Abstract: This invention is an improved ranging system including an improved digital single shot circuit that has a resettable shift register therein so that a signal representative of the last target return occurring at any point of a predetermined range interval will be provided to the timing counter of the system. The digital single shot circuit includes a flip flop responsive to the first trigger pulse during the predetermined range interval, resetting the shift register so that, when the output pulse from the shift register representing the last target return is applied to the timing counter, it will terminate a fixed number of clock edges after the last trigger pulse determined by the number of stages of the shift register. The fixed delay in terminating the output of the shift register may represent the preset time of the readout counter.

Abstract: In an illustrated embodiment, brightness, color, opacity and fluorescent contribution to brightness of single thickness sheet material are measured by an optical measuring system providing for simultaneous measurement of transmitted and reflected light. One embodiment is designed so as to be capable of transverse scanning of a moving paper web on the paper machine. An optical window member of translucent diffusing material serves as a backing for the web for reflectance measurements and is in series with the web with respect to transmittance measurements. The optical window itself is selected as to its reflectance and transmittance so as to provide for periodic standardization of the instrument in an off-sheet position. Another embodiment will measure the same optical properties of single thickness sheet material selectively, with spectral response filters for characterizing such optical properties and with a series of narrow band filters.

Abstract: A slide holder is disclosed which is suitable for use in an automated differential blood cell classifier. The molded plastic holder provides a readily identifiable, stackable, and nestable device for protectively handling, positioning, and transporting a specimen such as a film of blood to be analyzed.

Abstract: Chemical analysis apparatus such as a spectrophotometer including an atomizer for receiving a sample to be analyzed and being heated by resistance heating. Control means being provided to vary the voltage across the atomizer, and consequently its temperature, and a feedback circuit is connected between the atomizer and the control means and includes components which are operable to generate an electrical analogue which at least approximates the heating response characteristics of the atomizer. The feedback circuit functions as a negative feedback loop so as to modify the power input to the atomizer by application of the aforementioned electrical analogue, and in that way substantially compensates for the heating response characteristics of the atomizer such that the temperature time profile of the atomizer follows a predictable path.

Abstract: A self-contained mechanism for the preparation handling and application of liquified materials such as coating compounds, joint sealers, crack fillers, waterproofing compounds and the like, is provided with an especially configured materials tank having primary and secondary materials heating devices and a unique engine driven hydraulic system which allows reversible and variable speed operation of the materials mixing, delivery, and cleanout devices and systems.

Abstract: A device for forming sticks, blocks or other shaped parts from dough material having a cylinder, and a piston movable upwards and downwards in the cylinder, which cylinder is closed at its underside by a press plate having holes or slots through which dough material may be pressed out of the cylinder, which cylinder is provided with a mixture of powdery material and liquid from above the piston into the cylinder. A stirring installation is provided above the piston with the mixture formed in the space above the piston, while it is in a liquid state, being brought into the space under the cylinder where it stiffens into a dough-like material which is pressed out of the cylinder through the openings in the press plate as the piston in the cylinder is moved downwards.

Abstract: An appliance for mixing bread dough is constructed in association with a support structure adapted for mounting atop an open bucket. A high speed, low power motor is mounted atop the structure, and is connected through a speed-reducing transmission to drive a shaft projecting down from the support structure in axial alignment with the center of the bucket. A dough hook is attached to the driven shaft to turn within the bucket. The motor is selected from those which are rated between one-tenth and one-fifteenth horsepower, have a minimum unloaded speed of 8,000 rpm and a maximum loaded speed of 5,000 rpm. The reduction ratio of the transmission is correlated with the motor to effect an unloaded mixing speed for the dough hook of no less than 75 rpm and a maximum kneading speed at full load of no more than 50 rpm.

Abstract: A supply chamber has an outlet for gravity feed of materials to be mixed to a mixing chamber in which a rotary mixing device is mounted. A conveying system continuously returns mixed materials from the mixing chamber to the supply chamber for recirculation and further blending. The conveying system may be in the form of a screw conveyor or an air stream that aspirates material from the mixing chamber.

