Female pistachio tree named ‘Gumdrop’
A new female pistachio tree (Pistacia vera L.) designated as ‘Gumdrop’, particularly characterized by early flowering time and early harvest date, is provided. The female pistachio tree ‘Gumdrop’ is further characterized by a high yield of nuts which meet commercial standards, maintaining a low percentage of loose shells and kernels.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/147,539, filed Apr. 14, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Latin name: Botanical/commercial classification: Pistacia vera L.
Varietal denomination: The varietal denomination of the claimed pistachio variety is ‘Gumdrop’.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONAn objective of pistachio breeding programs is to develop new varieties that can be harvested at unique times relative to other pistachio varieties. The female pistachio variety ‘Kerman’ (not patented) is the main later-season pistachio cultivar grown in California and in other parts of the world, but other female pistachio varieties are also grown, such as ‘Golden Hills’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 17,158). A major problem for pistachio growers that has developed with the rapid increase in pistachio plantings in California, for example, is the availability of harvest equipment/contractors and processing capacity, since most of the existing crop (‘Kerman’) matures at about the same time. The pistachio industry has ˜40% of its orchards in non-bearing status, yet plantings have not slowed. Difficulty finding both harvesting equipment and people to run them at harvest time is a problem for pistachio growers. The industry-wide harvest window is short because of the large amount of future-bearing ‘Kerman’ plantings, all of which mature at about the same time. Nut processing facilities will likely need to greatly increase their capacity to handle this large increase in nuts, yet will use this increased capacity for a very short time period.
Further, ‘Kerman’ appears to be vulnerable to lack of winter chill, as shown directly through erratic bloom and indirectly from lack of overlap with this variety's pollenizer, ‘Peters’ (not patented). Low chill years have presented great difficulties for pistachio growers in the lower San Joaquin valley of California during periods when chilling was well below the minimum needed for synchronous flower development in ‘Kerman’. High levels of “blanking” and non-splits were observed.
‘Golden Hills’ has become a popular alternative to ‘Kerman’ because it can be harvested before ‘Kerman’. However, it would be advantageous to have additional varieties that can be harvested even earlier than ‘Golden Hills’ to increase the availability of pistachio harvesting equipment and processing capacity, as well as to have different pistachio varieties available that can be harvested in a maturity series. Developing a harvest date series is an optimal way to use existing harvest equipment/contractor and processing plant resources. Without staggered harvest dates, the pistachio industry will have to develop significantly increased (e.g. 2×) harvesting capability (which is now provided by custom harvestors) and find investors willing to fund new processing plants (which are only used for a few weeks per year). Failure to develop these facilities or alternatively, a harvest date series, will expose the industry to significant risk from aflatoxin contamination in the crop due to extended pre-processing times.
Thus, there exists a need for improved pistachio varieties with earlier harvest dates than the present industry standards. The present female pistachio variety ‘Gumdrop’ described herein is a product of the breeding efforts to produce improved pistachio varieties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to a new and distinct pistachio cultivar (Pistacia vera L.) which has been denominated as ‘Gumdrop’, and more particularly as a female pistachio variety which exhibits earlier flowering and earlier harvest dates compared to the ‘Golden Hills’ and industry standard ‘Kerman’ cultivars.
‘Gumdrop’ produces a similar yield and percentage of split, edible nuts as ‘Golden Hills’ while maintaining a similar low percentage of loose shells and kernels. Nut quality and processed nut appearance of ‘Gumdrop’ is similar to other cultivars. Further, ‘Gumdrop’ exhibits very good yield, commercial level nut characteristics, and early harvest. ‘Gumdrop’ blooms about five days before ‘Golden Hills’ and 10-11 days before ‘Kerman’. ‘Gumdrop’ matures about 12 days before ‘Golden Hills’ and about 24 days before ‘Kerman’. The harvest date for ‘Gumdrop’ is about 10-12 days earlier than ‘Golden Hills’. ‘Gumdrop’, ‘Golden Hills’, and ‘Kerman’ form a maturity series that spans nearly a month in the fall harvest season.
