Helically formed stent/graft assembly
The present invention relates to a support structure/membrane composite device which includes a support structure, such as a radially expandable stent, a porous non-textile polymeric membrane adjacent to said stent and a thermoplastic anchor means attaching said stent to said porous non-textile polymeric membrane. The porous non-textile polymeric membrane is preferably made from expandable fluoropolymer materials. The anchoring means is a thermoplastic material which is dissolvable at the interface between the support structure and membrane by a suitable solvent which wets the membrane surface and deposits the thermoplastic material within the pores of the membrane. Methods of preparing the device are also disclosed.
Latest SciMed Life Systems, Inc. Patents:
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/345,026, filed Jul. 2, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,364,904, the contents of which is incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to a tubular stent/graft apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composite intraluminal device including a helically formed tubular stent/graft assembly formed from a planar pre-assembly having a wire stent material laminated between ePTFE strips.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONAn intraluminal prosthesis is a medical device commonly known to be used in the treatment of diseased blood vessels. An intraluminal prosthesis is typically used to repair, replace, or otherwise correct a damaged blood vessel. An artery or vein may be diseased in a variety of different ways. The prosthesis may therefore be used to prevent or treat a wide variety of defects such as stenosis of the vessel, thrombosis, occlusion, or an aneurysm.
One type of endoluminal prosthesis used in the repair of diseases in various body vessels is a stent. A stent is a generally longitudinal tubular device formed of biocompatible material which is useful to open and support various lumens in the body. For example, stents may used in the vascular system, urogenital tract and bile duct, as well as in a variety of other applications in the body. Endovascular stents have become widely used for the treatment of stenosis, strictures, and aneurysms in various blood vessels. These devices are implanted within the vessel to open and/or reinforce collapsing or partially occluded sections of the vessel.
Stents are generally open ended and are radially expandable between a generally unexpended insertion diameter and an expanded implantation diameter which is greater than the unexpended insertion diameter. Stents are often flexible in configuration, which allows them to be inserted through and conform to tortuous pathways in the blood vessel. The stent is generally inserted in a radially compressed state and expanded either through a self-expanding mechanism, or through the use of balloon catheters.
A graft is another type of commonly known type of intraluminal prosthesis which is used to repair and replace various body vessels. A graft provides an artificial lumen through which blood may flow. Grafts are tubular devices which may be formed of a variety of material, including textiles, and non-textile materials. One type of non-textile material particularly useful as an implantable intraluminal prosthesis is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE exhibits superior biocompatibility and low thrombogenicity, which makes it particularly useful as vascular graft material in the repair or replacement of blood vessels. In vascular applications, the grafts are manufactured from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tubes. Such tubular grafts may be formed from extruded tubes, sheets or films. These tubes have a microporous structure which allows natural tissue ingrowth and cell endothelization once implanted in the vascular system. This contributes to long term healing and patency of the graft.
Grafts farmed of ePTFE have a fibrous state which is defined by interspaced nodes interconnected by elongated fibrils. The spaces between the node surfaces that are spanned by the fibrils is defined as the internodal distance (ND). Porosity of a graft is measured generally by ND. In order of proper tissue ingrowth and cell endothelization, grafts must have sufficient porosity obtained through expansion. When the term expanded is used to describe PTFE, it is intended to describe PTFE which has been stretched, in accordance with techniques which increase IND and concomitantly porosity. The stretching may be in uni-axially, bi-axially, or multi-axially. The nodes are spaced apart by the stretched fibrils in the direction of the expansion. Properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and radial (hoop) strength are all dependent on the expansion process. Expanding the film by stretching it in two directions that are substantially perpendicular to each other, for example longitudinally and transversely, creates a biaxially oriented material. Films having multi-axially-oriented fibrils may also be made by expanding the film in more than two directions. Porous ePTFE grafts have their greatest strength in directions parallel to the orientation of their fibrils. With the increased strength, however, often comes reduced flexibility.
While ePTFE has been described above as having desirable biocompatibility qualities, tubes comprised of ePTFE, as well as films made into tubes, tend to exhibit axial stiffness, and minimal radial compliance. Longitudinal compliance is of particular importance to intraluminal prosthesis as the device must be delivered through tortuous pathways of a blood vessel to the implantation site where it is expanded. A reduction in axial and radial flexibility makes intraluminal delivery more difficult.