Abstract: A mixing device for conveying a fuel mixture into the inlet manifold of a combustion engine formed by an outer casing having an inlet pipe for the fuel components to be treated connected to the casing. A system of inclined blades is disposed in the casing for dividing the mixture into thin layers and a system formed by two co-axial truncated cones placed tip to tip provided radially inwardly of, and co-axial with the system of blades. The material to be treated is fed through a ring of jet nozzles surrounding at least one of the truncated cones and through a Venturi tube located downstream of the system to increase the turbulence during movement of the mixture.

Abstract: The printing apparatus disclosed herein generates alphanumeric characters of high quality, using a multi-pin printing head capable of forming discrete dots or pels, by controlling the actuation of the printing head with a timing resolution which is an order of magnitude finer than the nominal dot diameter so that a line smoothness for slanted or curved lines is obtained which is greater than that obtainable by a uniform matrix. The printing head is repeatedly traversed or scanned across the paper to provide essentially parallel lines of scan separated vertically by a distance which is a submultiple of the vertical spacing of the pins so that overlapping dots may be provided in the vertical dimension. By these means the apparatus facilitates the formation of smooth lines of essentially arbitrary slope or curvature.

Abstract: A cleaning pad with an internal well for cleaning agent consists of at least one surface formed from a tufted textile fabric with the inner ends of the yarns forming the tufts in communication with the cleaning agent in the well, through yarn-containing openings in a plastic film separating the tufted fabric and the well.

Abstract: A cutting tool, preferably in the form of a cutting insert of hard material, having a narrow land area or ledge along the cutting edge, forming a shallow recessed groove promoting the formation of a false cutting tip build-up during use of the cutting tool, the cutting tip build-up resulting from the transfer of material from the chip to the ledge surface. The invention further contemplates favoring the formation of cutting tip build-up by providing a plurality of diamond particles embedded in the ledge surface at least at the cutting tip of the tool.

Abstract: A cutting tool, preferably in the form of a cutting insert of hard material, having a narrow land area or ledge along the cutting edge, and a top surface recessed below the ledge, the recess being deep enough to cause a continuous chip cut from a workpiece by the cutting edge to naturally flow into the recess without interference such as to promote the formation of a false cutting tip build-up during use of the cutting tool, the cutting tip build-up resulting from the transfer of material from the chip to the ledge surface. The invention further contemplates favoring the formation of cutting tip build-up by forming the ledge with a concave section and, in addition or in the alternative, by providing a plurality of diamond particles embedded in the ledge surface at least at the cutting tip of the tool.

Abstract: A coal conveyor capable of transporting pulverized coal to a higher pressure zone. The conveyor comprising an upright pressure vessel and a feed pipe extending into and between two endless conveyor belts located within the vessel which mesh during their descent to form a first and second pressure seal before the discharge of the coal into the higher pressure zone.

Abstract: A load cap for use in combination with a lifting skid pallet to permit decking and undecking of unitized sheeted material. The load cap is suitable for use in cooperating relationship with a push-pull attachment found on forklift apparatus. The load cap comprises a planar main body portion, the main body portion having a plurality of linear edges, at least two of the linear edges being substantially parallel to each other. The load cap further comprises a pair of scored side flaps attached to opposite parallel edges of the main body portion, a portion of each of the side flaps is adaptable to be inserted between abutting sheets of the sheeted material. The load cap further comprises a front flap, the front flap being attached to the frontmost edge of the main body portion, the front flap being partially arcuately rotatable about the axis as defined by the intersection of the front flaps with the main body portion.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine having variable geometry flow controllers therein for controlling mass flow in accordance with engine operation includes a rotor with a wide variation in thrust forces thereon during different phases of engine operation countered by a variable axial load integrating device having a rotating hydraulic thrust compensating piston mounted forwardly of the rotor in association with a rotor thrust bearing and further including means for generating a centrifugal head in accordance with engine speed by means of rotating oil trapped between the rotating piston and a nonrotating counter piston; depth of rotating oil is automatically regulated by an integral, flow regulator having flow area therethrough varied in accordance with axial position of a thrust bearing carriage that has the variable rotor thrust loading imposed thereon.

