Self-healing cable for extreme environments
Self-healing cable apparatus and methods disclosed. The self-healing cable has a central core surrounded by an adaptive cover that can extend over the entire length of the self-healing cable or just one or more portions of the self-healing cable. The adaptive cover includes an axially and/or radially compressible-expandable (C/E) foam layer that maintains its properties over a wide range of environmental conditions. A tape layer surrounds the C/E layer and is applied so that it surrounds and axially and/or radially compresses the C/E layer. When the self-healing cable is subjected to a damaging force that causes a breach in the outer jacket and the tape layer, the corresponding localized axially and/or radially compressed portion of the C/E foam layer expands into the breach to form a corresponding localized self-healed region. The self-healing cable is manufacturable with present-day commercial self-healing cable manufacturing tools.
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This invention was made in part with U.S. Government support under Cooperative Agreement No. NCC5-581 by Vermont's NASA EPSCoR Program and under NSF EPS Grant No. 0236976 by Vermont's NSF EPSCoR Program. The U.S. Government therefore has certain rights in this invention.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/362,611, entitled “Self-healing cable apparatus and methods,” filed on Feb. 27, 2006, which patent has a common inventor and assignee as the present application, and which patent application is incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to self-healing cables for a variety of applications (e.g., electrical, optical, fluid, gas, etc.), and particularly to self-healing cables for extreme environments.
2. Technical Background
Self-healing cable failures are a major concern in high-performance engineered systems such as cars, airplanes, boats, submarines, spacecraft, nuclear power plants, buildings, etc. For example, cabling problems on commercial and military aircraft have been implicated as the cause of accidents. Self-healing cable failures can occur for a number of reasons, such as the result of physical chafing, vibration, and wires in bundles rubbing against each other. These actions are examples of damaging forces that can cause a self-healing cable to become cracked and broken, and in the case of electrical wiring may cause shorts, sparks, incorrect signals, fire, and arcing, among many other possible electrical failures.
Even though self-healing cable failure poses a significant safety hazard in many different applications, self-healing cable inspection and repair remains difficult and expensive. Hidden self-healing cable damage is difficult to locate, and the self-healing cable inspection process itself can itself cause self-healing cable damage. Self-healing cable replacement is often quicker than diagnosis and repair.
Of particular concern is self-healing cable failure in extreme environments, i.e., environments that experience extremes in one or more environmental characteristics, such temperature, pressure, and acceleration (particularly vibration). Such extreme environments occur, for example, in aviation and aeronautical applications. Not only does an extreme environment exacerbate self-healing cable failure issues, it also prevents most types of self-healing cables developed for use the utility and construction industries from operating properly. For example, U.S. Patent Publication No. US2005/0136257 to Easter discloses a self-healing cable that has a water-swellable composition surrounding a conductor. When the self-healing cable is damaged, the water-swellable material reacts with water and seals the breach in the self-healing cable. However, this approach will not work in an extreme environment wherein the temperature can swing below the freezing point of water. Nor will it work in an environment where liquid water is absent.
Another issue related to cabling used in extreme environments is that such cabling needs to satisfy higher design standards and specifications. For example, aviation and aerospace cabling needs to satisfy U.S. Military Specification No. 22759, which has a variety of requirements, such for temperature (down to −55° C.), extreme bending, dielectric strength, etc. Thus, any self-healing cable used in an extreme environment needs to perform at or near such stringent requirements. The prior art self-healing cables are typically suitable for select environments that do not experience a wide variation in environmental conditions experienced in extreme environments and so are unsuitable for extreme environment applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn aspect of the present invention is a self-healing cable apparatus that includes at least one conductor and an axially and/or radially compressible/expandable (C/E) foam layer that surrounds the at least one conductor. The C/E foam layer is adapted to maintain its compressibility and expandability over a temperature range between −65° C. and 260° C., and a pressure range of between 0 and 1 atmosphere. The apparatus also includes a tape layer applied to the compressible foam layer so that it surrounds and axially and/or radially compresses the C/E foam layer. The apparatus further includes a protective outer jacket surrounding the tape layer. When a damaging force forms a localized breach in the protective outer jacket and the tape layer, a corresponding portion of the C/E foam layer axially and/or radially expands into the localized breach to form a localized self-healed region corresponding in size and location to the localized breach.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of forming a self-healing cable. The method includes providing at least one conductor and surrounding the conductor with a radially compressible/expandable (C/E) foam layer. The method also includes providing an axial compressive force and/or a radially compressive force that axially and/or radially compresses the C/E layer to create an opposing axially and/or radially expansive force(s) in the C/E layer. The method also includes providing an outer jacket over the axially and/or radially compressed C/E layer, so that when the outer jacket is locally breached in a manner that locally removes the axially and/or radially compressive forces, the axially and/or radially expansive force(s) causes the C/E layer to expand into the breach to form a self-healed region that corresponds in size and location to the breach.