Composite intraluminal prostheses are known in the art. In particular, it is known to combine a stent and a graft to form a composite medical device. Such composite medical devices provide additional support for blood flow through weakened sections of a blood vessel. In endovascular applications the use of a composite graft or a stent/graft combination is becoming increasingly important because the combination not only effectively allows the passage of blood therethrough, but also ensures patency of the implant.
However, in each of the above described sheet or film cases, the stent and the graft are separately formed and then attached. This manner of construction results in potential separation of the graft from the stent because it is difficult to affix tubular structures to one and another.
The present invention seeks to provide a more efficient and predictable means of forming a stent/graft assembly by forming the tubular covering and tubular stent simultaneously.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIt is an object of the present invention to provide an improved composite stent/graft apparatus.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide tubular stent/graft devices that can be manufactured by continuous techniques.
It is a further object of the present invention to produce the assembly strips in a continuous manufacturing technique to reduce the cost of manufacturing the tubular stent/grafts.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a tubular stent/graft that has consistent wall properties without undesired seams, bumps or weak points.
In the efficient attainment of these and other objects, the present invention provides a tubular stent/graft apparatus comprising a planar graft material having a planar stent wire attached to one of its sides to form a strip assembly. The strip assembly is helically wound to form a tubular stent/graft structure.
The stent may be radially expandable, and the stent may be chosen from a wide variety of stent materials and configurations. For example, the stent may be self-expandable, balloon expandable or made from a memory alloy, the configuration of which can be controlled by temperature.
The present invention further relates to a method of making a tubular stent/graft assembly comprising the steps of (i) forming a substantially planar strip and wire assembly comprising planar graft material formable into a graft and planar stent wire formable into a radially adjustable stent, wherein the wire is attached lengthwise along the length of said planar strip; and (ii) helically winding the substantially planar strip and wire assembly to form said tubular stent graft assembly.
The present invention provides a more efficient and predictable means, as compared to the prior art, of forming a stent/graft composite device where the grafts and the stent are simultaneously formed. A planar assembly strip, having planar graft material securely fixed to a planar wire used to form a tubular structure. Because the assembly strip contains a securely fixed graft and wire, the present invention avoids some of the sealing and integrity problems inherent in the prior art as the tubular intraluminal device is created. For example, attaching planar graft material to a planar wire is more predictable, as compared to techniques in the prior art, than attaching graft material to tubular stents or even attaching tubular coverings to tubular stents. Because such a planar assembly requires positioning of surfaces and edges in only two dimensions, such a two dimensional positioning is more easily accomplished, and thus more predictable, than a three dimensional positioning. Such three dimensional positioning of both a stent/graft material is required for the techniques disclosed in the prior art where tubular stents and tubular grafts are attached to one and the other.
In some embodiments of the present invention, additional sealing of graft materials is not required after creating a tubular structure. In other embodiments, additional sealing of the graft material is required to form fluid tight conduits for use as intraluminal devices. Such additional sealing, however, is more predictable over the prior art because the assembly strip is formed into tubular shapes with well-defined seams of graft material that can be tightly sealed.
Assembly strips of the present invention can be produced by continuous manufacturing techniques. Long strips of the assembly strips can be cut to form the desired size of the stent/graft assembly.
As used herein, the term “wire” shall refer to stent material of a slender shape with various defined cross-sections having a cross-sectional dimension substantially less than the length of the slender shape. Such cross-sections are not limited to spherical shapes, but other shapes, such as, but not limited to, rectangular, square and oval, may suitably be used. For example, the stent material can be in the shape of a rectangular strip. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “strip” shall refer to a long narrow piece of graft material of approximately uniform breadth. For example, graft strip 102 is described as a strip because a length between a first end 106 and a second end 108 is substantially greater in dimension than the length, or breadth, between a first edge 110 and a second edge 112 of planar side 114. Also, as used herein, the term “planar” shall refer to a surface, edge or structure that can be substantially defined in two dimensions. For example, planar side 114 is described as planar because its surface is essentially flat, where it can be defined by vectors in two dimensions, not defined by a vector to any large extent a third dimension.
