COMPOSITE REACTIVE MATERIALS WITH INDEPENDENTLY CONTROLLABLE IGNITION AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES
The present invention is directed to composite particles that react with a small and adjustable input energy. The ignition threshold depends primarily upon reactant spacing and chemistry, not overall particle size. Combustion properties, such as burn duration and temperature, are controlled by adjusting particle size or reactant composition. The best performance is achieved by selecting reactants with strong intermetallic formation reaction and that combust in different phases (condensed vs gaseous). These particles are fabricated by various methods, including physical vapor deposition, or ball milling. The concept of purposefully decoupling ignition and combustion properties by fabricating particles where ignition is determined by reactant spacing and/or composition and combustion is determined by adjusting particle size and/or composition is described. Combinations of specific reactants, such as Al, Zr, Ti, Mo, Mg, B, Li, etc. exhibit dual-phase combustion, and/or enhance combustion through prevention of terminating species. Ternary additions are used to form gaseous species.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/252,870 filed Nov. 9, 2015, which is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety.
GOVERNMENT RIGHTSThis invention was made with government support under HDTRAA1-11-1-0063 and HDTRA1-15-1-0006 awarded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. The government has certain rights in the invention.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates generally to composite particles. More particularly, the present invention relates to composite reactive materials with independently controllable ignition and combustion properties.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONTraditional energetic materials like HMX, RDX, and TNT etc. are commonly used in propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives due to their high reaction rates and high degree of reaction completion. However, these traditional energetic materials have low energy densities when compared to metal based fuels. Metal fuels such as Al, B, Ti, Mg, Zr etc. have higher enthalpies of combustion and hence higher energy densities. Thus, metal-based fuels are often added to propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives to deliver more thrust or energy. The use of such metal-based additives, though, is limited due to slow reaction rates, poor reaction completion, and other material-specific drawbacks.
Most metal-based fuel particles have a protective oxide coating which forms naturally as the fresh metal surface is exposed to air. As a result of this protective layer, micron-sized metal particles have long ignition delays and need to be heated to high temperatures to react. The ignition of metal particles is usually controlled by the heterogeneous oxidation reaction leading to self-sustained combustion, which is relatively slow compared to the reaction of HMX, RDX etc. To ease ignition, metal-based fuels have been fabricated in nanoscale diameters and have found some viable applications. However, nano powders can be pyrophoric. Nano powders can also agglomerate and tend to have poor flow characteristics; thus storing and handling becomes challenging.
Looking at specific chemistries, aluminum combustion is characterized by the formation of oxide caps on the surface of the burning metal particle. The presence of the oxide caps tends to cause an asymmetric flame and shift the vapor phase combustion to a surface reaction limited process. This leads to the premature termination of combustion, leaving the metal fuels only partially reacted. Boron combustion in humid environments forms undesirable “HOBO” by-products that have lower heats of formation than the fully oxidized particles. As a result, they tend to provide low energy densities and energy yields. Other fuels like Mg, Zr, Ti, etc. are pyrophoric even on the micron-scale, and hence have few commercial applications as fuel particles.
Layered or composite particles have been fabricated via physical vapor deposition (PVD), ball milling and by rolling and grinding etc. to reduce or control ignition thresholds through an exothermic reaction. However, these materials have seen limited application or commercial development and the associated literature does not teach independent control of, and independent optimization of, both ignition and combustion properties. One example employs the use of Group 4 or 5 elements in conjunction with other materials to form intermetallic compounds. The heat of formation from this reaction is strong enough to vaporize other components to initiate combustion. The patent describes the use of blends consisting of individual reactant particles. Therefore, the ignition threshold is likely to be high and difficult to tune in this case due to a large reactant spacing that is controlled by the particle size.
Alloying elements such as Mg, Li etc. that have low vaporization temperatures have been used to enhance ignition. However, they simultaneously increase the rate of combustion and thereby reduce burn time. Thus, they do not offer independent control of ignition and combustion. Thermite compositions have been used as an alternative to pure metals for many energetic applications. Thermite compositions consist of both fuel and oxidizers in close proximity, and as a result they show advanced ignition and combustion properties. However, due to the close proximity of the fuel and oxidizer, these compositions tend to age i.e. partially react over time thus reducing their energy density. Additionally, thermite compositions require careful storage and handling solutions which limit their commercial use. They also offer lower energy densities than similar pure fuel or metallic particles that would draw oxygen from the environment, rather than carrying the oxygen within the fuel itself. Alternative techniques where metal particles are coated with organic compounds that act as a passivating layer have received some interest. While these coatings provide a passivating layer, they ultimately reduce the energy density of the material.