Abstract: A method of treating the outer surface of a pipe of a thermoplastic resinous material produced by extrusion by extruding molten resin from an extruder and sizing the same by a sizing die, and supplying a lubricant to a front end portion of the sizing die along the front end portion which is disposed in spaced juxtaposed relationship with the extruder.An apparatus for treating the outer surface of a pipe of a thermoplastic resinous material produced by extrusion including a sizing die for sizing the pipe extruded from an extruder for extruding a thermoplastic resin in tubular form, and lubricant supply means disposed at a front end portion of the sizing die in spaced juxtaposed relationship with the extruder for supplying a lubricant along the front end portion of the sizing die.

Abstract: A paving material extrusion molding apparatus for continuously laying or molding a paving material wherein the paving material supplied into hoppers is conveyed into a molding element by a plurality of screw conveyors, the paving material is compacted or consolidated by screw thrusts equal to the frictional force produced by the dead weight of the extrusion molding apparatus, a reaction force created by the compaction or consolidation is utilized to float off the entire extrusion molding apparatus, and a reaction force created by the conveyance of the paving material being continuously fed serves to move the extrusion molding apparatus along the predetermined path.

Abstract: A crucible, especially for containing melts, has multi-layered walls with an inner core of heat resistant material. A continuous coating layer of temperature resistant material is supported on the core. The coating layer at least partially defines a reservoir for melts to be contained in the crucible, and is composed of material resistant to attack by hot melts.

Abstract: A method for preparation of the final film used for engraving a flat screen, belt screen or rotary screen for a printing machine. The final film is prepared from a photograph of the image to be reproduced and engraved by known techniques on a screen so as to provide a continuous repetitive pattern on the face of a pile fabric dyed in a continuous print dyeing process.Select areas of photographic images are montaged and put into a repeat pattern within a predetermined outline to establish the basic repeat. Four continuous tone color separations are made of the selected pattern to provide yellow, blue, red and black continuous tone negatives which represent the four colors of the original image. Each color separation is posterized and half toned to provide eight positive films. The films are selectively combined, blown up to the desired repeat size to provide a negative or positive which is used to prepare a flat bed screen or rotary screen for an otherwise conventional printing process.

Abstract: Method of testing a landfill for its methane potential comprising selecting a landfill which contains a significant decomposable fraction and a significant non-decomposable fraction, locating a plurality of zones within the landfill with each of said zones having at least one different characteristic, taking at least one sample of the material of the landfill at each of the zones, measuring the content of each of the fractions of each of the samples, and utilizing the ratio of one of the fraction contents to the other of the fraction contents for at least some of the samples to find the approximate methane potential of the landfill.

Abstract: A material containing both volatile and nonvolatile components, such as a compounded high polymer, is analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography by directly inserting a sample into a sample injection chamber in contact with a flowing carrier gas stream upstream of a chromatographic column. Prior to inserting the sample, the carrier gas and the sample injection chamber are preheated to a temperature at which the volatile components in the sample will be rapidly vaporized. The temperature to which the injection chamber is preheated is, however, below that which will cause thermal degradation or pyrolysis of the polymeric component of the sample. After substantially all of the vaporizable component is removed from the sample and eluted from the chromatographic column, the polymeric component is pyrolyzed by heating it to a temperature sufficiently high to pyrolyze all of the pyrolyzable components of the sample.

Abstract: Method and automatic, electronic apparatus for detecting carriers of thalassaemia, especially beta thalassaemia minor, which involve measuring the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) of a blood sample from the subject. A descriminant preferably defined as the product (MCV).sup.2 MCH, the thalassaemia index is obtained and compared with a predetermined thalassaemia index threshold value.

Abstract: An improvement in the degree of separation of constituent cell layers in a centrifuged sample of human blood is achieved by decreasing the natural water content of the red blood cells to increase their density or specific gravity. Thus the red cell layer packs more tightly and separates more completely from the next lighter cell layer adjacent thereto, i.e., the granulocyte layer.

Abstract: In a coal liquefaction system, product B.T.U./hr. can be significantly increased by dividing the coal to be treated into two portions, liquefying one portion, and adding the other portion to the product of the liquefaction process to produce a suspension for use as a fuel. The process is carried out by adding conventionally available equipment to a coal liquefaction plant, and the total plant is far less expensive to build and operate than a conventional liquefaction plant having the same production in terms of product B.T.U./hr.

