CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 14/699,230, filed Apr. 29, 2015, U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 14/625,097, filed Feb. 18, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/037,267, filed Aug. 14, 2014, the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND Firearms generally launch projectiles propelled by explosive force. Such firearms can be equipped with a barrel having an internal diameter defined by a common projectile caliber. A projectile used in conjunction with a firearm will have an external diameter that substantially matches the caliber of the barrel of the firearm. A person using a firearm may desire specific results when firing the weapon. To this end, a projectile can be designed to affect its ballistic or impact characteristics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a more complete understanding of the embodiments described herein and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings briefly described as follows:
FIG. 1A illustrates a front perspective view of a projectile according to one example embodiment.
FIG. 1B illustrates a back perspective view of the projectile in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 1C illustrates a front view of the projectile in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 1D illustrates a front view of the projectile core of the projectile in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 1E illustrates a front perspective exploded view of the projectile in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 1F illustrates a central recess of the projectile in the cross section A-A identified in FIG. 1C.
FIG. 1G illustrates another view of the cross section A-A of the projectile identified in FIG. 1C.
FIG. 1H illustrates a representative fractured perspective view of a projectile according to aspects of the embodiments.
FIGS. 2A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile, respectively, according to another example embodiment.
FIG. 2E illustrates a view of the cross section B-B identified in FIG. 2C.
FIGS. 3A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile, respectively, according to another example embodiment.
FIG. 3E illustrates a view of the cross section C-C identified in FIG. 3C.
FIGS. 4A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile, respectively, according to another example embodiment.
FIG. 4E illustrates a view of the cross section D-D identified in FIG. 4C.
FIGS. 5A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile, respectively, according to another example embodiment.
FIG. 5E illustrates a view of the cross section E-E identified in FIG. 5C.
FIG. 6 illustrates a front perspective view a projectile according to another example embodiment.
FIG. 7A illustrates a representative fractured perspective view of the projectile in FIGS. 3A and 3B according to aspects of the embodiments.
FIG. 7B illustrates a representative view of the fractured projectile in FIG. 7A according to aspects of the embodiments.
FIG. 8A illustrates a representative bloomed front view of the projectile core in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
FIG. 8B illustrates a representative bloomed back view of the projectile core in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
FIG. 8C illustrates a representative view of the bloomed projectile core in FIGS. 8A and 8B according to aspects of the embodiments.
The drawings illustrate only example embodiments and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of the embodiments described herein, as other equivalents are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. In the drawings, similar reference numerals between figures designate like or corresponding, but not necessarily the same, elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1A illustrates a front perspective view of a projectile 10 according to one example embodiment. As illustrated, the projectile 10 includes a tip 102 and a projectile core 112. The projectile 10 in FIG. 1A can be similar in sizing or proportions to the commercially-recognized .450 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP) caliber projectile. However, among embodiments, the projectile 10 can be embodied as a projectile of another commercially-recognized caliber, including but not limited to 9 millimeter, .40 Smith & Wesson, .380 ACP, or .357 Magnum, among other commercially-recognized or custom calibers. It should be appreciated that the shape, size, dimensions, and proportions of the projectile 10 in FIGS. 1A-G are not necessarily drawn precisely to scale and should not be considered to limit or define the scope of the embodiments described herein. Further, no casing is illustrated in FIG. 1A, but it should be appreciated that the projectile 10 (and the other projectile embodiments described herein) can be relied upon as one part of a full cartridge including a projectile, a case or shell, powder, a primer, etc.
Among embodiments, the projectile core 112 can be formed from any material or materials suitable for the application, including a metal, a composition of metals (e.g., metal alloys), rubber, plastics (e.g., polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon or other polymers), glass, other materials, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the projectile core 112 can be formed from a base of solid brass or bronze stock material. In another embodiment, the projectile core 112 can be formed from a base of solid copper stock material. The solid brass, bronze, or copper stock material can lack certain elements, such as lead. In this sense, being made from an alloy of substantially copper, for example, and possibly including smaller proportions of one or more of zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, etc., the projectile core 112 can be considered a “green” projectile or bullet in that it lacks lead and/or other elements which may be known to cause health or environmental concerns. In some embodiments, however, the projectile core 112 can be formed from a base of material or materials including lead and other elements. In at least the embodiments of solid copper, brass, or bronze, for example, the projectile core 112 would be formed without the need for a metal jacket.
The tip 102 can be formed from any material suitable for the application, including a metal, a composition of metals (e.g., metal alloys), rubber, plastics (e.g., polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon or other polymers), glass, other materials, or combinations thereof. The tip 102 can be sized to fit snugly into a central recess within the projectile core 112 and be retained therein by way of friction, compression, or other mechanical affixation. If desired, an adhesive can be further relied upon to secure the tip 102 within the central recess of the projectile core 112.
