Abstract: A method and apparatus of false twisting a yarn is disclosed which utilizes a pair of endless belts mounted in crossing relation to define a twisting zone therebetween, and a pressure applying member for locally biasing at least one of the belts toward the other at the twisting zone. The yarn is advanced along a path of travel through the twisting zone, and the acute angle formed between each belt and the yarn path of travel is adjusted so as to generally correspond to the desired twist angle of the yarn in its twisted condition. Further, the speed of each belt is adjusted so as to optimize the yarn tension conditions both preceding and following the belts. To achieve an essentially slipless operation, the pressure exerted by the biasing means is adjustably controlled so that the torque exerted by the belts exceeds the natural restoring torque of the yarn.

Abstract: A yarn false twisting apparatus is disclosed which comprises a pair of circular discs which are mounted for rotation about generally parallel spaced apart axes, and such that portions of the surfaces are disposed in opposing face to face relation and define a twisting zone therebetween. In one embodiment, one of the discs is relatively thin and flexible, and such disc is resiliently biased toward the other disc only at the twisting zone. In other embodiments, both discs are relatively inflexible or rigid, and one disc is mounted to its supporting shaft by a gimbal-like interconnection and such disc is resiliently biased toward the other disc only at the twisting zone.

Abstract: A chain link has two U-shaped portions designed to interfit to provide a complete link. An end of each of the portions is connected to that of the other portion by a twisting advance. The other end of each portion is designed to provide abutting faces which are juxtaposed after each twisting advance. Attaching means connect the abutting faces to prevent removal in the reverse pattern to such twisting advance.

Abstract: This rotating joint (7) has an axis (Y--Y) parallel to the axis of the pivotable mounting of the engine. The joint comprises two annular planar surfaces (18, 19) having the same axis (Y--Y) and respectively rigid with the two elements of the exhaust pipe (6, 9) to be interconnected. These surfaces are separated by a heat-resistant anti-friction ring (20) and are biased toward each other by a pivotal U-shaped element (21). Application in vehicles having a transverse front engine.

Abstract: In a pumping-up hydroelectric power plant comprising a single speed main pump/turbine and a booster pump operable in series in a pumping operation between an upper reservoir and a lower reservoir, a water head shared by said booster pump is varied depending on a variation in the static head between the two reservoirs for maintaining the operation of the main pump/turbine always in a maximum efficiency range.

Abstract: An hydraulic control system is disclosed which comprises a fluid reservoir (14), a variable displacement pump (12) having a fluid input connected to the reservoir and a fluid output, and a fluid pressure actuated displacement of the pump. A control valve (18) is connected to the fluid output of the variable displacement pump and to the reservoir and is adapted to control the flow of fluid to a fluid actuated device. The control valve includes means (44, 50, 52, 54, 56) for regulating flow of a signal fluid provided either by a constant displacement pump (46) or a pressure actuated flow control valve (47).

Abstract: The preferred embodiment of the invention is a wave powered generator including a "Hagen" float array comprising a plurality of floats each of which is coupled to a subsea support structure through a nonlinear power extraction means. The array may be moved below the surface to avoid adverse sea states. Individual array elements are sized and positioned on the support structure to permit fluid coupling of reflected wave energy between the floats.

Abstract: The invention is an improvement in the economical generation of energy by providing a system for utilizing the wave action of bodies of water, such as ocean waves. The system consists of a pair of floating units, each separately connected to a shaft member by a connecting arm, a ratchet-like gear affixed to the shaft member is indexed forward alternately or concurrently by spring loaded pawls affixed to each of the connecting arms from the floating units to the shaft members. The wave action alternately raising and lowering the floating units concurrently turns the ratchet-like gear through the action of the pawls. Thus, the turning shaft, properly geared can turn an electric generator, air compressor, or other device of generating another form of energy which can be used or stored for future use.