Abstract: Alkyl-guanidino heterocyclic compound produced by alkylation with a halogenated hydrocarbon of the general formula RX.sub.n, of a guanidino-heterocyclic compound (A) of general formula: ##STR1## in which R is substantially a hydrocarbon radical containing about 10 to 200 carbon atoms, X is a halogen atom and n is 1 or 2; Y is an oxygen atom, --O--, a sulfur atom --S--, a --NH-- group, or a --CONH-- group in which the carbon atom is directly bound to the benzene ring, R' and R" are each a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a --Z--Ar group in which Z is a divalent atom or group and Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic radical, R' and R" being capable of forming together, when they are in ortho position, an aliphatic or aromatic cycle fused to the benzene ring.

Abstract: A precleaner assembly for the air intake system of a heavy duty vehicle ejects duct particles and other heavy material from the incoming air stream so that the heavy particles will not clog the normal vehicle air cleaner, thereby greatly increasing its life. The precleaner assembly includes an inlet which faces the direction of vehicle movement, so ambient air is rammed into the inlet of the precleaner. The rammed air is directed through turning vanes located in a diverging portion of the assembly to induce a vortex or spiral flow component to the fluid. Centrifugal force generated by movement of the dust particles in the spiral path causes the latter to be centrifuged radially outwardly with respect to the direction of movement of the flow stream. These heavy particles therefore are concentrated in the radial outermost portion of the flow stream, which is ejected from the assembly, so that the remaining portion of the flow stream will be relatively free of the heavy particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of connecting optical fibers by ing a capillary tube which is flared at both ends. The capillary tube is formed so that its bore is cylindrical along at least half of its length, the fibers are inserted into the bore by vibration until their respective end faces come into contact with each other and the capillary tube is then heated to its softening point (at least at its ends) and allowed to cool to obtain a tightening of the ends of these fibers.

Abstract: Corrosion of metal surfaces contacted by aqueous agricultural compositions containing as an active ingredient an aminomethylenephosphonic acid, such as N-phosphonomethylglycine or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is inhibited by the inclusion in the compositions of an inhibiting amount of a thiol compound or salt thereof.

Abstract: 1,3,3-trimethyl-6-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)-octane-6-carboxylic acid ester of the formula ##STR1## in which R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue which may also be substituted, a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon residue which may also be substituted, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may also be substituted or an araliphatic hydrocarbon residue and wherein X and Y are oxygen or sulphur. The compounds of the invention are characterized by a superior herbicidal activity in particular against monocotyl weeds. They also have excellent selective properties for agricultural plants.The invention also embraces a process of making the compounds of the invention and compositions in which the compounds of the invention form at least one of the active components.

Abstract: Production of high molecular weight polyisoprene latex is enhanced by administering to plants, particularly Guayule Plants, an amine containing at least one two-carbon chain substituent and preferably substituted trialkylamine of the general structure: ##STR1## where R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are alkyl, preferably ethyl and at least one of R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is preferably an electron withdrawing group substituted aryloxy or arylthio ethyl group.

Abstract: A process for the pyrometallurgical extraction of bismuth from a bismuth-bearing material (e.g., ores and concentrates of bismuth in the roasted or unroasted states), in an electric furnace with submerged electrodes in which the sulphur content of the charge constituted of the bismuth-bearing material is controlled so that a matte phase is produced having a bismuth content of between 3 and 20% by weight and a slag phase is produced which is separated from the matte. Under these conditions cheap fluxes (e.g., sand, limestone, iron oxide) can be used whereby the resulting slag has a relatively low corrosivity and high melting point (e.g., 1150.degree.-12000.degree. C.) without excessive losses of bismuth by volatilization.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a briquetted coke from fine coal comprises carbonizing the coal at a temperature of from around 600.degree. to 900.degree. C., mixing the carbonized coal with approximately 10 to 80% and preferably from 20 to 40% of fine coal well caking coal, and thereafter hot briquetting the mixture at temperatures of from around 300.degree. to 500.degree. C. A fuel for shaft furnaces preferably includes the use of the hot briquettes as the only solid fuel in the shaft furnace, and it is particularly applicable for blast furnaces.