As further described below with reference to FIG. 1D, the tip 102 can act as a type of lever to expand fingers of the projectile core 112 upon impact of the projectile 10 with a surface or body. Further, as hollow point bullets can jam on the barrel ramp to the barrel, they can have problems being chambered into a gun, especially after an initial shot is made. In this context, the tip 102 can also help to insure a smooth feed into the barrel of a gun. In some embodiments, however, the tip 102 can be omitted and the projectile core 112 used without the tip 102.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, the projectile core 112 includes a core base 122 (see also FIGS. 1F and 1G), undercuts 126, and projectile fingers 132 separated from each other by kerfs 152. Certain aspects of the core base 122 are described in further detail below with reference to FIG. 1H. The undercuts 126 can be included to facilitate suitable splintering, fracturing, blooming, or expanding of the projectile fingers 132 apart from each other after impact of the projectile 10, although one or both of the undercuts 126 can be omitted.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A, the projectile 10 includes six projectile fingers 132, although other numbers of projectile fingers are within the scope of the embodiments. The number of projectile fingers 132 can depend upon the caliber of the projectile 10, for example, among other factors. As described in greater detail below with reference to FIG. 1D, the projectile fingers 132 extend (e.g., occupy the space) radially apart from an axis of symmetry of the projectile core 112 between an outer periphery of a central recess of the projectile core 112 to an outer periphery of the projectile core 112. Further, the projectile fingers 132 extend longitudinally from the leading circumferential rim 124 of the projectile core 112 to the core base 122. The leading circumferential rim 124 can be considered the meplat of the projectile core 112 but is not necessarily the most forward reaching point of the projectile 10. Rather, in the embodiments which include it, the tip 102 is the most forward reaching point of the projectile 10.
In the illustrated embodiment, each kerf 152 extends the distance “A” from the leading circumferential rim 124 to the core base 122 (or near the core base 122) of the projectile core 112. The distance “A” that the kerfs 152 extend can vary among embodiments, but the kerfs 152 generally extend from the leading circumferential rim 124 substantially to or toward the core base 122 (or the back end of the projectile core 112). In other embodiments, one or more of the kerfs 152 can extend a first distance while one or more others extend other distances. In the embodiments which include one or more undercuts 126, the kerfs 152 can extend from the leading circumferential rim 124, to or toward the core base 122, and entirely or partially across one or more of the undercuts 126.
FIG. 1B illustrates a back perspective view of the projectile 10 in FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1B, it can be seen that the back side of the projectile 10 is substantially flat. In other embodiments, the back side of the projectile 10 can be formed into a concave semispherical-shaped recess to permit the projectile core 112 to more easily splinter, fracture, bloom, or expand upon impact of the projectile 10, to adjust the ballistics of the projectile 10, to adjust the overall weight of the projectile 10, or for other reasons.
FIG. 1C illustrates a front view of the projectile 10 in FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1C, along with the tip 102, each of the six projectile fingers 132 can be seen with the kerfs 152 separating the projectile fingers 132. Turning to FIG. 1D, a front view of the projectile core 112 is illustrated. As compared to FIG. 1C, the tip 102 of the projectile 10 is omitted from view in FIG. 1D. Thus, in FIG. 1D, it can be seen that the projectile fingers 132 include several surfaces. Surfaces 141-144 of one of the projectile fingers 132 are referenced in FIG. 1D. The surfaces 141 and 142, which are formed along the kerfs 152, are substantially flat, and the surfaces 143 and 144 are curved. Further, it is clear that the projectile fingers 132 extend the distance “G” radially away from the axis of symmetry “S” (see also FIG. 1G) from the inner curved surface 143 to the outer curved surface 144. In other words, the projectile fingers 132 extend radially away from the axis of symmetry “S” between the central recess of the projectile core 112 to an outer periphery of the projectile core 112.
Turning to FIG. 1E, a front perspective exploded view of the projectile 10 in FIG. 1A is illustrated. In FIG. 1E, the tip 102 is removed from the projectile core 112 and the features of the tip 102 are illustrated in further detail. The tip 102 includes a semispherical-shaped nose 104, a conical taper portion 106, and a cylindrical anchor pin 108. Generally, the shape of the tip 102 corresponds to or mates with the central recess within the projectile core 112, as further described below with reference to FIG. 1F. The length “B” of the cylindrical anchor pin 108 can vary among embodiments. In one embodiment, the cylindrical anchor pin 108 can be formed to have sufficient length “B” so as to have enough surface area to fit snugly into the central recess within the projectile core 112 and be retained therein by way of friction, but other considerations may be accounted for. The length “C” and the width “D” of the conical taper portion 106 can also vary among embodiments.
It should be appreciated that, the angle α1 between the surfaces of the cylindrical anchor pin 108 and the conical taper portion 106 can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 112 is formed, for example, as one factor to help ensure that the projectile fingers 132 splinter, fracture, bloom, or expand at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 10. The conical taper portion 106 can meet the cylindrical anchor pin 108 at an angle α1 of about 115 to 165 degrees, for example, between a surface of the conical taper portion 106 and a surface of the cylindrical anchor pin 108.
With regard to splintering or fracturing the projectile fingers 132 apart, it is noted that one primary purpose and function of the tip 102 is to facilitate the suitable splintering, fracturing, or blooming of the projectile fingers 132 after impact of the projectile 10. Upon impact of the tip 102 of the projectile 10 with any surface or body, the tip 102 will be pressed further into the central recess within the projectile core 112 in the direction “E”. At the same time, the conical taper portion 106 of the tip 102 will apply upon the projectile fingers 132 a component of force (at least in part) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry “S” (see FIG. 1G) of the projectile 10. In turn, the projectile fingers 132 will bear a force tending to splinter, fracture, or bloom the projectile fingers 132 apart from each other. An additional description of how the projectile 10 fractures upon impact, rather than deforms, is provided below with reference to FIG. 1H.
FIG. 1F illustrates the cross section A-A identified in FIG. 1C. In FIG. 1F, the central recess of the projectile 10 is outlined. The central recess includes a cylindrical recess portion 162 and a conical recess portion 164. When assembled, the cylindrical anchor pin 108 of the tip 102 (FIG. 1E) is inserted into and occupies at least part of the cylindrical recess portion 162, and the conical taper portion 106 of the tip 102 fits within and occupies at least part of the conical recess portion 164.