Abstract: A power control is disclosed for a free piston Stirling engine having a hermetically sealed vessel enclosing a working space in which oscillates a displacer for circulating working gas through a heater, a regenerator and a cooler for creating a pressure wave in the working gas which acts against a power piston for a producing power stroke. The displacer includes a post mounted in a well which forms a gas spring and cooperates with the working gas pressure wave to maintain the displacer in axial reciprocating motion. The post includes a tapered portion which reciprocates opposite a proximity probe to produce a unique signal for each axial position of the displacer to provide stroke, phase and amplitude information regarding the displacer motion. A gas spring volume control is provided, controlled by the displacer sensor, for adjusting the gas spring stiffness to control the amplitude and phase of the displacer required to produce the power to meet the engine load requirements.

Abstract: To reduce the overall weight of mechanically controlled brake boosters it is known to transmit the axial reaction forces by means of axial draw bars or pipes extending axially within the booster housing. According to the present invention the weight reduction and a decrease in axial length of the brake booster is accomplished having the booster housing shaped like a ring which surrounds and is connected to the maste brake cylinder. The master brake cylinder is fastened to the vehicle splashboard via axial webs extending beyond a lateral wall of the booster housing. A yoke arranged movably between the splashboard and the booster housing contains the valve mechanism and transmits the boosting force from the booster piston (movable wall) to the piston of the master brake cylinder.

Abstract: An electric power generating system capable of absorbing a variable load comprises a boiler, and steam turbines, which are interconnected through a steam conduit including a control valve which adjusts the flow amount of the steam, an electric generator driven by the turbines, and a variable pressure operation control device. The control device maintains a constant degree of opening of the control valve at a time when a steam pressure in the steam conduit lies in a range between predetermined pressure values. The control device comprises an element for comparing an actual steam pressure in the steam conduit and a steam pressure predeterminable in accordance with load variation thereby to generate a signal to determine a variable pressure operation characteristic line. Thus, the degree of opening of the control valve can be changed in response to the compared pressure differences.

Abstract: A heat storage pond comprises a heat storage liquid covered by a non-liquid insulating layer that floats on the liquid and is thick enough to thermally insulate the latter against significant conductive heat loss to an ambient medium above the insulating layer which may be an aqueous or a non-aqueous gel. The medium above the gel may be a layer of water which operates as a heat sink for a power plant whose heat source is the heat storage layer. The power plant may include a heat engine, such as an organic working fluid turbine, which extracts heat from the heat storage liquid, the layer of water above the gel serving as a condenser for the turbine.

Abstract: The system comprises a series of heaters arranged in cascade and fed with steam from drawoffs at pressures which progressively decrease from the steam boiler side to the condenser side of the plant.In order to improve the efficiency of the plant with which the system is associated, the system comprises a plurality of biphase turbines arranged in cascade. The first of the turbines is fed from the drain of the heater at the highest pressure and the following turbines are each fed at least in part with the outlet liquid of the biphase turbine preceding it. These biphase turbines produce mechanical energy by recovery of the kinetic energy of the condensates of the heaters feeding them.

Abstract: A combustion chamber for a gas turbine which is equipped with a number of tubular-shaped elements, within which there occurs between the fuel and the compressed air a pre-mixing/pre-evaporation process. Each tubular element is closed at its end at the side of its combustion space by a flame baffle provided with one or a number of openings, so that the combustion first can occur downstream of the flame baffle, whereby there is appreciably reduced the emissivity of noxious substances from the combustion process.

