ADAPTABLE SURFACE FOR USE IN BEDS AND CHAIRS TO REDUCE OCCURRENCE OF PRESSURE ULCERS
An adaptable surface system including a plurality of individually adjustable surface units and a plurality of pressure sensors. Each pressure sensor corresponds to one of the adjustable subsurface units and is positioned to measure an amount of pressure exerted upon the subsurface unit. The system also includes a controller that receives a first pressure value from a pressure sensor, compares the value to a threshold, and adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit based on the comparison. The controller also receives a second pressure value from a second pressure sensor, compares the second pressure value to the threshold, and adjusts the height of a second subsurface unit based on the comparison.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/587,855, filed on Oct. 13, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/104,959 filed on Oct. 13, 2008, the entire contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUNDThe present invention relates generally to the prevention of pressure ulcers caused by sitting or lying in the same position for extended periods of time. When a force is applied to an area of a person's skin for an extended period of time, local damage to the skin and its underlying tissues can result. This type of injury—commonly known as a pressure ulcer, a decubitis ulcer, or a bed sore—frequently affects persons who are confined to a therapy bed or a wheelchair. In fact, it is estimated that 85% of spinal cord injured patients that utilize a wheelchair will develop a pressure ulcer during their lifetime. Because pressure ulcers can result in serious infections—often chronic and life threatening—and can require long term nursing care or hospitalization, pressure ulcers are major medical concerns in many contexts.
SUMMARYEmbodiments of the present invention provide an adaptable surface that measures the pressure distribution between a person and the surface. The adaptable surface is able to conform to the user's unique body morphology by adapting to distribute pressure across the human-cushion interface. By so adapting, the surface reduces the pressure, increases comfort, and helps prevent skin maceration and the development of pressure ulcers.
In one embodiment, the invention provides an adaptable surface system including a plurality of individually adjustable surface units and a plurality of pressure sensors. Each pressure sensor corresponds to one of the adjustable subsurface units and is positioned to measure an amount of pressure exerted upon the subsurface unit. The system also includes a controller that receives a first pressure value from a pressure sensor, compares the value to a threshold, and adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit based on the comparison. The controller also receives a second pressure value from a second pressure sensor, compares the second pressure value to the threshold, and adjusts the height of a second subsurface unit based on the comparison.
In some embodiments, the first and second subsurface units are air cushions. In other embodiments, the first and second subsurface units include pneumatically controller pin elements. In other embodiments, the first and second subsurface units include motorized pin elements.
In some embodiments, the plurality of pressure sensors includes a pressure distribution sensor array. In other embodiments, the plurality of pressure sensors includes a plurality of individual pressure sensors.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a hospital bed that adapts to the pressure exerted upon the mattress by a subject supported by the mattress. The hospital bed includes an array of individually adjustable subsurface units and a plurality of pressure sensors positioned to measure the pressure distribution across the surface of the bed. The bed also includes a controller that receives a plurality of pressure values at regular intervals. The controller determines when a pressure value is outside of a predefined range, and adjusts the height of the subsurface units based on the determination.
Other aspects of the invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.
Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.
Because the human body generally does not contain many flat surfaces, when a person sits or lies on a cushion (such as cushions in wheelchair seat, a vehicle seat, or a hospital bed), different pressures are exerted across the cushion and absorbed by different parts of the body. For example, bony prominences are subject to a relatively high pressure while pushing the cushion away from adjacent areas of the body. Therefore, the adjacent areas are subject to relatively little pressure. The systems and methods described below provide a system for adapting a surface to a body's unique geometry. A plurality of pressure sensors are positioned above a series of adjustable surface units. As described in detail below, the system monitors the pressure sensors and raises or lowers the adjustable surface units to automatically contour to the shape of a human body and thus better distribute the pressure between the human body and the cushion.
Also located within the cushion 100 is an array of pressure sensors 125. In this embodiment, the array of pressure sensors is a two-dimensional pressure distribution sensor such as the Tekscan model 5315 sensor. The Tekscan pressure distribution sensor includes a series of multiple pressure sensors arranged in a two-dimensional grid. Each data point returned to the controller from the pressure distribution sensor indicates a location (on an X axis and Y axis coordinate system) and a pressure amplitude corresponding to that location. The pressure distribution sensor 125 provides the measured pressure data to the controller 110. Other arrangements of pressure sensors can also be used for the array of pressure sensors 125. For example, one or more individual pressure sensors can be positioned on top of each air bladder. Alternatively, an air pressure sensor can be incorporated into the valve to measure the air pressure within each bladder. Such sensors indirectly measure the pressure applied to the surface of the cushion 100 by measuring the air pressure within each bladder.