As shown in FIG. 1F, the profile of the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 132 track the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 10 along the cylindrical recess portion 162, but makes a corner at the transition point 170 between the cylindrical recess portion 162 and the conical recess portion 164. At the transition point 170, the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 132 turn at the angle β1 with respect to the axis of symmetry “S” and continue for a second distance to the leading circumferential rim 124. As illustrated, the sharpness of the cornered transition point 170 is determined by the angle β1. The angle β1 between the cylindrical recess portion 162 and the conical recess portion 164 (and the corresponding angle α1 in the tip 102) can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 112 is formed, for example, to see that the projectile fingers 132 splinter, fracture, or bloom at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 10.
FIG. 1G illustrates another view of the cross section A-A of the projectile 10 identified in FIG. 1C. In FIG. 1G, the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 10 and the profile of the projectile fingers 132 are shown. The length “H” of the bearing surface and the length “l” of the ogive surface of the projectile core 112 are also shown. Among preferred embodiments, the projectile core 112 can be formed such that the core base 122 is relatively small. For example, along the axis of symmetry, the core base 122 can extend less than between thirty to ten percent of the total length of the projectile core 112. Thus, when the projectile fingers 132 splinter or fracture, no slug portion of the projectile 10 may remain. In other words, as detailed below with reference to FIG. 1H, when the projectile fingers 132 splinter or fracture, the core base 122 splinters or fractures into sections along with the projectile fingers 132, without any slug (e.g., from the core base 122) remaining. In other cases, depending upon the type or types of materials used, for example, the projectile fingers 132 can bloom or expand apart.
FIG. 1H illustrates a representative fractured perspective view of a projectile 11 according to aspects of the embodiments. The projectile 11 includes four projectile fingers 133 and a tip 103. At the time of impact, the tip 103 is pressed further into the central recess of the projectile core and acts as a type of lever to expand the projectile fingers 133. When expanded, the projectile fingers 133 splinter or fracture apart, as illustrated, dividing the core base into sections along the fractured edges 123 without any slug remaining. Thus, after the projectile core splinters or fractures into sections, the momentum of the projectile 11 is transferred, in parts, to the projectile fingers 133.
As compared to many conventional projectiles, certain embodiments of the projectiles described herein are designed to be substantially non-deforming after impact. In other words, rather than bending, deforming, mushrooming, or blooming after impact, the projectile fingers of the projectiles described herein fracture apart but otherwise avoid deforming or changing shape. The non-deforming nature may be attributed to several factors including the materials from which the projectiles are formed (e.g., hard, but brittle), the length of the kerfs, the relatively small size of the core base, and the lever action provided by the tip after impact.
In other embodiments, the projectiles described herein can both fracture apart and partially deform before and/or after fracturing. In this case, the projectile fingers fracture apart and (at least to some extent) bend, deform, or mushroom after impact. This semi-deforming nature can be attributed to several factors including the materials from which the projectiles are formed (e.g., relatively hard), the length of the kerfs, the relatively small size of the core base, and the lever action provided by the tip after impact. In still other embodiments, the projectiles can deform without fracturing. This deforming nature can be attributed to several factors including the materials from which the projectiles are formed (e.g., relatively soft), the length of the kerfs, the relatively small size of the core base, and the lever action provided by the tip after impact.
FIGS. 2A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile 20, respectively, according to another example embodiment, and FIG. 2E illustrates a view of the cross section B-B identified in FIG. 2C. As shown among FIGS. 2A-E, the projectile 20 includes a tip 202 and a projectile core 212. The projectile 20 can be similar in sizing or proportions to the commercially-recognized 9 millimeter caliber projectile. However, among embodiments, the projectile 20 can be embodied as a projectile of another commercially-recognized caliber, including but not limited to .450 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP), .40 Smith & Wesson, .380 ACP, or .357 Magnum, among other commercially-recognized or custom calibers. It should be appreciated that the shape, size, dimensions, and proportions of the projectile 20 in FIGS. 2A-E are not necessarily drawn precisely to scale and should not be considered to limit or define the scope of the embodiments described herein. The projectile core 212 can be formed from any material or materials suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the projectile core 112 in FIG. 1A. The tip 202 can also be formed from any material suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the tip 102 in FIG. 1A.
Referring among FIGS. 2A-E, the projectile core 212 includes a core base 222 (FIG. 2E), an undercut 226, and projectile fingers 232 separated from each other by kerfs 252. As compared to the projectile 10, the projectile 20 includes four projectile fingers 232 rather than six. The undercut 226 can be included to facilitate suitable splintering or fracturing of the projectile fingers 232 apart from each other after impact of the projectile 20, although it can be omitted.
As illustrated among FIGS. 2A-E, each kerf 252 extends from the leading circumferential rim 224 substantially to the core base 222 (or near the core base 222) of the projectile core 212. The kerfs 252 can extend from the leading circumferential rim 224, to or toward the core base 222, and entirely or partially across the undercut 226. The distance that the kerfs 252 extend can vary, but the kerfs 252 generally extend deep enough into the projectile core 212 so that the projectile core 212 can fracture apart upon impact of the projectile 20, without leaving any remaining slug.
Referring to FIG. 2D, the tip 202 is removed from the projectile core 212 and the features of the tip 202 are illustrated in further detail. According to the concepts described herein, the tip 202 can act as a type of lever to expand fingers of the projectile core 212 upon impact of the projectile 20 with a surface or body. The tip 202 includes a semispherical-shaped nose 204, a conical taper portion 206, and a cylindrical anchor pin 208. Generally, the shape of the tip 202 corresponds to or mates with the central recess within the projectile core 212. The length of the cylindrical anchor pin 208 can vary among embodiments. In one embodiment, the cylindrical anchor pin 208 can be formed to have sufficient length to fit snugly into the central recess within the projectile core 212 and be retained therein by way of friction, but other considerations may be accounted for.