Abstract: A pressure regulating device for use in a hydraulic control system for an automatic transmission having a torque convertor, a gear transmission and an hydraulic control system provides a first pressure regulating valve for regulating the pressurized fluid output from a pump to a line pressure level, and applying the line pressure to the hydraulic control system. A second pressure regulating valve regulates the pressure of an excess portion of fluid supplied to the hydraulic control system from the first pressure regulating valve, and supplies the excess fluid to the torque convertor and regions requiring lubrication. Overheating of fluid in the torque convertor is prevented at low pressures by a bypass passage which assures at least a minimum fluid flow through the torque convertor at all times.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a wheel-type magnetic refrigerator capable of cooling over a large temperature range. Ferromagnetic or paramagnetic porous materials are layered circumferentially according to their Curie temperature. The innermost layer has the lowest Curie temperature and the outermost layer has the highest Curie temperature. The wheel is rotated through a magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of the wheel and parallel to its direction of rotation. A fluid is pumped through portions of the layers using inner and outer manifolds to achieve refrigeration of a thermal load.

Abstract: A Dewar cooling chamber having a mounting assembly therein capable of supporting a semiconductor platelet for translational movement in the x, y axes and tilting movement about the z axis. Cooling of the semiconductor platelet continually takes place even while the platelet is being moved in three dimensions. This cooling is accomplished by means of a flexible, conductive loop of material which interconnects a coolant source to a clamp surrounding the platelet. The clamp fixedly secures the semiconductor platelet to the mounting assembly. The cooling chamber is capable of maintaining the semiconductor platelet at liquid nitrogen temperatures and is therefore extremely useful within a semiconductor laser system.

Abstract: An open top refrigerated display case having mechanisms for establishing an inner refrigerated air band encircling the display portion of the case and an outer air band also encircling the display portion and being positioned outside of the inner air band. An inner air conduit passes around the side and bottom walls of the cabinet of the display case and has an outlet opening at one end of the opening in the top of the cabinet and an inlet opening at the other end of the top opening in the cabinet. A fan circulates air through this inner air conduit with the air leaving the outlet opening and being directed toward and received by the inlet opening of the conduit, thereby establishing an inner air band along with an inner air curtain across the opening in the top of the cabinet. An evaporator coil arranged within the inner air conduit serves to refrigerate the air passing along the inner air band during a refrigeration cycle of operation.

Abstract: An electrical circuit adapted to control the operation of a refrigerant compressor in an automotive type air conditioning system. The electrical circuit has a pair of branch circuits, an impedance for connection in the branch circuits so as to be respectively energized and shunted therein, and condition responsive devices for enabling and disenabling one of the branch circuits. Switching means is operable for sequentially energizing and then shunting the impedance in the branch circuits to control the energization thereof subject to the enablement and disenablement of the one circuit branch by the condition responsive device.A method of operating an electrical circuit to control the operation of a refrigerant compressor in an automotive type air conditioning system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A noise suppressing feeder tube for use in a refrigeration circuit is disclosed. A single unitary member having a middle portion flattened to reduce this cross-sectional diameter is disclosed for connecting a capillary tube to the evaporator of a small refrigeration circuit. By forming a unitary piece with a reduced cross-sectional area it has been found that refrigerant noise as is caused during the turbulent flow from the capillary tube to the evaporator may be suppressed.

Abstract: In a system with at least one absorption heat pump, a working medium is generated in a generator or explusion unit by the input of heat energy of relatively high temperature, from an absorption material. The generated working medium is condensed in a condenser and then undergoes expansion in an expansion unit. The expanded, condensed working medium is evaporated in an evaporator with the input of heat energy at a relatively low temperature and the evaporated working medium is absorbed again, in an absorber, in the absorption material. The heat energy, used for generation of the working medium from the absorption material, is so stored for the heat pump that the heat energy, as taken from the store, is on hand at a temperature which is high enough for the generation of working medium from the absorption material.The heat store may preferably take the form of a sorption store, comprising a zeolite as sorption material and forming a part of a further discontinuously operated absorption heat pump.

Abstract: A refrigerator cryostat for producing high vacuums at controlled temperatures in a sample chamber has first and second refrigerator stages for progressively lowering the refrigerator temperature to the sample chamber. An independent heater heats the sample chamber to provide, in combination with the refrigerator temperature, the controlled temperatures to the sample chamber. A vacuum pump preliminarily evacuates a casing about the refrigerator stages which is also in vacuum communication with the sample chamber, but a pumping surface in thermal communication with the first refrigerator stage and in the casing cryogenically augments the preliminary evacuation to the high vacuum levels necessary for operation of the refrigerator cryostat at sample chamber temperatures of, for example, from about 10.degree. K. to about 350.degree. K.