As described above in reference to
The first threshold A is empirically selected such that it is lower than a pressure amplitude that could cause discomfort or a pressure ulcer. However, to prevent the system from bottoming out (i.e., releasing all of the air from every air bladder S0-S11), the controller is programmed to use a second threshold that corresponds to a minimum acceptable pressure. In the example of
Although in the method illustrated in
In some embodiments, the controller 110 receives an entirely new set of pressure distribution data from the pressure sensors 125 when the counter is reset to zero and the first and second thresholds A, B are static and predetermined. However, in other embodiments, the pressure distribution sensor 125 continuously sends data to the controller 110 in real-time. Therefore, the pressure distribution data that is analyzed for air bladder S1 already accounts for the change in pressure distribution caused by releasing air from air bladder S0. This allows the system to adapt to the specific body morphologies of the subject on the cushion.
In some embodiments, the controller 110 is programmed to adapt the value of thresholds A and B based on the observed pressure distribution data provided from the pressure sensor 125. In one particular embodiment, the controller 110 determines the average pressure amplitude across the surface of the entire cushion 100. The first and second thresholds are then determined by adding or subtracting a value from the average pressure amplitude. This value can either be a static offset value or can be based in part on the calculated standard deviation. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the controller 110 calculates the first and second thresholds based on the average pressure amplitude and standard deviation for only a subset of data received from the pressure distribution sensor 125. For example, if the controller is processing the data corresponding to air bladder S0, the controller uses the pressure data corresponding to all of the air bladders that directly border air bladder S0 (i.e., air bladders S1 and S6).
Additionally, in some embodiments, the amount of air released from or pumped into the air bladder (at step 507 or 515) is proportional to the difference between the maximum (or minimum) measured pressure and the first (or second) threshold A (or B).
The adaptable cushion shown in
In other embodiments, each cylindrical subcushion is a separate air bladder operated by a separate valve. The increased number and decreased size of the air bladders in such arrangements allow for a greater level of control and adaptability of the surface of the cushion. Although each cylindrical subcushion is controlled as a separate air bladder, in some embodiments, the subcushions are grouped into clusters to better allow the system to adapt to local prominences and to maintain a center of gravity and a predefined optimal pressure distribution, such as in the method of
The controller 110 receives pressure distribution data from the pressure distribution sensor 125 (step 801). The controller then isolates data points associated with the cluster in question and identifies the average pressure amplitude for that cluster (step 803). The upper threshold is calculated by adding a first offset to the average pressure amplitude for the cluster and the lower threshold is calculated by subtracting a second offset (step 805). The value of the offset varies in different embodiments and may include, for example, a static value, a percentage of the average amplitude, or a value based on the standard deviation of pressure amplitudes in the cluster. The controller then identifies the maximum and minimum pressure amplitudes for a single air bladder (step 807) and compares those values to the maximum and minimum thresholds (steps 809 and 811). The controller then causes the valve to either release air from or pump air into the air bladder if necessary (steps 813 and 815). The controller continues to repeat these steps for each air bladder in the cluster (steps 817 and 819).
After adjusting all of the air bladders in a given cluster, the controller 110 locates the center of gravity (C.O.G.) on the cushion based on the data set from the pressure distribution sensor (step 821). If the center of gravity is within a given distance (threshold C) from the geometric center of the cushion (step 823), the controller proceeds to analyze the next cluster (step 825). However, if the distance between the center of gravity and the geometric center of the cushion is greater than the threshold, the controller adjusts the overall angle of the seat to reposition the center of gravity. In the method of
In contrast, the adaptable surface cushion begins to adjust to the user's unique body geometry shortly after the user sits on the cushion. Instead of experiencing localized areas of high pressure near bony prominences, the adaptable surface cushion evenly distributes pressure across the surface of the cushion. As time elapses, the cushion continues to adjust to the user's position and body weight. Therefore, even after one hour, the maximum measured pressure is relatively consistent across the surface of the cushion and is noticeably lower than the maximum pressure measured on the standard cushion.
In some embodiments of the bed in
In some embodiments, valve 907 is normally open. Valve 909 is also normally open, but allows air to escape at a slowed rate. As such, pressurized air keeps the air reservoir 903 full of pressurized air and forces the pin 901 into the highest position. If the pressure exerted on the pin 901 by a person lying on the bed is above the threshold, valve 907 is fully or partially closed to allow the air pressure in the air reservoir 903 to decrease. This causes pin 901 to be lowered into the air reservoir 903.