FIG. 2E illustrates the cross section B-B identified in FIG. 2C. In FIG. 2E, the central recess of the projectile 20 is visible. As shown, the central recess of the projectile core 212 includes a cylindrical recess portion and a conical recess portion. As described above, when assembled, the cylindrical anchor pin 208 of the tip 202 is inserted into and occupies at least part of the cylindrical recess portion, and the conical taper portion 206 of the tip 202 fits within and occupies at least part of the conical recess portion.
As also shown in FIG. 2E, the profile of the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 232 track the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 20 along the cylindrical recess portion, but makes a corner at the transition point 270 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion. At the transition point 270, the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 232 turn at the angle β2 with respect to the axis of symmetry “S” and continue for a second distance to the leading circumferential rim 224. As illustrated, the sharpness of the cornered transition point 270 is determined by the angle β2. The angle β2 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion (and the corresponding angle α2 in the tip 202) can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 212 is formed, for example, to see that the projectile fingers 232 splinter, fracture, or bloom at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 20.
The projectile fingers 232 extend (e.g., occupy the space) radially apart from the axis of symmetry “S” the distance “J” between the central recess of the projectile core 212 and an outer periphery of the projectile core 212. Further, the projectile fingers 232 extend longitudinally from the leading circumferential rim 224 of the projectile core 212 to the core base 222. The leading circumferential rim 224 can be considered the meplat of the projectile core 212 but is not necessarily the most forward reaching point of the projectile 20. Rather, in the embodiments which include it, the tip 202 is the most forward reaching point of the projectile 20.
The length “K” of the boat tail, the length “L” of the bearing surface, and the length “M” of the ogive surface of the projectile core 212 are also shown in FIG. 2E. The individual and relative lengths of the boat tail, the bearing surface, and the ogive surface of the projectile core 212 can vary from that shown. In one embodiment, the projectile core 212 can be formed such that the core base 222 is relatively small.
Similar to the case discussed above with reference to FIG. 1H, upon impact of the tip 202 of the projectile 20 with any surface or body, the tip 202 will be pressed further into the central recess within the projectile core 212. At the same time, the conical taper portion 206 of the tip 202 will apply upon the projectile fingers 232 a component of force (at least in part) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 20. In turn, the projectile fingers 232 will bear a force tending to splinter or fracture the projectile fingers 232 apart from each other. When the projectile fingers 232 splinter or fracture, no slug portion of the projectile 20 remains. Instead of a slug remaining, the core base 222 splinters or fractures into sections along with the projectile fingers 232. Thus, after the projectile core 212 splinters or fractures into sections, the momentum of the projectile 20 is transferred, in parts, to the projectile fingers 232. In other cases, the projectile fingers 232 can bloom apart without fracturing.
It should be appreciated that the angle α2 between the surfaces of the cylindrical anchor pin 208 and the conical taper portion 206 can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 212 is formed, for example, as one factor to help ensure that the projectile fingers 232 splinter, fracture, or bloom apart at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 20. The conical taper portion 106 can meet the cylindrical anchor pin 108 at an angle α2 of about 115 to 165 degrees, for example, between a surface of the conical taper portion 206 and a surface of the cylindrical anchor pin 208.
FIGS. 3A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile 30, respectively, according to another example embodiment, and FIG. 3E illustrates a view of the cross section C-C identified in FIG. 3C. As shown among FIGS. 3A-E, the projectile 30 includes a tip 302 and a projectile core 312. The projectile 30 can be similar in sizing or proportions to the commercially-recognized .380 ACP caliber projectile. However, among embodiments, the projectile 30 can be embodied as a projectile of another commercially-recognized caliber, including but not limited to .450 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP), 9 millimeter, .40 Smith & Wesson, or .357 Magnum, among other commercially-recognized or custom calibers. It should be appreciated that the shape, size, dimensions, and proportions of the projectile 30 in FIGS. 3A-E are not necessarily drawn precisely to scale and should not be considered to limit or define the scope of the embodiments described herein. The projectile core 312 can be formed from any material or materials suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the projectile core 112 in FIG. 1A. The tip 302 can also be formed from any material suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the tip 102 in FIG. 1A.
Referring among FIGS. 3A-E, the projectile core 312 includes a core base 322 (FIG. 3E), undercuts 326, and projectile fingers 332 separated from each other by kerfs 352. As compared to the projectile 10, the projectile 30 includes four projectile fingers 332 rather than six. The undercuts 326 can be included to facilitate suitable splintering or fracturing of the projectile fingers 332 apart from each other after impact of the projectile 30, although they can be omitted.
As illustrated among FIGS. 3A-E, each kerf 352 extends from the leading circumferential rim 324 substantially to the core base 322 (or near the core base 322) of the projectile core 312. The kerfs 352 can extend from the leading circumferential rim 324, to or toward the core base 322, and entirely or partially across the undercut 326. The distance that the kerfs 352 extend can vary, but the kerfs 352 generally extend deep enough into the projectile core 312 so that the projectile core 312 can fracture apart upon impact of the projectile 30, without leaving any remaining slug.
Referring to FIG. 3D, the tip 302 is removed from the projectile core 312, and the features of the tip 302 are illustrated in further detail. According to the concepts described herein, the tip 302 can act as a type of lever to expand fingers of the projectile core 312 upon impact of the projectile 30 with a surface or body. The tip 302 includes a flat-shaped nose 304, a conical taper portion 306, and a cylindrical anchor pin 308. Generally, the shape of the tip 302 corresponds to or mates with the central recess within the projectile core 312. The length of the cylindrical anchor pin 308 can vary among embodiments. In one embodiment, the cylindrical anchor pin 308 can be formed to have sufficient length to fit snugly into the central recess within the projectile core 312 and be retained therein by way of friction, but other considerations can be accounted for.