The earlier harvest date of ‘Gumdrop’ will permit pistachio growers to extend their harvest period and reduce competition for scarce harvesting resources. The earlier maturing date of ‘Gumdrop’ also makes it less susceptible to low chill effects and insect damage. Indeed, experience with ‘Golden Hills’ has shown that earlier harvest limits exposure of the crop to the last Navel Orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) flight, thereby significantly limiting potential aflatoxin contamination and crop loss issues. ‘Gumdrop’ has the earliest harvestable crop of any commercial cultivar, and also one of the earliest flowering times, suggesting that it may need less chilling than other commercial cultivars. This may be a very important characteristic in the future with respect to the warming climate.
‘Gumdrop’ was originally isolated as an open-pollinated offspring of ‘B15-69’ (not patented), the open-pollination having taken place in a pistachio breeding program test plot near Famoso, Calif., USA during Year 0. The initial seedling was identified and selected from a seedling trial located in Bakersfield, Calif., USA, and was originally designated as ‘S-43’. Following initial identification, selection ‘S-43’ was initially asexually propagated in Bakersfield, Calif., USA as a single tree in July of Year 7. The second asexual propagation of ‘S-43’ took place in August of Year 7. Buds of ‘S-43’ were removed and grafted (using T-buds) into ‘UCB-1’ (not patented) seedling rootstocks at a trial plot located near Buttonwillow, Calif., USA. This trial contained three randomized and replicated plots of ‘S-43’ trees, with each plot containing six ‘S-43’ trees. Evaluation data were collected during Year 12-Year 14. Additional asexual propagations have occurred via T-budding at a test plot near Wasco, Calif., USA during Year 14. Selection ‘S-43’ was chosen as a candidate for release under the variety name ‘Gumdrop’. The variety ‘Gumdrop’ has been found to be stable and reproduce true to type through successive asexual propagations.
The following is a detailed botanical description of the new female pistachio cultivar designated as ‘Gumdrop’, including the key differentiating characteristics of this variety and comparisons of certain characteristics of ‘Gumdrop’ to other pistachio varieties. Unless otherwise indicated, evaluation data was taken from 7- to 10-year-old trees. Color descriptions are based on the color standards presented in R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.) (1st edition, 1966).
Flowering Time: ‘Gumdrop’ is at full bloom five days before ‘Golden Hills’ and 10-11 days before ‘Kerman’. The earlier development of flowers in ‘Gumdrop’ as compared to ‘Golden Hills’ and ‘Kerman’ is presented in
Harvest Date: ‘Gumdrop’ matures much earlier than ‘Golden Hills’ and ‘Kerman’. The harvest date for ‘Gumdrop’ is about 10-12 days earlier than ‘Golden Hills’ and 24 days before ‘Kerman’ (
Plant winter hardiness, heat tolerance, and drought tolerance: ‘Gumdrop’ will tolerate temperatures greater than −5° C. to −10° C., as is typical of Pistacia vera L. The ‘UCB-1’ rootstock on which it is grafted, however, can sustain significant damage at −5° C. after a few hours. The ‘Gumdrop’ cultivar is typically grown in a hot dry environment, and has been grown in a location having typical summer temperatures greater than 40° C. to 42° C. ‘Gumdrop’ requires hot days with temperatures greater than 30° C. to ripen the fruit. ‘Gumdrop’ does not require as much heat (in terms of heat units) to reach maturity as ‘Golden Hills’ or ‘Kerman’. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that this is why the harvest date of ‘Gumdrop’ is approximately 24 days earlier than ‘Kerman’. All California pistachio cultivars are grown as an irrigated crop and require about 1000 mm of water during the growing season. Pistachio cultivars will tolerate poor quality water and do not show significant yield loss or damage up to EC (electrical conductivity) 8-12.