Planar wire 104 is disposed in substantially abutting relationship to the surface of planar side 114. Planar wire 104 may be fixed to the graft strip 102 by a variety of well-known techniques. For example, planar wire 104 may be fixed to the graft strip 102 by compressing the planar wire 104 thereon, by bonding the stent wire 104 thereon with adhesives or polymer solvents, followed by an application of heat, in well-known fashion. Heat may be applied to strip assembly 100 through external heating means (not shown), such as an oven. For example, a coating of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) may be applied to the surface of planar side 114, and planar wire 104 may be adhesively bonded thereon with the application of heat.
Planar wire 104 is disposed onto planar side 114 in an undulated pattern. Preferably, the undulated pattern of planar wire 104 is a smooth and regular sinuous pattern, to provide, among other things, flexibility in the structure of the intraluminal device. A feature of such flexibility, imparted by an undulated planar stent wire, is that the tubular structure formed therefrom is radially adjustable. Such radial adjustability can be accomplished through use of either a self-expanding mechanism or through the use of balloon catheters, in well-known fashion. Furthermore, planar wire 104 is disposed so that it does not extend beyond edges 110 and 112 of planar side 114. Planar wire 104 is so disposed thereon to allow portions of the graft strip 102 to contact one and another as assembly strip 100 is helically wound on a mandrel to form a tubular structure.
Planar side 116 forms an exterior surface 120 of the tubular stent/graft structure 118. Planar side 114 and planar wire 104 form an interior or luminal surface 122 of the tubular stent/graft structure 118. Strip assembly 100 is helically wound on a mandrel so that successive helical windings create overlaps of graft strip 102. A portion of planar side 114 abuts a portion of planar side 116 on each successive helical winding, thereby creating an overlap. Such overlaps form a seam which can be sealed by aforementioned techniques. Upon sealing said seam, the tubular stent/graft structure 118 becomes a substantially fluid tight conduit.
Side portion 136 of planar graft strip 128 abuts side portion 138 of planar graft strip 130 along a lengthwise portion of assembly strip 124 to permit formation of a first seam on one side of assembly strip 124. Similarly, side portion 132 of planar graft strip 128 abuts side portion 134 of planar graft strip 130 to permit formation of a second seam on the other side of assembly strip 124. Such seams may be sealed by the aforementioned techniques.
Planar graft strips 128 and 130 and planar wire 126 are substantially, as depicted in
As depicted in
Planar graft strip 128 forms an exterior surface 142 of the tubular stent/graft structure 140. Planar graft strip 130 forms an interior or luminal surface 144 of the tubular stent/graft structure 140. Strip assembly 124 is helically wound on a mandrel so that successive helical windings create overlaps with adjacent portions of strip assembly 124.
A portion of planar graft strip 128 abuts a portion of planar graft strip 130 on each successive helical winding to create the overlaps. Such overlaps form a seam which can be sealed by aforementioned techniques. Upon sealing said seam, the tubular stent/graft structure 140 becomes a substantially fluid tight conduit.
As depicted in
As depicted in
Other embodiments of longitudinally adjustable intraluminal devices are shown in
As depicted in
Planar wire 174 extends or protrudes beyond edges 178 and 180 of the planar strip 172. Upon helically winding assembly strip 170, a tubular stent/graft structure 182 without overlapping adjacent graft strip portions, as depicted in
As depicted in
As depicted in
As depicted in
Fluid tight conduits for use as intraluminal devices may be formed where the interior or luminal surface is substantially continuous, such as structure 210 as depicted in
An intraluminal device with a substantially smooth and continuous exterior surface may be formed from assembly strip 222. As depicted in
The non-woven polymeric graft material may be formed by any conventional method provided the method allows for a porous surface structure to remain or be created. For example, extrusion processes such as ram extrusion; polymeric casting techniques such as solvent casting and film casting; molding techniques such as blow molding, injection molding and rotational molding; and other thermoforming techniques useful with polymeric materials may be employed and chosen to best serve the type of material used and specific characteristics of the membrane desired. Graft strips may also be formed by laminating multiple layers of graft material.
The preferred membrane material of the present invention is ePTFE, although other thermoformable polymeric materials such as porous polyurethane and the like may be employed. The orientation of the fibers forming such polymeric materials can be varied to have the orientation of the fibers in an axial direction of the tubular structure, a longitudinal orientation or some combination thereof.