FIG. 3E illustrates the cross section C-C identified in FIG. 3C. In FIG. 3E, the central recess of the projectile 30 is visible. As shown, the central recess of the projectile core 312 includes a cylindrical recess portion and a conical recess portion. As described above, when assembled, the cylindrical anchor pin 308 of the tip 302 is inserted into and occupies at least part of the cylindrical recess portion, and the conical taper portion 306 of the tip 302 fits within and occupies at least part of the conical recess portion.
As also shown in FIG. 3E, the profile of the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 332 track the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 30 along the cylindrical recess portion but makes a corner at the transition point 370 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion. At the transition point 370, the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 332 turn at the angle β3 with respect to the axis of symmetry “S” and continue for a second distance to the leading circumferential rim 324. As illustrated, the sharpness of the cornered transition point 370 is determined by the angle β3. The angle β3 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion (and the corresponding angle α3 in the tip 302) can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 312 is formed, for example, to see that the projectile fingers 332 splinter, fracture, or bloom apart at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 30.
The projectile fingers 332 extend (e.g., occupy the space) radially apart from the axis of symmetry “S” the distance “N” between the central recess of the projectile core 312 and an outer periphery of the projectile core 312. Further, the projectile fingers 332 extend longitudinally from the leading circumferential rim 324 of the projectile core 312 to the core base 322. The leading circumferential rim 324 can be considered the meplat of the projectile core 312 but is not necessarily the most forward reaching point of the projectile 30. Rather, in the embodiments which include it, the tip 302 is the most forward reaching point of the projectile 30.
The length “O” of the bearing surface and the length “P” of the ogive surface of the projectile core 312 are also shown in FIG. 3E. The individual and relative lengths of the bearing surface and the ogive surface of the projectile core 312 can vary from that shown. In one embodiment, the projectile core 312 can be formed such that the core base 322 is relatively small.
Similar to the case discussed above with reference to FIG. 1H, upon impact of the tip 302 of the projectile 30 with any surface or body, the tip 302 will be pressed further into the central recess within the projectile core 312. At the same time, the conical taper portion 306 of the tip 302 will apply upon the projectile fingers 332 a component of force (at least in part) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 30. In turn, the projectile fingers 332 will bear a force tending to splinter, fracture, or bloom the projectile fingers 332 apart from each other. When the projectile fingers 332 splinter or fracture, no slug portion of the projectile 30 remains. In other cases, the projectile fingers 332 will bloom apart.
The angle α3 between the surfaces of the cylindrical anchor pin 308 and the conical taper portion 306 can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 312 is formed, for example, as one factor to help ensure that the projectile fingers 332 splinter, fracture, or bloom at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 30. The conical taper portion 306 can meet the cylindrical anchor pin 308 at an angle α3 of about 115 to 165 degrees, for example, between a surface of the conical taper portion 306 and a surface of the cylindrical anchor pin 308.
FIGS. 4A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile 40, respectively, according to another example embodiment, and FIG. 4E illustrates a view of the cross section D-D identified in FIG. 4C. As shown among FIGS. 4A-E, the projectile 40 includes a tip 402 and a projectile core 412. The projectile 40 can be similar in sizing or proportions to the commercially-recognized .40 Smith & Wesson caliber projectile. However, among embodiments, the projectile 40 can be embodied as a projectile of another commercially-recognized caliber, including but not limited to .450 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP), 9 millimeter, .380 ACP, or .357 Magnum, among other commercially-recognized or custom calibers. It should be appreciated that the shape, size, dimensions, and proportions of the projectile 40 in FIGS. 4A-E are not necessarily drawn precisely to scale and should not be considered to limit or define the scope of the embodiments described herein. The projectile core 412 can be formed from any material or materials suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the projectile core 112 in FIG. 1A. The tip 402 can also be formed from any material suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the tip 102 in FIG. 1A.
Referring among FIGS. 4A-E, the projectile core 412 includes a core base 422 (FIG. 4E), undercuts 426, and projectile fingers 432 separated from each other by kerfs 452. As compared to the projectile 10, the projectile 40 includes four projectile fingers 432 rather than six. The undercuts 426 can be included to facilitate suitable splintering or fracturing of the projectile fingers 432 apart from each other after impact of the projectile 40, although they can be omitted.
As illustrated among FIGS. 4A-E, each kerf 452 extends from the leading circumferential rim 424 substantially to the core base 422 (or near the core base 422) of the projectile core 412. The kerfs 452 can extend from the leading circumferential rim 424, to or toward the core base 422, and entirely or partially across the undercut 426. The distance that the kerfs 452 extend can vary, but the kerfs 452 generally extend deep enough into the projectile core 412 so that the projectile core 412 can fracture apart upon impact of the projectile 40, without leaving any remaining slug.
Referring to FIG. 4D, the tip 402 is removed from the projectile core 412 and the features of the tip 402 are illustrated in further detail. According to the concepts described herein, the tip 402 can act as a type of lever to expand fingers of the projectile core 412 upon impact of the projectile 40 with a surface or body. The tip 402 includes a flat-shaped nose 404, a conical taper portion 406, and a cylindrical anchor pin 408. Generally, the shape of the tip 402 corresponds to or mates with the central recess within the projectile core 412. The length of the cylindrical anchor pin 408 can vary among embodiments. In one embodiment, the cylindrical anchor pin 408 can be formed to have sufficient length to fit snugly into the central recess within the projectile core 412 and be retained therein by way of friction, but other considerations can be accounted for.