Recent developments in the synthesis of engineered reactive particles that overcome the apparent limitations of traditional metal fuels have resulted in increasing use of these fuels for various propellant, pyrotechnics and explosives applications. Some of the applications, such as bio-agent defeat, require fuels that are easy to ignite and have long burn times that result in high thermal kill. However, the above technologies that help reduce the ignition threshold to ease ignition result in either lower burn durations or a lack of control of burn duration. Thus, there is a need to engineer particles where the mechanisms that control ignition and combustion durations and temperatures can be controlled independently to create truly tailored reactive fuel particles.
The foregoing needs are met, to a great extent, by the present invention, wherein in one aspect a composite particle includes two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants whose spacing and average composition are controlled. This is done to enable and tune an exothermic formation reaction that leads to extensive combustion of the product where the combustion reaction is controlled through the use of chemistry and/or particle size.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the average reactant spacing is between 100 nm and 10 μm, so as to tune (e.g. lower) the threshold for igniting the formation reaction. The chemistry for the formation reaction includes the primary reactant taking the form of Al or an Al alloy and the secondary reactant taking the form of one chosen from a group of B, Co, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, or V and the average composition ranges from 10Al:X to Al:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant. The chemistry for the formation reaction includes the primary reactant taking the form of B or a B alloy and the secondary reactant taking the form of one chosen from a group of Hf, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, V, or Zr and the average composition ranges from 10B:X to B:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant. The chemistry for the formation reaction includes the primary reactant taking the form of C or a C alloy and the secondary reactant taking the form of one chosen from a group of Hf, Nb, Si, Ta, Ti, V, or Zr and the average composition ranges from 10C:X to C:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant. The chemistry for the formation reaction includes the primary reactant taking the form of Si or a Si alloy and the secondary reactant taking the form of Mo, Nb, V, Zr, Ti, Hf, or Ta and the average composition ranges from 10Si:X to Si:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant. The composite particle contains at least one component that undergoes vapor phase combustion such as Al, B, Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced combustion. The composite particle has a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced ignition, wherein the atomic percentage of the alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within the system of primary reactants. The composite particle has a ternary addition that could be one of, but is not limited to Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced combustion, wherein the atomic percentage of the alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within the system of primary reactants. The composite particle has a binary chemistry and one or more ternary additions that are chosen from a group of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for modified reaction pathways that minimize the formation of unwanted low energy byproducts during combustion. The composite particle's average diameter is between 100 nm and 500 μm so as to tune the combustion duration independently from ignition thresholds.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a composite particle includes two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants whose spacing is controlled so as to tune and enable an exothermic formation reaction and whose chemistry is chosen so as to lead to a combustion reaction that is dual phase (condensed and vapor).
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, the average reactant spacing of the composite particle is between 100 nm and 10 μm, so as to tune the threshold for igniting the formation reaction independently from combustion behavior. The average particle diameter is between 100 nm and 500 μm, so as to tune the combustion duration independently from ignition thresholds. The chemistry for the formation reaction comprises the primary vapor phase reactant taking the form of Al or an Al alloy and the secondary solid phase reactant taking the form of one chosen from a group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ta, Mb, V, or Hf and the average composition ranges from 10Al:X to Al:10X where X is the secondary reactant. The chemistry for the formation reaction comprises the primary vapor phase reactant taking the form of B or a B alloy and the secondary solid phase reactant taking the form of one chosen from a group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ta, Mb, V, or Hf and the average composition ranges from 10B:X to B:10X where X is the secondary reactant. The composite particle contains one component that enhances vapor phase combustion and is one chosen from a group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na. The composite particle has a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for modified reaction pathways that minimize the formation of unwanted low energy byproducts during combustion. The composite particle has a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced ignition, wherein the atomic percentage of the alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within the system of primary reactants. The composite particle has a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced vapor phase combustion, wherein the atomic percentage of the alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within the system of primary reactants. The composite particle has a ternary addition that could be one of, but is not limited to Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced condensed phase combustion, wherein the atomic percentage of the alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within the system of primary reactants.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a composite particle comprising two or more reactants, where one of the elements is alloyed with a more volatile element to enhance combustion, and the atomic percentage of the alloying element is varied to control combustion properties.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, one reactant is chosen from a group of Al, B, C, and Si and the enhancing alloy is one chosen from a group of Li, K, Na, Mg, or Ca. The chemistry is chosen so as to lead to a combustion reaction that is dual phase (condensed and vapor).