The porous membranes of the present invention need not be structurally sufficient per se to withstand the pressures of blood flow and may be used merely as thin covers or liners for the stents and other devices in applications where dislodging of plaque debris and/or regrowth of the occlusion through the stent wall is of concern. Thus, in one embodiment, the membrane may have the structural integrity of a typical endoprosthesis or vascular graft, and in another embodiment the membrane may be of a thinner wall thickness than a typical vascular graft, but sufficient in thickness to serve as a prophylactic liner or cover against the aforementioned debris.
The stent may be made from a variety of materials including stainless steel, titanium, platinum, gold and other bio-compatible metals. Thermoplastic materials which are inert in the body may also be employed. Shaped memory alloys having superelastic properties generally made from specific ratios of nickel and titanium, commonly known as nitinol, are among the preferred stent materials.
Various stent types and stent constructions may be employed in the invention. Among the various stents useful include, without limitation, self-expanding stents and balloon expandable extents. The stents may be capable of radially contracting, as well and in this sense can best be described as radially distensible or deformable. Self-expanding stents include those that have a spring-like action which causes the stent to radially expand, or stents which expand due to the memory properties of the stent material for a particular configuration at a certain temperature. Nitinol is one material which has the ability to perform well while both in spring-like mode, as well as in a memory mode based on temperature. Other materials are of course contemplated, such as stainless steel, platinum, gold, titanium and other biocompatible metals, as well as polymeric stents.
The configuration of the stent may also be chosen from a host of geometries. For example, wire stents can be fastened into a continuous helical pattern, with or without a wave-like or zig-zag in the wire, to form a radially deformable stent. Individual rings or circular members can be linked together such as by struts, sutures, welding or interlacing or locking of the rings to form a tubular stent. Tubular stents useful in the present invention also include those formed by etching or cutting a pattern from a tube. Such stents are often referred to as slotted stents. Furthermore, stents may be formed by etching a pattern into a material or mold and depositing stent material in the pattern, such as by chemical vapor deposition or the like.
The assembly strips of the present invention are not limited to the use of one stent wire positioned onto an assembly strip. A plurality of stent wires may be fixed onto assembly strips to achieve desired stent patterns.
Various changes in modifications may be made to the invention, and it is intended to include all such changes and modifications as come within the scope of the invention and as set forth in the following claims.
Claims
1. A method of making a tubular stent/graft assembly comprising the steps of (i) forming a substantially planar strip and wire assembly comprising first and second essentially flat, planar graft strips formable into a graft and essentially flat, planar stent wire formable into a radially adjustable stent, wherein said wire is positioned between said first and second graft strips and also positioned lengthwise along the length of said planar strip and further wherein said graft are formed by extruding, casting or molding polymeric material; and (ii) helically winding said substantially planar strip and wire assembly to form said tubular stent/graft assembly.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said planar graft strips are laminated together.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said planar strip and wire assembly comprises multiple layers of graft strip on each side of said stent wire.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the planar graft strips are extruded strips of polymeric graft material.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of helically winding said substantially planar strip and wire assembly further includes winding the assembly so that at least two consecutive windings overlap.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of helically winding said substantially planar strip and wire assembly further includes winding the assembly so that consecutive windings do not overlap.
7. A method of making a stent/graft assembly comprising:
- forming a substantially planar graft and stent material assembly comprising first and second essentially flat, planar graft strips and essentially flat, planar stent material, wherein said graft strips are formed by extruding, casting or molding polymeric material,
- positioning said planar stent material between said first and second planar graft strips; and
- winding said substantially planar graft and stent assembly to form said stent/graft assembly.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of forming said substantially planar graft and stent assembly further includes undulating said stent material along its length.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein said stent material is an elongate stent wire.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein said graft strips are extruded planar strips of polymeric graft material.
11. The method of claim 7, further including the step of laminating said two graft strips together.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of winding said substantially planar graft and stent assembly includes winding said assembly so that at least two consecutive windings overlap.
13. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of winding said substantially planar graft and stent assembly includes winding said assembly so that consecutive windings do not overlap.
14. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of winding said substantially planar graft and stent assembly further includes helically winding said assembly to form a tubular structure.