FIG. 4E illustrates the cross section D-D identified in FIG. 4C. In FIG. 4E, the central recess of the projectile 40 is visible. As shown, the central recess of the projectile core 412 includes a cylindrical recess portion and a conical recess portion. As described above, when assembled, the cylindrical anchor pin 408 of the tip 402 is inserted into and occupies at least part of the cylindrical recess portion, and the conical taper portion 406 of the tip 402 fits within and occupies at least part of the conical recess portion.
As also shown in FIG. 4E, the profile of the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 432 track the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 40 along the cylindrical recess portion, but makes a corner at the transition point 470 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion. At the transition point 470, the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 432 turn at the angle β4 with respect to the axis of symmetry “S” and continue for a second distance to the leading circumferential rim 424. As illustrated, the sharpness of the cornered transition point 470 is determined by the angle β4. The angle β4 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion (and the corresponding angle α4 in the tip 402) can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 412 is formed, for example, to see that the projectile fingers 432 splinter, fracture, or bloom apart at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 40.
The projectile fingers 432 extend (e.g., occupy the space) radially apart from the axis of symmetry “S” the distance “Q” between the central recess of the projectile core 412 and an outer periphery of the projectile core 412. Further, the projectile fingers 432 extend longitudinally from the leading circumferential rim 424 of the projectile core 412 to the core base 422. The leading circumferential rim 424 can be considered the meplat of the projectile core 412 but is not necessarily the most forward reaching point of the projectile 40. Rather, in the embodiments which include it, the tip 402 is the most forward reaching point of the projectile 40.
The length “R” of the bearing surface and the length “S” of the ogive surface of the projectile core 412 are also shown in FIG. 4E. The individual and relative lengths of the bearing surface and the ogive surface of the projectile core 412 can vary from that shown. In one embodiment, the projectile core 412 can be formed such that the core base 422 is relatively small.
Similar to the case discussed above with reference to FIG. 1H, upon impact of the tip 402 of the projectile 40 with any surface or body, the tip 402 will be pressed further into the central recess within the projectile core 412. At the same time, the conical taper portion 406 of the tip 402 will apply upon the projectile fingers 432 a component of force (at least in part) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 40. In turn, the projectile fingers 432 will bear a force tending to splinter, fracture, or bloom the projectile fingers 432 apart from each other. When the projectile fingers 432 splinter or fracture, no slug portion of the projectile 40 remains. In other cases, the projectile fingers 432 can bloom apart.
The angle α4 between the surfaces of the cylindrical anchor pin 408 and the conical taper portion 406 can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 412 is formed, for example, as one factor to help ensure that the projectile fingers 432 splinter, fracture, or bloom apart at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 40. The conical taper portion 406 can meet the cylindrical anchor pin 408 at an angle α4 of about 115 to 165 degrees, for example, between a surface of the conical taper portion 406 and a surface of the cylindrical anchor pin 408.
FIGS. 5A-D illustrate front perspective, back perspective, front, and front perspective exploded views of a projectile 50, respectively, according to another example embodiment, and FIG. 5E illustrates a view of the cross section E-E identified in FIG. 5C. As shown among FIGS. 5A-E, the projectile 50 includes a tip 502 and a projectile core 512. The projectile 50 can be similar in sizing or proportions to the commercially-recognized .357 Magnum caliber projectile. However, among embodiments, the projectile 50 can be embodied as a projectile of another commercially-recognized caliber, including but not limited to .450 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP), 9 millimeter, .380 ACP, or .40 Smith & Wesson, among other commercially-recognized or custom calibers. It should be appreciated that the shape, size, dimensions, and proportions of the projectile 50 in FIGS. 5A-E are not necessarily drawn precisely to scale and should not be considered to limit or define the scope of the embodiments described herein. The projectile core 512 can be formed from any material or materials suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the projectile core 112 in FIG. 1A. The tip 502 can also be formed from any material suitable for the application, including but not limited to those described above for the tip 102 in FIG. 1A.
Referring among FIGS. 5A-E, the projectile core 512 includes a core base 522 (FIG. 5E), undercuts 526, and projectile fingers 532 separated from each other by kerfs 552. As compared to the projectile 10, the projectile 50 includes four projectile fingers 532 rather than six. The undercuts 526 can be included to facilitate suitable splintering or fracturing of the projectile fingers 532 apart from each other after impact of the projectile 50, although it can be omitted.
As illustrated among FIGS. 5A-E, each kerf 552 extends from the leading circumferential rim 524 substantially to the core base 522 (or near the core base 522) of the projectile core 512. The kerfs 552 can extend from the leading circumferential rim 524, to or toward the core base 522, and entirely or partially across the undercut 526. The distance that the kerfs 552 extend can vary, but the kerfs 552 generally extend deep enough into the projectile core 512 so that the projectile core 512 can fracture apart upon impact of the projectile 50, without leaving any remaining slug.
Referring to FIG. 5D, the tip 502 is removed from the projectile core 512 and the features of the tip 502 are illustrated in further detail. According to the concepts described herein, the tip 502 can act as a type of lever to expand fingers of the projectile core 512 upon impact of the projectile 50 with a surface or body. The tip 502 includes a flat-shaped nose 504, a conical taper portion 506, and a cylindrical anchor pin 508. Generally, the shape of the tip 502 corresponds to or mates with the central recess within the projectile core 512. The length of the cylindrical anchor pin 508 can vary among embodiments. In one embodiment, the cylindrical anchor pin 508 can be formed to have sufficient length to fit snugly into the central recess within the projectile core 512 and be retained therein by way of friction, but other considerations can be accounted for.