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, a composite particle includes two elemental or metallic alloy reactants whose spacing, composition, and particle size are controlled such that the particles are non-pyrophoric even at particle sizes <30 um, non-toxic, experience low agglomeration compared to nanoaluminum, and/or have a shelf life of over a year. The composite particle is formed from one element chosen from the group of Al, B, or Si, plus a second element from the group Ti, Zr, or Hf, and has an average diameter <100 um. The composite particle is formed from reactants that have a spacing between 100 nm and 10 μm, so as to tune the threshold for igniting the formation reaction.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTSThe presently disclosed subject matter now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying Drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the inventions are shown. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. The presently disclosed subject matter may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Indeed, many modifications and other embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matter pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the presently disclosed subject matter is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
The present invention is directed to composite particles that are able to react with a small input energy. The ignition threshold depends primarily upon the reactant spacing and chemistry, not the overall particle size. Combustion properties, such as burn duration and temperature, can then be controlled by adjusting particle size or reactant composition. The best performance is achieved by selecting reactants with a strong intermetallic formation reaction, and ones that combust in different phases (condensed vs gaseous). These particles can be fabricated by various methods, including physical vapor deposition, or ball milling. The proposed concept purposefully focuses on decoupling ignition and combustion properties by fabricating particles where ignition is determined by reactant spacing and/or composition, while combustion is determined by adjusting particle size and/or composition. Combinations of specific reactants, such as Al, Zr, Ti, Mo, Mg, B, Li, etc. exhibit dual-phase combustion, and/or enhance combustion through the prevention of terminating species. Ternary additions can be used to form gaseous species.
More particularly, the present invention is directed to the use of composite particles that have either layers of alternating reactive elements or inclusions of one reactive element in a matrix of the other reactive element. Multilayered particles produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD) have alternating layers of two or more components with large exothermic heats of mixing. When these particles are initiated with an external stimulus, the individual layers react to form an intermetallic compound and uniformly heat the particles to very high temperatures where full-fledged combustion is enabled and sustained. The energy density needed to ignite a self-sustained formation reaction within the particles and rate at which the particles heat up are controlled by the reactant spacing i.e. the thickness of the individual layers, as well as the overall chemistry of the particles. Unlike typical metal particles, the ignition temperature is not a function of total size, as demonstrated in
Table 1 shows potential binary combinations of reactants with high theoretical merit based on having adiabatic reaction temperatures >1200 K for their formation reaction and relatively large gravimetric and/or volumetric heats of combustion for their reactions with oxygen. The heats of combustion for each combination were calculated based on 100% oxidation of each component.
PVD particles can be fabricated by magnetron sputtering onto a mesh, as shown in
The overall dimensions of the particles are controlled by choosing weaves of specific dimensions and by the total duration of the deposition. Composite particles of the same nominal chemistry can also be fabricated by ball milling Al and Zr powders together. Unlike PVD particles, this method produces a distribution of Zr inclusions within an Al matrix and this distribution controls the ignition characteristics of the fabricated particles. The size and distribution of Zr inclusions depends on the milling duration and the grinding media, including the ball to powder weight ratio (BPR) and the size of the milling balls.
Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) were used to gauge the reaction sensitivity of fabricated materials. The experiments were performed under Ar gas with a constant heating rate of 40 K/min.
Combustion of reactive particles was studied in a qualitative way by coating a 36 gauge nichrome filament with reactive particles and resistively heating the filament with an external power supply. The coated particles ignite upon heating and combust in an aerosolized cloud around the filament. This combustion phenomenon was recorded using a NAC Memrecam HX-6 high-speed camera.