Tree: ‘Gumdrop’ is a large vigorous tree relative to ‘Golden Hills’ or ‘Kerman’ when grown on ‘UCB-1’ rootstock. An image of a ‘Gumdrop’ tree, including images of the trunk, branches, and canopy, is presented in
Tree size: ‘Gumdrop’ is a large and vigorous tree. Pistachio tree height and shape may be controlled by pruning. ‘Gumdrop’ tree height was approximately 2-3 meters in Year 17 (10-year-old trees). ‘Kerman’ and ‘Golden Hills’ were used for comparisons, and all cultivars were similar in size (not significantly different). Tree size was evaluated in terms of trunk cross sectional area. A meaningful evaluation of tree size is the trunk cross sectional area (Table 1A and Table 1B). Values were taken as circumferences measured 10 cm above and below the graft union, and the units of the circumferences are in centimeters. The formulas used to convert the circumference measurements to cross sectional areas are circumference=π2r=πd and area=πr2=π(d/2)2.
Bark: Bark color is gray, similar to ‘Kerman’ and ‘Golden Hills’ (202C to 202D). Bark lenticels were evaluated in Year 14 (7-year-old trees) by counting the number of lenticels on ‘Gumdrop’, ‘Kerman’, and ‘Golden Hills’. 5-7 observations per 5 cm2 were obtained from at least 4 trees per cultivar. Significant qualitative differences were observed among the cultivars. ‘Gumdrop’ has an abundance of relatively smooth compound lenticels arranged in horizontal rows of 3 to 4 together. ‘Golden Hills’ has much more prominent rough individual lenticels, arranged in a much more irregular manner. ‘Kerman’ lenticels are more regularly arranged but are fewer in number and with a much smoother appearance than for either ‘Gumdrop’ or ‘Golden Hills’. ‘Gumdrop’ had a significantly higher density of lenticels than the other cultivars (Table 2A and Table 2B).
Leaves: Images of the leaves of ‘Gumdrop’ are presented in
Flowers, inflorescences, and fruits: ‘Gumdrop’ bears female flowers on inflorescences, which are panicles with 8-15 branches borne on the prior year's wood in the spring. Each inflorescence contains 50-200 flowers. However, only 20-80 flowers develop into fruit. Inflorescences vary greatly in size from less than 1 cm long at budbreak to greater than 5 cm long at full expansion. The width of inflorescences varies from 0.5 cm at budbreak to greater than 3 cm fully expanded. Flowers are receptive when the inflorescence is greater than 2 cm. Individual flowers are 1-2 mm long. Petals and nectaries are missing and sepals are much reduced, with most of the flower consisting of stigma and style and a single superior ovary. Fruits are drupes with a fleshy exocarp/mesocarp and a hard endocarp enclosing the seed. The endocarp typically splits longitudinally from the stylar end.
Yield: Total edible yield is the weight of in-shell edible split nuts (nuts and shell) in addition to the kernels that come from shelling stock and closed shells. This is also called grower paid yield or payable yield. ‘Gumdrop’ yielded significantly more nuts than ‘Kerman’ (2.4×) and ‘Golden Hills’ (1.3×) in the first two years of replicated trials. ‘Gumdrop’ had a mean payable yield of 1239 lb/ac over the first 3 years of harvested yield (Years 12-14), similar to ‘Golden Hills’ (1492 lb/ac) and better but not significantly different (Bonferroni, Tukey tests) yield than ‘Kerman’ (1121 lb/ac) (
Based on data from Years 12-15, ‘Gumdrop’ had a mean payable yield of 1256 lb/ac over the first 4 years of harvested yield (Years 12-15), less than ‘Golden Hills’ (1484 lb/ac), and better but not significantly different (Bonferroni, Tukey) than ‘Kerman’ (1134 lb/ac). An analysis and statistics summary is provided in Table 4A and Table 4B. The 95% confidence interval plot in
Color of nuts: For ‘Gumdrop’ nuts, evaluations were done on 3 or more nuts, using The R.H.S. Colour Chart 1st edition for color standards, as described above. Husks as described are the exocarp outside of the shells, and kernel values are taken after shell removal. Husk color gradually changes from a light green in late June to a cream white (149D, 150D, some 145D) with a pinkish tip at the distal end near maturity (149D, 150D, some 145D) and stem end scores of 149D, 150D, and some 145D.