FIG. 5E illustrates the cross section E-E identified in FIG. 5C. In FIG. 5E, the central recess of the projectile 50 is visible. As shown, the central recess of the projectile core 512 includes a cylindrical recess portion and a conical recess portion. As described above, when assembled, the cylindrical anchor pin 508 of the tip 502 is inserted into and occupies at least part of the cylindrical recess portion, and the conical taper portion 506 of the tip 502 fits within and occupies at least part of the conical recess portion.
As also shown in FIG. 5E, the profile of the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 532 track the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 50 along the cylindrical recess portion but makes a corner at the transition point 570 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion. At the transition point 570, the inside surfaces of the projectile fingers 532 turn at the angle β5 with respect to the axis of symmetry “S” and continue for a second distance to the leading circumferential rim 524. As illustrated, the sharpness of the cornered transition point 570 is determined by the angle β5. The angle β5 between the cylindrical recess portion and the conical recess portion (and the corresponding angle α5 in the tip 502) can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 512 is formed, for example, to see that the projectile fingers 532 splinter, fracture, or bloom apart at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 50.
The projectile fingers 532 extend (e.g., occupy the space) radially apart from the axis of symmetry “S” the distance “T” between the central recess of the projectile core 512 and an outer periphery of the projectile core 512. Further, the projectile fingers 532 extend longitudinally from the leading circumferential rim 524 of the projectile core 512 to the core base 522. The leading circumferential rim 524 can be considered the meplat of the projectile core 512 but is not necessarily the most forward reaching point of the projectile 50. Rather, in the embodiments which include it, the tip 502 is the most forward reaching point of the projectile 50.
The length “U” of the bearing surface and the length “V” of the tapered nose surface of the projectile core 512 are also shown in FIG. 5E. The individual and relative lengths of the boat tail, the bearing surface, and the ogive surface of the projectile core 512 can vary from that shown. In one embodiment, the projectile core 512 can be formed such that the core base 522 is relatively small.
Similar to the case discussed above with reference to FIG. 1H, upon impact of the tip 502 of the projectile 50 with any surface or body, the tip 502 will be pressed further into the central recess within the projectile core 512. At the same time, the conical taper portion 506 of the tip 502 will apply upon the projectile fingers 532 a component of force (at least in part) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry “S” of the projectile 50. In turn, the projectile fingers 532 will bear a force tending to splinter, fracture, or bloom the projectile fingers 532 apart from each other. When the projectile fingers 532 splinter or fracture, no slug portion of the projectile 50 remains. In other cases, the projectile fingers 532 can bloom apart.
The angle α5 between the surfaces of the cylindrical anchor pin 508 and the conical taper portion 506 can be selected based in part on the tensile strength of the material from which the projectile core 512 is formed, for example, as one factor to help ensure that the projectile fingers 532 splinter, fracture, or bloom apart at the appropriate moment after impact of the projectile 50. The conical taper portion 506 can meet the cylindrical anchor pin 508 at an angle α5 of about 115 to 165 degrees, for example, between a surface of the conical taper portion 506 and a surface of the cylindrical anchor pin 508.
FIG. 6 illustrates a front perspective view of a projectile 60 according to still another example embodiment. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, at the distal end of each kerf 652, a tapered notch 680 is formed or cut between each of the projectile fingers 632. In alternative embodiments, the tapered notches 680 can be rounded or cause the projectile fingers 632 to be rounded or pointed at the forward end. The tapered notches can also extend further down each kerf 652 in other embodiments.
As an example of a non-deforming embodiment of one of the projectiles described herein, FIG. 7A illustrates a representative fractured perspective view of the projectile 30 in FIGS. 3A and 3B. In the case illustrated in FIG. 7A, the projectile 30 can be formed from a relatively hard but brittle material, such as brass. The fractured projectile 30 includes the projectile fingers 332 and the tip 302. To arrive at the fractured state illustrated in FIG. 7A, at the time of impact, the tip 302 is pressed further into the central recess of the projectile core 312 (FIG. 3A) and acts as a type of lever to push and expand the projectile fingers 332 apart. When expanded, the projectile fingers 332 splinter or fracture apart, as illustrated, dividing the projectile core 312 into sections along the fractured edges 323 without any slug remaining.
Thus, after the projectile core 312 splinters or fractures into sections, the momentum of the projectile 30 is transferred, in parts, to the projectile fingers 332 and the tip 302. Among preferred embodiments, the projectile core 312 of the projectile 30 (and the other projectiles described herein) can be formed such that the core base 322 (FIG. 3E) is relatively small. For example, along its axis of symmetry, the core base 322 can extend less than between thirty to ten percent of the total length of the projectile core 312. Thus, when the projectile fingers 332 splinter or fracture, no slug portion of the projectile 30 can remain.
Because certain materials, such as brass or glass, for example, can break or fracture sharply under tensile, bending, or other moments of stress, the projectile 30 in FIG. 7A is shown to break along the fractured edges 323. Generally, a material is brittle to the extent that, when subjected to stress, it breaks or fractures without significant deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture. Other materials, such as copper, for example, are relatively more ductile, malleable, and likely to absorb some energy and experience some plastic deformation before breaking or fracturing apart, if at all. A ductile material can thus deform to a relatively larger extent under tensile or other stress. Malleability, similarly, can be characterized by the ability of a material to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both ductility and malleability are aspects of plasticity, the extent to which a solid material can be plastically deformed without fracture.
