrower and take over the steering when the inner steer wheels are tilted to horizontal position before the track will be filled up to the top of the rails.
40. Railway according to 1 characterized in that cardules run on each rail and are steered via cardule holders which at the ends are provided with steerings like steer wheels, turn wheels, steer plates and steer magnets
- and that the cardule holders are fastened to crossbars, which carry the body e.g. by an vertical axis through long holes in the cross bars, so that the cardules can follow a line with flexible gauge and keep the body centered by means of centering mechanism e.g. of Z-links between the cardule holders and the vertical axes.
41. Railway according to 1 and 3 characterized in that a linear electric motor are made in the steer magnets and that magnets are built along the rails which electro magnets are preferred because the electric supply and driving will be lying on the ground.
42. Railway according to 1 and 2 characterized in that the steer wheels has almost horizontal axes and are pressed with axial bearings against the rail head sides.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 17, 2011
Publication Date: Dec 6, 2012
Inventor: Lennart Hoeglund (Linkoping)
Application Number: 13/579,315
International Classification: B61C 3/00 (20060101); B61F 11/00 (20060101); B61F 5/50 (20060101); B61F 7/00 (20060101);