Abstract: Molten metals, especially molten pig iron, are desulfurized by contacting them with a composition comprising calcium carbide or calcium cyanamide and an additive agent yielding water or hydrogen at the temperature of the molten metal; preferred as the additive agents are the alkali metal hydrides, polyethylene or polyamide for yielding hydrogen and hydrate of lime and alkaline earth borates for yielding water.

Abstract: Economically advantageous melting of aluminum scraps is obtained by first compressing said aluminum scraps under a magnitude of pressure exceeding the yield strength of the material making up said scraps for thereby converting them into a compressed mass having an apparent specific gravity greater than the specific gravity of normal aluminum melt and subsequently introducing the compressed mass into a molten aluminum bath.

Abstract: An alkali metal containing low antimonial content lead alloy characterized by improved ductility for use as an electric storage battery grid or in acidic environments suitably contains from 0.5% to 3.0% Sb, 0.01% to 0.7% As, 0.001% to 0.7% Sn, 0.001% to 0.15% Cu, 0.001% to 0.015% S or 0.001% to 0.05% Se or admixtures thereof and 0.001% to 0.05% of an alkali metal. Battery grids made from the alloy are resistant to electrochemical corrosion, gassing, and grid growth as well as exhibiting improved bend ductility.

Abstract: A method for the magnetron sputtering of ferromagnetic material. An alloy of the ferromagnetic material is formed such that the alloy retains the desired characteristics of the material but the alloy has a Curie temperature that is below the sputtering temperature. In particular, the method can be applied to nickel by alloying the nickel with copper, platinum, or tin.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a color photosensitive material which has a support and a silver halide photosensitive layer and contains a specific compound which acts as a fading inhibitor and also prevents Y-staining.

Abstract: A method of mixing a steel fiber reinforced concrete comprising the steps of subjecting steel fibers each having a surface to weight ratio of over 900 mm.sup.2 /g to a pretreatment so as to orientate said steel fibers in a predetermined direction, randomly directing said orientated steel fibers through grating means having a grating space which is about two to four times the length of each of said steel fibers, and thereby introducing said steel fibers into components of a concrete or into an uncured concrete made up of the same.

Abstract: A fluid, self-leveling, sand-containing flooring preparation, and a method for its production and use. The flooring preparation includes 10 parts by weight of a calcium sulfate hemihydrate-rich composition, from 13 to about 30 parts by weight of sand, and sufficient water in the range of about 5 to about 8.5 parts by weight to provide the slurry, when mixed violently, with a runny, fluid, self-leveling consistency. When poured onto an appropriate substrate, the slurry hardens or cures with minimum expansion into a hard flooring layer having a smooth level upper surface and having sand distributed substantially uniformly through its thickness.

Abstract: The deposition of a carbonaceous coating on the surface of a particulate siliceous filler by catalytic thermal decompositon of an organic compound, to improve the value of the said filler in organic polymer compositions, is difficult with some varieties of siliceous filler. The invention is based on the treatment of the initial siliceous filler with a solution of an ammonium salt or a salt of an organic base to displace alkali metal ions, which are believed to inhibit the desired catalytic decomposition. The treatment is carried on to reduce the alkali metal ions (especially sodium) to an acceptably low level, preferably below about 500 ppm. The treatment is especially applicable to precipitated silica fillers.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell having an electrically conductive substrate, which may be glass having a film of conductive tin oxide; a first layer containing a suitable semiconductor, which layer has a first component film with an amorphous structure and a second component film with a polycrystalline structure; a second layer forming a heterojunction with the first layer; and suitable electrodes where the heterojunction is formed from a solution containing copper, the amorphous film component is superposed above an electrically conductive substrate to resist permeation of the copper-containing material to shorting electrical contact with the substrate. The penetration resistant amorphous layer permits a variety of processes to be used in forming the heterojunction with even very thin layers (1-6.mu. thick) of underlying polycrystalline semi-conductor materials.