Nut Characteristics, Split nuts/Non-split nuts: Based on data from Years 12-14, ‘Gumdrop’ had a very high split percentage (90.2%), similar to ‘Golden Hills’ (90.7%) and significantly better (Bonferroni, Tukey tests) than ‘Kerman’ (75.6%) (
Based on data from Years 12-15, ‘Gumdrop’ had a very high split percentage (85.8%), similar to ‘Golden Hills’ (87.4%) and significantly better (Bonferroni test) than ‘Kerman’ (71.4%). An analysis and statistics summary is provided in Table 5A and Table 5B. These differences were especially notable during Year 15 (
Nut Characteristics, Blank nuts: Based on data from Years 12-14, ‘Gumdrop’ had a low level of blank nuts (fully formed shell but no kernel). Growers are not paid for blanks. Some genotypes have naturally high levels of blanks and give the impression of high yield prior to harvest. ‘Gumdrop’ was similar (3.6%) to ‘Golden Hills’ (2.9%) but significantly less (Bonferroni, Tukey tests) than ‘Kerman’ (9.8%) (
Year 15 was an exceptional year and all of the tested cultivars had unusually high blank percentages (‘Kerman’=15.3%, ‘Golden Hills’=8.9%, ‘S-43’=13.0%). ‘Gumdrop’ had a low level of blank nuts from Years 12-14 (3.6%), similar to ‘Golden Hills’ (2.9%) but significantly less (Bonferroni) than ‘Kerman’ (9.8%). An analysis and statistics summary is provided in Table 6A and Table 6B. ‘Kerman’ has a reputation for producing blanks, and over the 4 years of data collection (Years 12-15), averaged 11.2%. Across all 4 years of the trial (Years 12-15), ‘Gumdrop’ had significantly fewer blanks than ‘Kerman’ (5.97% vs. 11.2%), and similar values to ‘Golden Hills’ (4.4%) (
Nut Characteristics, Insect damaged nuts: Insect damaged nuts are considered a defect. Insect damage was generally very low in the plot analyzed (0.5%), except for Year 13, when ‘Golden Hills’ and ‘Kerman’ had significant damage (>2.0%). Overall, insect damage for ‘Gumdrop’ was not significantly different among cultivars (GLM ANOVA), but year by cultivar (year*cultivar) interactions were significantly different based on the analysis for Years 12-14 (
The combined data for Years 12-15 were also analyzed. Insect damage remained very low in the plot analyzed (0.9%), even through Year 15, again with the exception of Year 13 as described above (
‘Gumdrop’ has not been specifically evaluated for resistance or susceptibility to pistachio diseases. This variety is grown in a location where typical pistachio diseases are minimal, and which is managed to minimize disease development. It is expected that susceptibility to Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, or Alternaria alternata would be similar to other commercial pistachio cultivars since Pistacia vera L. in California is generally susceptible to these diseases. Most pistachio insect pests are controlled with insecticides, which have been used where ‘Gumdrop’ is grown. Significant differences in unspecified insect damage were not found among the tested cultivars, including ‘Gumdrop’. However, work with ‘Golden Hills’ has shown that lower incidence of Navel Orangeworm is present when the nuts can be harvested earlier in the season. ‘Gumdrop’ matures much earlier than ‘Golden Hills’, and therefore would be expected to be exposed to fewer Navel Orangeworm attacks.