In other embodiments, air is not constantly pumped into the air reservoir 903. Instead, both valve 907 and valve 909 are normally closed. To raise the pin 901, valve 907 is opened and pressurized air enters the air reservoir 903. To lower the pin 901, valve 909 is opened and pressurized air is allowed to escape from the air reservoir 903.
Some embodiments also include a cut-off valve either incorporated into valve 907 or valve 909, or provided as a separate third valve. The cut-off valve is mechanically configured to release air when the internal air pressure exceeds a predefined level. This mechanical release valve provides a level of passive adaptability that immediately reacts to excessive forces without the controller operating the inlet and outlet valves.
In some embodiments, the one or more air bladders provide active adjustment of the surface based on input from the pressure sensors, and the pin elements provide only passive adjustment. In such embodiments, no air is pumped into or released from the air reservoir of the top layer 1001. Instead, the weight of the user causes the pin elements to passively adapt to the geometry of the user's body and the air bladders raise or lower the subset of pin elements. In such embodiments, the reservoir can be filled with a fluid or gel substance to provide for smoother sliding of the pin elements into and out of the reservoir.
In some situations, such as in hospitals, it can be hazardous to move a person lying on the bed of
The sensor positioner 1011 is connected to the bed frame housing at a position just below the top of the pin elements and is moved along the length of the mattress 1007 using motors housed within the bed frame housing 1009. The motor provide a signal to a controller indicating the position of the sensor positioner 1011 relative to the mattress 1007 and the direction in which the sensor positioner 1011 is moving. The controller then causes the pins on the mattress 1007 that are adjacent to the sensor positioner 1011 to lower slightly so that the sensor positioner 1011 can move over the top of the pins. Once the sensor positioner 1011 is on top of the pins of the mattress 1007, the fixed position of the sensors positioner 1011 relative to the bed frame housing 1009 causes pressure to be exerted by the sensor positioner 1011 on the pins of the mattress 1007. This pressure causes the pins to adjust to the height of the sensor positioner 1011 just as if a heavy object were placed on the pins of the mattress 1007. After the sensor positioner 1011 has moved past the pins, the pressure is relieved and the pins return to their normal position. Because the sensor positioner 1011 is positioned at a level below the surface of the pins, the patient does not feel any additional pressure caused by the moving device.
In addition to carrying sensors and drug delivery devices, the sensor positioner 1011 can be equipped with cleaning systems such as hot and cold water jets, outlets for soaps or other disinfectants, and air blowers. The attached cleaning systems can be used to clean the bed itself or to clean a patient lying on the bed without moving the patient. The bed frame housing 1009 in some embodiments, such as illustrated in
In some embodiments, as shown in the block diagram of
The constructions and methods described above are exemplary. Other configurations and designs are possible. For example, although the embodiments that include the layer of pin elements is discussed in the context of a hospital bed, an adaptable surface includes a layer of pin elements can be constructed as a seat cushion for a wheel chair, desk chair, vehicle seat, bicycle/motorcycle seat, or any other type of surface. Conversely, the embodiments described above that do not include a pin element layer are discussed as seat cushions, but can be constructed as a hospital bed or other surface (e.g., a bed comprising several air bladders that directly support and adapt to the user's body geometry). Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following drawings and claims.
Claims
1. An adaptable surface system comprising:
- a surface including a plurality of individually adjustable subsurface units;
- a plurality of subsurface pressure sensors, each pressure sensor of the plurality of subsurface pressure sensors corresponding to one of the plurality of individually adjustable subsurface units and positioned to measure an amount of pressure exerted upon the corresponding subsurface unit;
- a controller including a processor and a computer readable memory storing computer instruction that, when executed by the processor, cause the controller to: receive a first pressure value from a first subsurface pressure sensor of the plurality of subsurface pressure sensors, the first subsurface pressure sensor corresponding to a first subsurface unit, compare the first pressure value to a threshold, adjust a height of a first subsurface unit relative to the surface based upon the comparison of the first pressure value and the threshold, receive a second pressure value from a second subsurface pressure sensor of the plurality of subsurface pressure sensors, the second subsurface pressure sensor corresponding to a second subsurface unit, compare the second pressure value to the threshold, and. adjust a height of a second subsurface unit relative to the surface based upon the comparison of the second pressure value and the threshold.
2. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein the surface includes a vertical surface and the controller adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit by causing the first subsurface unit to move horizontally relative to the surface.
3. The adaptable surface system of claim 1 further comprising a bed, and wherein the surface includes a mattress of the bed.
4. The adaptable surface system of claim 1 further comprising an air pump, and wherein each of the plurality of subsurface units includes an inflatable bladder and a valve coupled to the air pump.