Abstract: A method is given for fabricating vertical NPN and PNP structures on the same semiconductor body. The method involves providing a monocrystalline semiconductor substrate having regions of monocrystalline silicon isolated from one another by isolation regions. Buried regions are formed overlapping the juncture of the substrate and epitaxial layer and are located in at least one of the regions of isolated monocrystalline silicon. The P base region in the NPN designated regions and a P reach-through in the PNP designated regions are formed simultaneously. The emitter region in the NPN regions and base contact region in the PNP regions are then formed simultaneously. The P emitter region in the PNP regions is then implanted by suitable ion implantation techniques. A Schottky Barrier collector contact in the PNP regions are formed. Electrical contacts are then made to the PNP and NPN transistor elements. A PNP device may be fabricated without the formation of an NPN device if it is so desired.

Abstract: Mutually perpendicular, intersecting, straight, fine molten wires, (.ltoreq.0.002" in width) can be migrated through a solid matrix body of semiconductor material of (100) planar orientation by migration along a unidirectional thermal gradient which is established and maintained at from 2.degree. to 10.degree. off the normally preferred <100> crystal axis of migration by the thermal gradient zone melting process. All the fine molten metal wires are substantially initiated simultaneously and uniformly along the entire length of each intersecting wire when the lines are arranged in a cross-hatched pattern.

Abstract: A procedure for cleaning a semiconductor material of impurities which reside on the surface of the material is disclosed. The procedure is indicated for use prior to one or more thermal processing steps for the material, and involves the exposure of the material to a cleaning gas comprised of nitric oxide and, in a presently preferred form, of anhydrous hydrochloric acid as well.

Abstract: A compound steel material of high corrosion resistance is manufactured by alloying a carbon steel carrier material having a carbon content of at most 0.20C and of at least 0.04C with a carbide and nitride forming substance, compounding the alloyed carrier material with a ferritic chromium steel material of normal carbon content, followed by hot-rolling the compound steel material to a hot rolled strip or sheet which is then annealed at a temperature and for a time period sufficient for the carbon content of the ferritic chromium steel coating layer to be reduced to between 0.001 and 0.003% so as to increase the corrosion resistance of the chromium steel material to that of a superferritic material. After annealing, the sheet may be etched and surface-finished or cold-rolled, recrystallization annealed and thereafter surface-finished, such as temper-rolled. The ferritic chromium steel material has at most 0.1% of carbon prior to annealing.

Abstract: An improved method of forming ternary and quaternary epitaxial films by molecular beam epitaxy involves controlling precisely the ratio of concentrations of two alloying elements in the final compound by heating predetermined independently adjustable quantities of two or more alloying elements in the same oven.

Abstract: In method for application of a tape of insulating material provided with a heat fixing binder to a substantially elongated rectangular electrical conductor in the longitudinal direction thereof, the conductor is heated, a portion of the tape is contacted with the first side of the conductor and other portions of the tape are successively contacted with other respective sides of the conductor. The successive steps of contacting after the first contacting step each include a first step of folding a portion of the tape about an edge of the conductor and then contacting a portion of the tape with a side of the conductor including that edge. The conductor may be additionally heated after several steps of folding and contacting, and pressure may be applied to the conductor and tape after the tape has been completely fixed to the conductor.

Abstract: A connection apparatus mainly comprises a gas-tight container one surface of which is made of a film, a gas supply source for filling the container with a gas at a predetermined pressure, and a heat source. Two substrates, at least one of which is flexible, are tightly supported on the film surface of the container in such a manner that electrodes or terminals formed on the both substrates confront with each other. The gas pressure in the container is increased to the predetermined value, thereby to tightly contact the electrodes formed on the both substrates with each other. Thereafter, the heat source is enabled to melt the electrodes and to electrically connect the two substrates with each other.

Abstract: In the alkaline pulping of cellulose and particularly in the step wherein green liquor is converted to white liquor by causticizing or the addition of calcium hydroxide, it has been found that the addition of any of three specially selected organic phosphonate reagents, namely, nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (Dequest 2000); 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (Bayer PBS-AM); and hexamethylenediaminetetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (Nalco 7691/Dequest 2051), accelerates the speed of the reaction to the right. These acid compounds and their soluble alkali metal and ammonium salts have proved effective in increasing the acceleration rate to the right of the causticizing reaction and the production of the titratable sodium hydroxideCaO+H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.Ca(OH).sub.2ca(OH).sub.2 +Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 .fwdarw.2NaOH+CaCO.sub.3 .dwnarw.these additives give up to a 2-4% increase in causticizing conversion to NaOH when applied at 0.