Nut Characteristics, Shell staining: Shell staining is an important characteristic, impacting consumer acceptance. Shell staining is the reason, along with bug damage, that Iranian pistachio cultivars were stained red—to cover the defect. For Years 12-14, shell staining was minimal for all of the cultivars, except for ‘S-32’ in the first harvest year (Year 12). ‘Gumdrop’ had somewhat higher (non-significant by Bonferroni, Tukey tests) stain fraction (0.9%) than ‘Kerman’ (0.1%) or ‘Golden Hills’ (0.3%) (
Nut Characteristics, loose shells: The loose shell evaluation measures the tendency of the husked nuts to lose their shells during or after processing, resulting in loose kernels and shell pieces in the commercial in-shell product stream. Loose shells are a function of shell hinge strength. If hinge strength is exceptionally high (no loose shells), consumers will have difficulty extracting the nuts from the shells. For this reason, hinge strength should be at an intermediate level, rather than extremely strong or weak. For Years 12-14, ‘Gumdrop’ had higher, but non-significantly different (Bonferroni, Tukey tests), levels (1.0%) of loose shells than ‘Kerman’ (0.3%) or ‘Golden Hills’ (0.3%) (
Nut Characteristics, nut weight (including shells), and nut quality: Nut weight, nut length, and nut width are correlated characters, so only nut weight as a measure of nut size is presented in the analysis for Years 12-14. Nut size was generally similar for all of the cultivars and years, except for ‘Golden Hills’ in harvest year 2 (Year 13). ‘Gumdrop’ had a mean nut weight of 1.31 g, and both ‘Kerman’ and ‘Golden Hills’ had a mean nut weight of 1.37 g (
The combined data for Years 12-15 were also analyzed. ‘Gumdrop’ had a mean nut weight of 1.35 g, ‘Kerman’ had a mean nut weight of 1.38 g, and ‘Golden Hills’ had a mean nut weight of 1.35 g (
Nut Characteristics: nut length and nut width: Two parameters were measured from Year 13-Year 15: nut length and nut width (measured parallel to the split). Nut length values for ‘Gumdrop’ (‘S-43’), ‘Golden Hills’, and ‘Kerman’ were not significantly different (20.4 mm, 20.6 mm, and 20.22 mm, respectively) (
In terms of nut width, no significant differences in nut width were observed between ‘Gumdrop’ (‘S-43’), ‘Golden Hills’, and ‘Kerman’ (13.3 mm, 13.1 mm, and 13.0 mm, respectively), with ‘Gumdrop’ having the greatest width (
Claims
1. A new and distinct variety of pistachio tree designated ‘Gumdrop’ as shown and described herein.
- Hickey (1973). “Classification of the Architecture of Dicotyledonous Leaves,” American Journal of Botany, 60(1): 17-33.
- Kallsen et al. (2017). “‘Gumdrop’, a New Early Harvest Pistachio Cultivar,” Hortscience 52(2):310-312.
- The Jun. 1, 2007 Test Agreement for Trees/Rootstocks (No. 2007-5037) between Aldo Antongiovanni and Sons and The Regents of The University of California, 8 pages.
- The Aug. 1, 2011 Test Agreement for Trees (No. 2011-5024) between Gary Stiefvater and The Regents of The University of California, 7 pages.
- The Jun. 1, 2014 Test Agreement for Trees and Rootstocks (No. 2014-5014) between Paramount Farming Company, LLC and The Regents of The University of California, 7 pages.
- The Aug. 1, 2014 Test Agreement for Trees (No. 2014-5015) between Mid Valley Ranch, LLC and The Regents of The University of California, 8 pages.
Type: Grant
Filed: Apr 4, 2016
Date of Patent: Feb 13, 2018
Patent Publication Number: 20160309632
Assignee: The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA)
Inventors: Craig E. Kallsen (Davis, CA), Dan E. Parfitt (Davis, CA)
Primary Examiner: Susan McCormick Ewoldt
Application Number: 14/999,158
International Classification: A01H 5/08 (20060101);