Another aspect of the invention involves incorporating the self-healing cable apparatus into a structure or device such as an aircraft or spacecraft that is capable of subjecting the self-healing cable to a damaging force.
The various elements depicted in the drawing are merely representational and are not necessarily drawn to scale. Certain sections thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. The drawing is intended to illustrate an example embodiment of the invention that can be understood and appropriately carried out by those of ordinary skill in the art.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTIONThe present invention addresses the problem of repairing damage (e.g., wear, abrasion, chafing, puncture, slicing, heating, etc.) to various types of self-healing cables used in extreme environments by providing the self-healing cable with an adaptive covering that allows the self-healing cable to self-heal when damaged. The self-healing cable of the present invention serves to reduce the susceptibility to damage after installation, for instance, by employing an adaptive cover that protects the self-healing cable's core. Unlike prior art self-healing cables, the self-healing cable of the present invention is adapted to operate in extreme environments and use conventional self-healing cable manufacturing techniques.
The term “extreme environment” as used herein means an environment that experiences a wide range of values for one or more environmental characteristic (e.g., temperature, pressure, humidity, acceleration (vibration), etc.).
The self-healing cable of the present invention is configured to satisfy some or all of the requirements (preferably, as many as possible) of U.S. Military Specification No. 22759, which for convenience are listed in the following table:
In the present invention, the term “conductor” is used broadly and includes electrical conductors (e.g., self-healing cables, metal wiring, etc.), optical conductors (e.g., optical fibers, optical fiber self-healing cables, optical waveguides, etc.), fluid (i.e., gas, liquid, vacuum) conductors (e.g., transfer tubing), and the like.
In addition, the term “adaptive cover” is used to define some or all of those parts of the self-healing cable other than the conductor that contribute to the self-healing properties of the self-healing cable, and that includes at least one reactive layer. Here, the “reactive layer” is one or more layers that respond to a damaging force by changing form in a manner protects the conductor and thereby provides “self-healing.” Further, the “reactive layer” is one that is adapted to provide self-healing in extreme environments, rather than simply in select environments.
Further, the term “self-healing cable” is used in the broad sense to describe a conductor in combination with the adaptive cover of the present invention, as described below.
Also, the term “damage” is used herein in the general sense and can be any type of harm to the self-healing cable caused by a force, referred to herein as a “damaging force,” of sufficient nature and strength to put the self-healing cable's normal operation at risk. Examples of a damaging force include such physical actions as wearing, abrasion, chafing, puncturing, slicing, tearing, melting, cracking, bending, electrical arcing, radiation, hydrolysis, etc., acting either alone or in combination.
Self-Healing Cable Apparatus
The present invention is not limited to centralized conductor configurations. For example,
In an example embodiment, adaptive cover 20 is adapted to locally react to damage to the self-healing cable in a manner that locally protects the conductor in and around the area of damage so that the self-healing cable can operate safely, preferably at or near its normal operating conditions even in an extreme environment. In an example embodiment, adaptive covering 20 locally changes its properties to inhibit further damage to the self-healing cable, particularly conductor 16. The self-healing is kept local (i.e., substantially limited to the region of damage) by the structure of the self-healing cable, as explained below.
Certain cabling applications have requirements for ease of installation and routing of self-healing cables through complex geometries. Such requirements often dictate that the self-healing cable be flexible during the installation process. This prohibits the use of very hard, durable coverings. However, after installation, the conductors can be subject to a damaging force by virtue of ordinary use or through extraordinary circumstances (e.g., an accident).