Abstract: The invention involves a procedure having three key stages: In the first stage, just prior to the introduction of the metal into stand (n+1), the value of the rolling torque in stand (n) is determined and recorded. Then, in the second stage, when the metal is introduced into stand (n+1), the value of the rolling torque in stand (n) is held constant by controlling the speed regulator of stand (n) up to the time the metal is introduced into stand (n+2). Finally, in the third stage, which continues until the rolling operation in stand (n) has been completed, the voluminal flow of the metal is held constant at the line of each stand by applying a multiplier coefficient to the signal representing the ratio between the speeds of two successive stands.

Abstract: An electronic adaptive control system for use with hydraulic press brakes to provide compensation for material spring back to accurately produce a desired bend angle in the work piece with a single ram stroke. Fixed input parameters associated with the press brake and material properties, together with ram position and force data are continuously input to a digital computer which calculates the precise point of punch penetration necessary to reverse ram movement in order to produce the desired bend angle in the work piece. By using in-process measurements, a significant savings in machine set-up-time can be achieved in order to produce an accurate bend angle in the work piece the first time and every time.

Abstract: An apparatus for the machining of cylindrical surfaces on metal-cutting lathes. The apparatus has a housing, a toolholder with tools and a head with deforming rollers. The toolholder is provided with an opening through which the work passes, and the tools are clamped in the toolholder so that their points are opposite each other. The housing is topped by guides secured in a plane at right angles to the direction of longitudinal feed with provision for rotation during setting-up, and the toolholder is fitted to the guides with provision for floating in the course of machining.

Abstract: A gear rolling machine in which a work gear and a conjugate gear-like rolling die are rotated in tight mesh with relative radial pressure of metal deforming intensity applied between the rotating members. The radial feed which applies the pressure is applied by a power train which includes a worm-worm gear combination driving a screw shaft-nut combination. After maximum pressure has been applied, the center distance is reduced by limited predetermined axial movement of the worm, without rotation, in which the worm acts as a rack to provide a predetermined limited rotation of the worm gear, and hence of the screw-nut combination.

Abstract: A metal strip stretching mill comprising a stretching station and, oppositely adjacent thereto, a group of pulling rolls and a group of braking rolls with adjustably speed-controlled drives on the rolls in the immediate vicinity of the stretching station and torque-controlled drives of stepped-up or stepped-down power on all other rolls, and a disconnectable clutch at the roll trunnion of at least one torque-controlled roll in the middle of each roll group, for a downward expansion of the usable power range of the installation through selective disconnection and idling of said rolls.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an arrangement of grooves on the rolls of a rolling mill stand intended particularly for the rolling of beams, rails, channels, squares, diamonds, rounds, tie plates, joint bars and similar shapes wherein a plurality of grooves for shapes with different web heights are nested on the same set of rolls in such a way that the whole of the part of a groove serving as a surround to the shortest web is common to all the nested grooves.

Abstract: A rolling line for billets, bars, wire rod or the like, e.g. a roughing line has one or more rolling stands each having three or more driven rolls which are adjustable towards and away from the work material by a worm drive and a screw. The rolls are brought progressively closer together before each pass of the work material, whose cross section is thereby reduced with corresponding elongation. The direction of rotation of the rolls is reversed between each pass, unless two stands for rolling in opposite directions are provided in which case it is possible for the stands to be continuously driven but alternately operative. The work material is turned about its axis through half a roll pitch angle between each pass.