By including other alloying elements such as Li, Na, Mg, Ca etc., that combust in the vapor phase, the combustion properties of the composite particles are further tuned. For example, by using an alloy of Al and Mg as one of the reactants, the Mg will vaporize during the combustion process due to its high vapor pressure and low solubility with the forming oxides. The volatility of the alloying species creates vacancies and porosity in the combusting particle and enhances combustion in the vapor state. The former effect increases oxygen transport in the particle and this improves combustion efficiency, as shown in Table 2. This table also shows that the theoretical gravimetric heat of combustion does not differ by a significant amount as Al is replaced with Mg, but the measured heats of combustion does increase by 25%. This shows that the theoretical loss in energy density is outweighed by the benefit of improved oxidation.
The effect of replacing Al with alloys of Al and varying amounts of Mg are shown in Table 2. The heats of combustion were measured for foils (50 mm×10 mm×40 μm) as a proof of concept by reacting in a bomb calorimeter containing 1 atm of oxygen. The values show that the addition of small amount of a volatile component (Mg) improves heat output. Theoretical values were calculated based on 100% oxidation of each component. Note that combustion of foils is less efficient than the combustion of particles.
The improvements in oxygen diffusion that are gained by including a vaporizing species like Mg have further important consequences. By improving the penetration of oxygen into the burning particle, combustion efficiency is less dependent upon particle size, as demonstrated in
Furthermore, it is also possible for the presence of volatile species to increase the combustion temperature of the system. Control of the combustion temperature could be achieved by varying the concentration and species of the composite particle. Temperatures of the burning ball milled particles in air was measured using an Aventes UV-VIS spectrometer. The particle temperature was determined by fitting the grey body emission with Plank's equation.
While these volatile additives are dangerous at small particle sizes and on their own, they are passivated due to the comparatively stable nature of the primary reactants, for example, Al or C. The vaporizing species may also cause significant surface porosity upon combustion, increasing the surface area available for oxidation and thereby removing the need to manufacture as-is nanoscale particles with high surface area. This enhances the stability of the material in storage and the handling of the material by avoiding pyrophoric behavior.
Some of the alloying elements such as Li, Na, K, Mg and Ca may help prevent the formation of terminating species. For example, when boron burns in an environment containing water vapor and carbon dioxide (common products of combustion from primary fuels such as HMX and RDX), the combustion is characterized by the formation of HOBO species. These HOBO species prevent the formation of the highly exothermic boron oxide and thereby result in a premature termination of combustion. The use of alloying elements such as Li, Na and K, that can react with water vapor and carbon dioxide to form stable oxides, carbonates, or hydroxides, could prevent the formation of HOBO species.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions, deletions, modifications, and substitutions not specifically described may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A composite particle comprising: two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants; and wherein spacing and average composition of the two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants are controlled so as to enable and tune an exothermic formation reaction that leads to an extensive combustion reaction of a product where the combustion reaction is controlled through use of chemistry and/or particle size.
2. The composite particles of claim 1 wherein an average reactant spacing is between 100 nm and 10 μm, so as to tune (e.g. lower) threshold for igniting the exothermic formation reaction.
3. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein a chemistry for the exothermic formation reaction comprises a primary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of Al or an Al alloy and a secondary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of B, Co, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, or V and an average composition ranges from 10Al:X to Al:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant.
4. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein a chemistry for the exothermic formation reaction comprises a primary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of B or a B alloy and a secondary reactant taking the form of one chosen from a group consisting of Hf, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, V, or Zr and an average composition ranges from 10B:X to B:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant.
5. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein a chemistry for the exothermic formation reaction comprises a primary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of a C or a C alloy and a secondary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of Hf, Nb, Si, Ta, Ti, V, or Zr and an average composition ranges from 10C:X to C:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant.
6. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein a chemistry for the exothermic formation reaction comprises a primary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of Si or a Si alloy and secondary reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of Mo, Nb, V, Zr, Ti, Hf, or Ta and an average composition ranges from 10Si:X to Si:10X wherein X is the secondary reactant.
7. The composite particles of claim 1 wherein the composite particle contains at least one component that undergoes a vapor phase combustion such as one chosen from a group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced combustion.
8. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein the composite particle has a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced ignition, wherein an atomic percentage of an alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within a system of primary reactants.
9. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein the composite particle has a ternary addition that could be one of, but is not limited to one chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced combustion, wherein an atomic percentage of an alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within a system of primary reactants.
10. The composite particle of claim 1 wherein the composite particle has a binary chemistry and one or more ternary additions that are chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for modified reaction pathways that minimize formation of unwanted low energy byproducts during combustion.
11. The composite particle of claim 1 further comprising composite particles whose average diameter is between 100 nm and 500 μm so as to tune a duration of the combustion reaction independently from ignition thresholds.
12. A composite particle comprising: two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants; wherein a spacing of the two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants is controlled so as to tune and enable an exothermic formation reaction; and, wherein a chemistry of the two or more elemental or metallic alloy reactants is chosen so as to lead to a combustion reaction that is dual phase (condensed and vapor).
13. The composite particle of claim 12 further comprising the composite particle in which an average reactant spacing is between 100 nm and 10 μm, so as to tune a threshold for igniting the exothermic formation reaction independently from combustion behavior.
14. The composite particle of claim 12 further comprising the composite particle in which an average particle diameter is between 100 nm and 500 μm, so as to tune a duration of the combustion reaction independently from ignition thresholds.
15. The composite particles of claim 12 wherein a chemistry for the exothermic formation reaction comprises a primary vapor phase reactant taking a form of Al or an Al alloy and a secondary solid phase reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ta, Mb, V, or Hf and an average composition ranges from 10Al:X to Al:10X where X is the secondary reactant.
16. The composite particle of claim 12 wherein a chemistry for the exothermic formation reaction comprises a primary vapor phase reactant taking a form of B or a B alloy and a secondary solid phase reactant taking a form of one chosen from a group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ta, Mb, V, or Hf and an average composition ranges from 10B:X to B:10X where X is the secondary reactant.
17. The composite particle of claim 12 wherein the composite particle contains one component that enhances vapor phase combustion and is one chosen from a group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na.
18. The composite particle of claim 12 having a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for modified reaction pathways that minimize formation of unwanted low energy byproducts during combustion.
19. The composite particle of claim 12 wherein the composite particle has a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced ignition, wherein an atomic percentage of an alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within a system of primary reactants.
20. The composite particle of claim 12 having a ternary addition that is one chosen from a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced vapor phase combustion, wherein an atomic percentage of an alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within a system of primary reactants.
21. The composite particles of claim 12 having a ternary addition that could be one of, but is not limited to Mg, Ca, Li, K, or Na for enhanced condensed phase combustion, wherein an atomic percentage of an alloying element is varied between 0 and 25% within a system of primary reactants.
22. A composite particle comprising: two or more reactants; wherein one of the two or more reactants is alloyed with a more volatile element to enhance combustion, and an atomic percentage of an alloying element is varied to control combustion properties.
23. The composite particle of claim 22 wherein one reactant of the two or more reactants is chosen from a group consisting of Al, B, C, and Si and an enhancing alloy is one chosen from a group consisting of Li, K, Na, Mg, or Ca.
24. A composite particle of claim 22 whereas a chemistry is chosen so as to lead to a combustion reaction that is dual phase (condensed and vapor).
25. A composite particle comprising: two elemental or metallic alloy reactants; wherein spacing, composition, and particle size of the two elemental or metallic alloy reactants are controlled such that particles are non-pyrophoric even at particle sizes <30 um, non-toxic, experience low agglomeration compared to nanoaluminum, and/or have a shelf life of over a year.
26. The composite particle of claim 25 further comprising a composite particle formed from one element chosen from a group consisting of of Al, B, or Si, plus a second element chosen from a group consisting of Ti, Zr, or Hf, and has an average diameter <100 um.
27. The composite particle of claim 25 further formed from reactants that have a spacing between 100 nm and 10 μm, so as to tune a threshold for igniting the exothermic formation reaction.
Type: Application
Filed: Nov 9, 2016
Publication Date: Dec 27, 2018
Applicant: THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (Baltimore, MD)
Inventors: Timothy P. Weihs (Baltimore, MD), Kyle Overdeep (Baltimore, MD), Shashank Vummidi Lakshman (Baltimore, MD), Elliot Wainwright (Baltimore, MD)
Application Number: 15/774,751