In one example embodiment of self-healing cable 10, adaptive covering 20 extends substantially over an entire length of the self-healing cable, so that the self-healing property of the self-healing cable is present over most if not all of the self-healing cable's length. In another example embodiment, adaptive covering extends over one or more portions of the self-healing cable's length. This latter example embodiment is suitable, for example, in situations where the self-healing cable 10 will experience damaging forces at known locations when the self-healing cable is installed in a structure, e.g., such as threading the self-healing cable through regularly spaced plates or bulkheads.
Commercial Manufacturability of the Self-Healing Cable
As mentioned above, an advantage of self-healing cable 10 of the present invention is that it can be manufactured using commercially available self-healing cable manufacturing tools.
Preferred Embodiment of the Self-Healing Cable
In an example embodiment, C/E foam layer 14A is or includes a fluoropolymers, such as viscoelastic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) foam (PTFE is better known under its trademarked name TEFLON, a trademark of Dupont Corporation). Such foam is available from American Micro Industries, Inc., and comes in sheets from 0.125 inches thick to 2.0 inches thick, and have a thermal range of −240° C. to 205° C. (−400° F. to +400° F.). Other example fluoropolymers for C/E foam layer 14A are PFA and FEF. Other suitable materials for C/E foam layer 14A include viscoelastic polyurethanes and aromatic high-temperature polymers, such as PI, PPO, PPS (Polyphenylene sulphide), poly-etheretherketone (PEEK). One particular viscoelastic polyurethane suitable for use as a material for C/E foam layer 14 is the polyurethane-based memory foam TEMPUR, a trademark of Tempur-Pedic, Inc., of Lexington, Ky. Of the above-identified materials, PEEK, PPS and PTFE are the preferred materials based on U.S. Military Specification No. 22759 as set forth above.
Once C/E foam layer 14A is applied to conductor 16, it may need time to cure, which determines the rate at which self-healing cable 10 moves through tool 100. After self-healing cable 10 passes through braiding apparatus 110, the self-healing cable passes through compression cone 112, which further radially compresses C/E layer 14A, but preferably not to the point where it is fully compressed.
Structure with Incorporated Self-Healing Cable
Structure 250 has an associated ambient environment 260 in which self-healing cable 10 resides. Ambient environment 260 is capable of extremes of at least one of environmental characteristic, such temperature, pressure, humidity, acceleration (including vibration, which is considered a form of micro-acceleration), etc. In an example embodiment, environment 260 is that associated with aerospace and aeronautical applications, including spacecraft (including satellites and space-borne scientific instrumentation), aircraft, rockets, missiles and the like.
Damage to self-healing cable 10 at the location of plate aperture 256 due to a damaging force in the form of plate vibration, for example, will ultimately cause a reaction in adaptive cover 20. The reaction results in the formation of a localized self-healed region (discussed below) in the self-healing cable that reduces the effect of the damage on the self-healing cable (and particularly the conductor) at the location where the damaging force occurs.
Because the self-healed region is local to the area of damage, the rest of the self-healing cable remains unaffected. For example, for a flexible self-healing cable 10, the unaffected parts of the self-healing cable remain flexible to facilitate such things as movement of the self-healing cable due to movement of control surfaces, or removal of the self-healing cable. Self-healing cables that do not remain flexible in non-damaged locations limit self-healing cable movement and tend to be difficult to remove and replace.
In an example embodiment, adaptive cover 20 is designed to provide a self-healed region of a desired relative size so that it protects an appropriate portion of self-healing cable 10 relative to the damaged area and/or where the damaging force is present. The self-healing nature of self-healing cable 10 eliminates the need for bulkhead grommets and other self-healing cable-protecting devices, and also contributes greatly to the safety of a wide variety of systems having self-healing cables that, when damaged, present a safety hazard.
In the case where conductor 16 is electrically conductive, the material(s) selected for the reactive layer of adaptive cover 20 are preferably selected to provide suitable electrical insulation for the conductor to prevent shorting, arcing, etc., when the self-healing cable is damaged and then self-healed. In an embodiment wherein the reactive layer includes multiple sub-layers, one, some or all of the layers may be electrically insulating.
In the case where conductor 16 is hydraulically or pneumatically conductive, the material(s) selected for reactive layer 14 of adaptive cover 20 preferably include those that can provide suitable sealing of the conductor to prevent leakage when the self-healing cable is damaged and then self-healed. Thus, in an embodiment wherein the reactive layer 14 includes multiple sub-layers, one, some or all of the layers may be sealant layers.