FIG. 7B illustrates a representative view of the fractured projectile 30 in FIG. 7A according to aspects of the embodiments. Particularly, FIG. 6B illustrates the fractured projectile fingers 332 and tip 302 of the projectile 30 after impacting the body 750. The body 750 can be representative of ballistic gel, for example, or another body into which the projectile 30 can impact after being fired, but is not drawn to scale. At the time of impact with the body 750, the tip 302 is pressed further into the central recess of the projectile core 312 (FIG. 3A) and acts as a type of lever to push and expand the projectile fingers 332 apart. When expanded, the projectile fingers 332 splinter or fracture apart, as illustrated in FIG. 7B, dividing the projectile core 312 into sections along the fractured edges 323 without any slug remaining.
The traces or channels 704 are representative of the paths taken by the projectile fingers 332 and the tip 302 after fracturing apart in the body 750. It should be appreciated that each of the paths taken by the projectile fingers 332 and the tip 302 generates a separate wound channel. Further, when formed from brass, because the projectile fingers 332 are relatively hard, they are capable of extending a relatively deep penetrating distance into the body 750. However, the projectile fingers 332 may not have enough energy, individually, to pass through and exit the body 750. As such, it may be unlikely that any individuals behind the body 750 would be struck by one or more of the projectile fingers 332.
In other embodiments, the projectiles described herein can expand and bloom without (or with limited) fracturing after impact. This blooming nature can be attributed to several factors including the materials from which the projectiles are formed (e.g., relatively ductile materials), the length of the kerfs, the relatively small size of the core base, and the lever action provided by the tip after impact. In this context, FIG. 8A illustrates a representative bloomed front view of the projectile core 112 of the projectile 10 in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and FIG. 8B illustrates a back view. In FIGS. 8A and 8B, the projectile core 112 can be formed from a relatively ductile material, such as copper. The bloomed projectile core 112 includes the projectile fingers 132 and the projectile base 122 (the tip 102 of the projectile 10 is not shown in FIG. 8A). To arrive at the bloomed state, at the time of impact of the projectile 10, the tip 102 is pressed further into the central recess of the projectile core 112 (see FIG. 1E) and acts as a type of lever to push and expand the projectile fingers 132 apart. When pushed, the projectile fingers 132 expand outward from the axis of symmetry “S” (see FIG. 1G) without breaking away from the projectile core 112. That is, in response to compression of the conical taper portion 106 of the tip 102 into the cylindrical recess portion 162 (FIG. 1F) of the projectile core 112, the projectile fingers 132 expand outward.
As compared to the original profile of projectile core 112 illustrated in FIG. 1C, for example, the bloomed projectile core 112 in FIGS. 8A and 8B is considerably larger in size. This larger size can lead to a relatively fast reduction in the speed of the projectile 10 after it impacts a body. Further, the projectile fingers 132, while expanded, have not (or not entirely) broken, fractured, or splintered away from the core base 122.
FIG. 8C illustrates a representative view of the bloomed projectile core 112 in FIGS. 8A and 8B according to aspects of the embodiments. Particularly, FIG. 8C illustrates the bloomed projectile core 112 after impacting the body 850. The body 850 may be representative of ballistic gel, for example, or another body into which the projectile 10 can impact after being fired, but is not drawn to scale. The channel 804 is representative of the path taken by the projectile core 112 after expanding in the body 850. It should be appreciated that the channel 804 is a relatively large channel. The size of the channel 804 may be determined, at least in part, by the length of the kerfs 152 (FIGS. 1A and 1B). Because the bloomed projectile core 112 has expanded to a relatively large size, it acts as a type of parachute to quickly slow the projectile core 112 in the body 850, quickly transferring the energy from the projectile core 112 to the body 850. The projectile core 112 may not pass through and exit the body 850. As such, it may be unlikely that any individuals behind the body 850 would be struck by the projectile core 112.
In still other embodiments, the projectiles described herein can fracture apart (at least in part) and partially deform before and/or after fracturing. In this case, the projectile fingers can fracture apart and (at least to some extent) bend, deform, bloom, or mushroom after impact. This semi-deforming nature can be attributed to several factors including the materials from which the projectiles are formed, the length of the kerfs, the relatively small size of the core base, and the lever action provided by the tip after impact.
According to aspects of the embodiments described herein, a projectile can include a projectile core and a tip, the projectile core having a central recess formed therein, the central recess including a conical recess portion and a cylindrical recess portion, and the tip including a nose, a conical taper portion, and a cylindrical anchor pin. The projectile core can also include a core base, wherein the central recess extends from a circumferential meplat rim of the projectile core to the core base along an axis of symmetry of the projectile core, and a plurality of projectile fingers each separated by a kerf, the plurality of projectile fingers extending longitudinally from the core base to the circumferential meplat rim and extending radially away from the axis of symmetry between the central recess and an outer periphery surface of the projectile core.
The projectile core can be formed from a solid stock material which absorbs sufficient energy such that the plurality of projectile fingers expand outward from the axis of symmetry without breaking away from the core in response to compression of the conical taper portion of the tip into the cylindrical recess portion of the projectile core. The projectile core can also be formed from copper or an alloy formed substantially of copper which absorbs sufficient energy such that the plurality of projectile fingers expand outward from the axis of symmetry in response to compression of the conical taper portion of the tip into the cylindrical recess portion of the projectile core. In some embodiments, projectile core can be formed from a first material and the tip can be formed from a second material.
Although embodiments have been described herein in detail, the descriptions are by way of example. The features of the embodiments described herein are representative and, in alternative embodiments, certain features and elements may be added or omitted. Additionally, modifications to aspects of the embodiments described herein may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention defined in the following claims, the scope of which are to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass modifications and equivalent structures.