Abstract: The press tool as disclosed is provided for making tubes or pipes at a diameter of 600 millimeters or more and a diameter-to-wall-thickness ratio of 13 or more. In order to permit employment of the tool for a relatively wide range of dimensions without requiring extensive retooling, it is suggested that the tool is comprised of a stationary centerpiece and side pieces, which are hinged to the centerpiece and held in position by spacer bars acting as adjustable cams.

Abstract: A heatable cell for photoacoustic tests. The cell includes a specimen chamber which is connected with the microphone chamber of a detector microphone, and is provided with a specimen receiving portion and light admission window located across therefrom. A recess is located in the chamber closure and serves as the specimen receiving portion. The sealing surface of the chamber closure is sealingly pressed against a sealing surface of the chamber. At least one heating winding is provided on the chamber and/or on the chamber closure, and a thin-wall connecting tube having poor heat conducting characteristics is provided between the specimen chamber and the microphone chamber, which is arranged lower than the specimen chamber to prevent convection.

Abstract: A knocking detecting device for an internal combustion engine including: a casing in the form of an annular member fastened substantially perpendicularly to an outer sidewall of the engine block; a support member made of a vibration-isolating material such as rubber or synthetic resin, and having one end fastened to the casing and the other end projecting a predetermined distance from the outer sidewall of the engine block to a position within a water chamber or a coolant water passage; a pressure-sensitive member including pressure-sensitive surfaces mounted on the projecting end of the support member, facing away from each other and extending perpendicularly to the outer sidewall of the engine block, for detecting as a change in an electrical signal pressure vibrations transmitted as a knocking sound to the pressure-sensitive surfaces through coolant water from the partition when knocking is produced in the combustion chamber; and lead wires for delivering the electrical signal change responsive to the knoc

Abstract: A viewer for improving the visibility of Halide gas leak detectors, and comprising an observation tunnel embracing the flame shield of the detector at one closed end, open at the other end for closure by the face of the person making the observation directly by eye, and characterized by inlet and exhaust ventilators at opposite ends thereof and the later operating as a chimney for convection flow of heated flame gases, the ventilators being of labyrinth form obscuring outside light from the tunnel.

Abstract: A system for measuring transient pore water pressure in the ground utilizes a unique probe assembly and two-stage emplacement technique therefor. In the initial stage, a large, robust primary probe member of a probe assembly in the measuring system is pushed into the ground to the selected measurement region. In the final stage, a small secondary probe member which is contained within the primary probe member is ejected into the soil when the primary probe member is emplaced at the desired region. The secondary probe member contains a pressure sensor in the form of a highly miniaturized, fast response piezometer which is capable of achieving a responsive coupling with interstitial fluid in the region of measurement.

Abstract: A method, for the determination of moisture content of fibrous and granular materials, comprising bringing a sensitive element in contact with a fibrous or granular material under study. During the time of contact of the sensitive element with the material under study the sensitive element is subjected to preliminary pulse heating to between 40.degree. and 90.degree. C., with subsequent main pulse heating to between 90.degree. and 140.degree. C. The moisture content of the material under study is evaluated by the time for the main heating of the sensitive element. An apparatus for carrying out the above method comprises main and auxiliary measuring bridge circuits having arms in which are inserted resistors and a sensitive element comprising a pulse heat emitter which forms a common arm of both bridge circuits. A selector switch is inserted in the common arm of the bridge circuits.

Abstract: A system for monitoring the performance of an internal combustion engine includes a pressure sensor that has a mounting configuration external to the cylinders such that it is capable of monitoring the pressures within two adjacent cylinders. The signal output of the sensor is filtered to remove undesired engine noise and blank out those signals which are unrelated to compression and firing, thereby reducing errors in the signal output. After filtering the signals to reduce noise, a successive number of samples related to compression and firing are obtained to provide an adequate number of signals which will average out mechanical and electrical noise. From the successive samples, a straight line approximation of the slope of the cylinder pressure curve, relative to crank angle, is obtained. The derived slope values are compared with upper and lower limits to determine whether or not the pressure within the engine cylinder of interest is acceptable.