Accordingly, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1. A self-healing cable apparatus, comprising:
- at least one conductor;
- an axially and radially compressible/expandable (C/E) foam layer surrounding the at least one conductor, said C/E foam layer adapted to maintain its compressibility and expandability over a temperature range between −65 and 260 degrees C., and a pressure range of between 0 and 1 atmosphere;
- a tape layer applied to the compressible foam layer so that it surrounds and axially and radially compresses the C/E foam layer so that the C/E foam layer includes substantial axial and radial expansive force components that are counterbalanced by substantial axial and radial compressive force components provided by the tape layer;
- a protective outer jacket surrounding the tape layer; and
- wherein, when a damaging force forms a localized breach in the protective outer jacket and the tape layer, a corresponding portion of the C/E foam layer axially and radially expands into said localized breach and beyond the protective outer jacket due to uncounterbalanced axial and radial expansive force components in the C/E foam layer, thereby forming a localized self-healed region in said localized breach.
2. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 1, wherein the C/E foam layer is or includes a material selected from the group of materials comprising: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), poly-etheretherketone (PEEK), and viscoelastic polyurethane.
3. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 2, wherein the tape layer is or includes PTFE.
4. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 3, wherein the outer jacket is or includes PTFE.
5. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductor consists of a single central conductor.
6. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductor is selected from the group of conductors comprising: an electrical conductor, an optical conductor, and a fluid conductor.
7. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
- a) the conductor has a length;
- b) wherein the C/E foam layer, the tape layer and the protective outer jacket constitute an adaptive covering; and
- c) wherein the adaptive covering extends substantially over the entire length of the self-healing cable.
8. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tape layer is wrapped around the C/E foam layer in a manner that axially compresses the C/E foam layer in first and second axial directions.
9. The self-healing cable apparatus of claim 1 wherein the tape layer is spiral-wrapped around the CIE foam layer.
10. A self-healing cabling method, comprising:
- providing the self-healing cable of claim 1; and
- incorporating the self-healing cable into a structure capable of damaging the self-healing cable with a damaging force.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tape layer is wound around the C/E foam layer so as to be axially tightened around the C/E foam layer.
12. A method of forming a self-healing cable having an outer jacket, comprising:
- providing at least one conductor;
- surrounding the at least one conductor with an axially and radially compressible/expandable (C/E) foam layer capable of expanding beyond the outer jacket;
- providing substantial axial and radial compressive forces to axially and radially compress the C/E foam layer to create opposing substantial axial and radial expansive forces in the C/E foam layer; and
- providing an outer jacket over the axially and/or radially compressed C/E foam layer, so that when the outer jacket is locally breached in a manner that locally removes the axial and radial compressive forces, the axial and radial expansive forces cause the C/E foam layer to locally expand into the breach to form a self-healed region in said breach and that extends beyond the outer jacket.
13. The method of claim 12, including braiding the C/E foam layer onto the conductor.
14. The method of claim 13, including tape-wrapping the C/E foam layer to provide the axial and radial compressive forces.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the C/E foam layer is selected from the group of materials comprising: fluoropolymers, aromatic high-temperature polymers, polyurethanes and viscoelastic polyurethanes.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the C/E foam layer comprises at least one of PTFE, PFA and FEP.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the C/E foam layer comprises at least one of PI, PPO, PPS, and PEEK.
18. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one conductor is selected from the group of conductors comprising: an electrical conductor, an optical conductor, and a fluid conductor.
19. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
- winding the tape layer around the C/E foam layer and axially tightening the tape layer.
20. The method of claim 19, including performing said winding so as to provide the axial compressive force in both axial directions.
Type: Grant
Filed: May 15, 2007
Date of Patent: Aug 4, 2009
Patent Publication Number: 20080283272
Assignee: University of Vermont and State Agricultural College (Burlington, VT)
Inventors: Dryver R. Huston (S. Burlington, VT), Bernard R. Tolmie (Grand Isle, VT)
Primary Examiner: Chau N Nguyen
Attorney: Opticus IP Law PLLC
Application Number: 11/803,430
International Classification: H01B 7/00 (20060101);