5. The adaptable surface system of claim 4, wherein the controller adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit by opening the valve of the first subsurface unit causing air from the air pump to inflate the inflatable bladder.
6. The adaptable surface system of claim 4, wherein the controller adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit by closing the valve of the first subsurface unit and preventing air from being pumped into the inflatable bladder.
7. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of subsurface units includes an inflatable bladder and a valve positioned to allow air to escape the inflatable bladder.
8. The adaptable surface system of claim 7, wherein the controller adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit by opening the valve and allowing air to escape from the inflatable bladder.
9. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of subsurface units includes a motor coupled to a pin, and wherein the controller adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit by causing the motor to change a position of the pin relative to the surface.
10. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein the controller adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit based upon the comparison of the first pressure value and the threshold by lowering the height of the first subsurface unit if the first pressure value exceeds the threshold.
11. The adaptable surface system of claim 10, wherein the controller further calculates an adjustment value proportional to a difference between the first pressure value and the threshold and lowers the height of the first subsurface unit according to the adjustment value.
12. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein, after adjusting the height of the first subsurface unit, the controller
- receives a second first pressure value from the first subsurface pressure sensor,
- compares the second first pressure value to the threshold, and
- adjusts the height of the first subsurface unit relative to the surface based upon the comparison of the second first pressure value and the threshold.
13. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein the controller compares the first pressure value to a range of pressure values, the threshold being within the range, and wherein the controller does not change the height of the first subsurface unit when the first pressure value is within the range of pressure values.
14. The adaptable surface system of claim 1 further comprising a pressure sensor array wherein each of the plurality of subsurface pressure sensors includes one or more of the pressure sensors in the pressure sensor array.
15. The adaptable surface system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of subsurface units are modularly connected so that at least one of the plurality of subsurface units can be removed from the adaptable surface system while the controller continues to operate.
16. The adaptable surface system of claim 1 further comprising a sensor positioner, the sensor positioner being movable across the surface and exerting a pressure on the surface such that when the sensor positioner is positioned on the first subsurface, the pressure is detected by the first subsurface pressure sensor and the height of the first subsurface is adjusted.
17. The adaptable surface system of claim 16, wherein the sensor positioner includes a sensor to measure a condition of a subject supported by the surface.
18. A hospital bed that adapts to the pressure exerted upon a mattress by a subject supported by the mattress, the hospital bed comprising:
- a mattress including an array of individually adjustable subsurface units;
- a plurality of pressure sensor positioned to measure pressure exerted upon each of the subsurface units in the array;
- a controller including a processor and a computer readable memory, the controller configured to receive a plurality of pressure values from each of the plurality of subsurface pressure sensors at regular time intervals, determine when a pressure value corresponding to one of the subsurface units is outside of a defined range, and generate at least one command signal to adjust a height of the one of the subsurface units relative to the mattress when the pressure value is outside of the defined range.
19. The hospital bed of claim 18, wherein the computer readable memory stores the defined range.
20. The hospital bed of claim 18, wherein the control is further configured to calculate the defined range based upon a total amount of pressure exerted upon the mattress.
21. The hospital bed of claim 18, wherein the defined range includes all pressure values below a threshold and wherein the controller is further configured to cause the controller to lower the height of one of the subsurface units when the received pressure value from the corresponding pressure sensor exceeds the threshold.
22. The hospital bed of claim 18, wherein the controller is further configured to cause the controller to lower the height of one of the subsurface units when the received pressure value from the corresponding pressure sensor is above the defined range and to raise the height of the one of the subsurface units when the received pressure value from the corresponding pressure sensor is below the defined range.
23. The hospital bed of claim 18 further comprising a mattress housing and a sensor positioner, wherein the sensor positioner is coupled to the mattress housing and movable relative to the mattress, and wherein the sensor positioner exerts force on one or more subsurface units when the sensor positioner is moved across the mattress causing the controller to adjust the height of the one or more subsurface units.
24. The hospital bed of claim 23, wherein the sensor positioner further includes a connector for holding one or more interchangeable sensors.
25. The hospital bed of claim 23, wherein the sensor positioner includes a connector for holding one or more interchangeable cleaning tools.
26. The hospital bed of claim 25 further comprising a water-tight cover that is selectively positionable over the mattress housing.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 17, 2014
Publication Date: May 14, 2015
Inventor: George Papaioannou (Great Neck, NY)
Application Number: 14/306,867
International Classification: A61G 7/057 (20060101); G05B 15/02 (20060101); G05D 16/20 (20060101);