15. A method of making a tubular stent/graft assembly comprising the steps of (i) forming a substantially planar strip and stent assembly comprising first and second essentially flat, planar graft strips formable into a graft and an essentially flat, planar stent formable into a radially adjustable stent, wherein said planar stent is positioned between said first and second planar graft strips and positioned along the length of said planar strips and further wherein said graft strips are formed by extruding, casting or molding polymeric material; and (ii) helically winding said substantially planar strip and stent assembly to form said tubular stent/graft assembly.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein said layers of planar graft strip are laminated together.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the planar graft strips are extruded strips of polymeric graft material.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of helically winding said substantially planar strip and stent assembly further includes winding the assembly so that at least two consecutive windings overlap.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of helically winding said substantially planar strip and stent assembly further includes winding the assembly so that consecutive windings do not overlap.
20. The method of claim 15 wherein said planar stent comprises a plurality of stent wires.
21. The method of claim 15 wherein said planar stent comprises a plurality of linked stent wires.
22. The method of claim 15 wherein said planar stent is comprised of nitinol.
23. The method of claim 15 wherein said planar stent is attached lengthwise along the length of said planar graft strips.
4313231 | February 2, 1982 | Koyamada |
4580568 | April 8, 1986 | Gianturco |
4925710 | May 15, 1990 | Buck et al. |
5092877 | March 3, 1992 | Pinchuk |
5108417 | April 28, 1992 | Sawyer |
5123917 | June 23, 1992 | Lee |
5163958 | November 17, 1992 | Pinchuk |
5226913 | July 13, 1993 | Pinchuk |
5282824 | February 1, 1994 | Gianturco |
5389106 | February 14, 1995 | Tower |
5443496 | August 22, 1995 | Schwartz et al. |
5466509 | November 14, 1995 | Kowligi et al. |
5500013 | March 19, 1996 | Buscemi et al. |
5507771 | April 16, 1996 | Gianturco |
5527353 | June 18, 1996 | Schmitt |
5562697 | October 8, 1996 | Christiansen |
5562728 | October 8, 1996 | Lazarus et al. |
5591195 | January 7, 1997 | Taheri et al. |
5607478 | March 4, 1997 | Lentz et al. |
5620763 | April 15, 1997 | House et al. |
5641373 | June 24, 1997 | Shannon et al. |
5653697 | August 5, 1997 | Quiachon et al. |
5674241 | October 7, 1997 | Bley et al. |
5700285 | December 23, 1997 | Myers et al. |
5713917 | February 3, 1998 | Leonhardt et al. |
5718973 | February 17, 1998 | Lewis et al. |
5723004 | March 3, 1998 | Dereume et al. |
5735892 | April 7, 1998 | Myers et al. |
5749880 | May 12, 1998 | Banas et al. |
5755774 | May 26, 1998 | Pinchuk |
5766237 | June 16, 1998 | Cragg |
5782904 | July 21, 1998 | White et al. |
5800520 | September 1, 1998 | Fogarty et al. |
5810870 | September 22, 1998 | Myers et al. |
5824037 | October 20, 1998 | Fogarty et al. |
5824040 | October 20, 1998 | Cox et al. |
5843173 | December 1, 1998 | Shannon et al. |
5897587 | April 27, 1999 | Martakos et al. |
5925075 | July 20, 1999 | Myers et al. |
5928279 | July 27, 1999 | Shannon et al. |
6063111 | May 16, 2000 | Hieshima et al. |
6143022 | November 7, 2000 | Shull et al. |
6264684 | July 24, 2001 | Banas et al. |
6361637 | March 26, 2002 | Martin et al. |
6488701 | December 3, 2002 | Nolting et al. |
6517571 | February 11, 2003 | Brauker et al. |
19531659 | March 1997 | DE |
WO 95/05132 | February 1995 | WO |
WO 95/05555 | February 1995 | WO |
WO 96/28115 | September 1996 | WO |
WO 98/00090 | January 1998 | WO |
WO 98/27893 | July 1998 | WO |
WO 98/27894 | July 1998 | WO |
WO 99/32051 | July 1999 | WO |
Type: Grant
Filed: Jan 25, 2002
Date of Patent: Aug 16, 2005
Patent Publication Number: 20020065550
Assignee: SciMed Life Systems, Inc. (Maple Grove, MN)
Inventor: Scott Smith (Chaska, MN)
Primary Examiner: Jeff H. Aftergut
Attorney: Hoffmann & Baron, LLP
Application Number: 10/057,667