Abstract: A temperature compensated gauge for measuring and indicating the quantity of a gas within a pressurized system is provided, which, in addition to achieving a degree of accuracy appropriate for most practical applications, is characterized by qualities of simplicity, reliability and ruggedness. The last-mentioned qualities render the improved gauge especially suited for use in possibly adverse environments, such as for monitoring the remaining supply of compressed natural gas or analogous fuels on board a moving vehicle. The improved gauge is predominantly electrical in nature and employs a limited number of commonly available and relatively inexpensive components, which enhances its practicality for wide spread utilization in virtually any application where measurements of the pressure of any confined gas must be compensated for the effects of temperature in order to provide an accurate indication of the quantity of gas in the system under variable ambient temperature conditions.

Abstract: In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a one-way clutch mechanism is incorporated between the mandrel and housing of a rotary-operated pump apparatus that is used to inflate the packers of a drill stem testing system. The mandrel can be freely rotated to the right to operate the pump, however left-hand rotation causes the clutch mechanism to engage and the housing to be rotated with the mandrel to the left to disconnect a safety joint located in the tool string between the pump apparatus and the packers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously determining the amount of entrained gasses and drilling fluid before the entrained gas is released to the atmosphere whereby differential pressures at vertically spaced locations in a bell nipple are monitored to determine changes in the weight of drilling fluid due to entrained gasses.

Abstract: A device for measuring the height of a depressed line (or a protruded stripe along a folding line) which, when a carton is formed by holding a sheet or the like and bonding the ends together, is formed in the carton. In the device, the height of the protruded stripe is mechanically or optically detected under the condition that the depressed line has been formed, so that it is converted into an electrical signal which is displayed and/or printed out.The mechanical detector is made up of a roller which is supported in such a manner that its axis is variable in position and generates an electrical signal according to the roller axial position variation. The optical detector applies a light beam to a sheet or the like and receives a light beam reflected from the sheet or the like.

Abstract: A generalized drifting oceanographic sensor (GDOS) is cast adrift in the oceanographic environment along a pre-programmed depth schedule. A variable buoyancy housing has one or more external oceanographic sensors and an external acoustic telemetry transducer. Signal processing electronics are contained internal to the housing together with an electric power pack and multiplexer. The data from the sensors are processed, multiplexed and transmitted by the acoustic transducer. Additional data are obtained from azimuthal correlation by two or more fixed acoustic receivers.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed which is useful for measuring the expansion properties of semi-solid materials which expand to a solid phase, upon curing, such as cement compositions. The apparatus includes a sleeve, preferably cylindrical, which has a vertical slit on one side, to allow the sleeve to expand. Mounted on the outside of the sleeve are several sets of pins, consisting of two pins each. The two pins in each set are located on opposite sides of the slit. In the test procedure, the sleeve is filled with wet cement, which is then cured to a solid. As the cement cures it causes the sleeve to expand. The actual expansion of the sleeve represents an expansion factor for the cement. This factor is calculated by measuring the distance across the pins of each set, when the sleeve is empty, and again after the cured cement expands the sleeve.

Abstract: A heating wire is wound around a casing within which a sensor body is placed. Thermo-sensitive switch means is connected to the heating wire, which is responsive to the temperature within the casing to control the rate at which electric current is supplied to the heating wire so as to keep the temperature at a constant value. The casing may be placed within an airtight housing which is made of an insulating material. A further heating wire may be arranged on the inner wall of the airtight housing, which is controlled by further thermo-sensitive switch means so as to keep the temperature within the housing at a constant value.

Abstract: In megahertz ultrasonic echoscopy of objects, echoscopes having a time gain compensation facility are often used. To ensure that a uniform ultrasonic echo signal is obtained at a predetermined depth (5) within an object, the present invention varies the sensitivity of the time gain compensation for each pulse of ultrasonic energy (8) used to obtain an echogram of the object. The present invention may include means to vary the slope of the time gain compensation so that at other predetermined depths (6) within the object, echo signals of respective intensities are received, thus overcoming problems due to shadowing by ultrasonically highly absorbing regions of the object. The main application of the invention is in medical diagnosis.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating acoustic waves of wavelength .lambda. in an electrically conductive object includes an electromagnetic acoustic transducer, with a source of magnetic flux for producing a magnetic field in the object, a first periodic coil within the field, and a second periodic coil within the field and offset from the first coil by .lambda./4. A first port of a four port hybrid is connected to the first coil and a second port is connected to the second coil, with a 90.degree. phase delay element interposed between the first port and the first coil. A signal generator provides an input signal at a frequency corresponding to .lambda., with a transmitter for applying the signal to either a third or a fourth port of the hybrid to generate a unidirectional wave in one of two opposite directions. An apparatus for detecting acoustic waves includes a first receiver connected to the third port and a second receiver connected to the fourth port.

Abstract: An instrument for measuring ultrasound has a chamber through which sound waves can travel from end to end of the chamber. An acoustic focusing device near one end of the chamber concentrates the sound waves at a focal point near the opposite end of the chamber. A rotary shutter is supported within the chamber in a position to be rotated by passage of the concentrated sound waves. Devices capable of transmitting and receiving a ray of light are arranged on the instrument so that the light ray is interrupted by the rotary shutter to provide a series of light pulses. A counter is operatively connected to the light receiving device and the series of light pulses are utilized to actuate the counter and provide a reading indicative of the intensity of the sound waves. The instrument may have an additional indicator of the intensity of the sound waves to supplement the reading provided by the counter.

Abstract: A system for monitoring vibration or mechanical motion of equipment utilizing an optical waveguide sensor coupled to the equipment. The optical waveguide sensor is formed into a coil or a sinuous path which exceeds the bend radius or critical angle for internally reflected light directed through the waveguide. Vibration or mechanical force imparted to the waveguide from the equipment being monitored further alters the bending losses in the waveguide, and this change in bending losses is used to generate a signal as a function of the vibration or mechanical force.

Abstract: A pressure-sensing transducer which can be used to continuously measure the pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine comprising a pressure-transmitting element which includes a generally tubular seat and a metallic plate which closes off a top end of the seat, an M-shaped force-transmitting member which spans across the top end of the seat, the outer legs of the M-shaped member being connected to opposite portions of the top end of the seat and the inner legs being connected to the center of the metallic plate, and a magnetoelastic force-sensing member connected between the outer legs of the M-shaped member, such that pressure-generated forces applied to the metallic plate from within the generally tubular seat are transformed into a tensile force acting on the force-sensing member in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis through the generally tubular seat.

Abstract: An electromagnetic flowmeter for measuring the flow rate of a ferromagnetic slurry which is conducted through a flow tube having electrodes mounted thereon, the slurry intercepting a magnetic field to induce a signal in the electrodes which depends on flow rate. The field is established by an electromagnetic circuit whose core has a gap defined by the tube, an excitation coil being wound about the core. The magnetic resistance of the circuit changes as a function of the ferromagnetic concentration of the slurry, this change affecting the inductance of the coil. To provide an output signal which accurately reflects flow rate regardless of ferromagnetic concentration, the output signal is corrected in accordance with the changing inductance of the excitation coil.

Abstract: A turbine flow meter (1) of the kind in which a bladed rotor (14,53) is rotated by the flow about an axis lying in the general direction of the flow. The length of the blades (13, 54) does not exceed 0.3 of the radius to the blade tips, each blade being twisted over its length in proportion to its radius. The maximum twist is such that at no point is the angle relative to the rotational axis greater than fifteen degrees. No visible clear path exists through the area of the blades for the fluid. A force transducer (56, 57, 63) is mounted in the fluid flow path to enable a measurement of momentum to be provided so that in conjunction with a measure of the speed of rotation of the rotor, the mass flow rate of the fluid can be deduced.