Abstract: A pressure sensor includes a metal port member having a first closed end and a second opposing opened end. A metal shell surrounds a portion of the periphery of the port. A first weld connection joins the port to the shell. A metal base has upper and lower surfaces and a second weld connection joins the shell to the lower surface of the base. Sensing structure is associated with the closed end of the port member. The sensing structure is constructed and arranged to sense pressure changes at the closed end of the port member. A connector housing covers the sensing structure.

Abstract: A testing machine includes a pair of vertical columns, a crosshead selectively positionable on the vertical columns, and a head assembly supported by and movable with the crosshead. The head assembly has an electric actuator, a support that can be selectively moved from a first position when the test machine is operated to a lowered position. The support supporting components are related to powering or controlling the electric actuator, said components are exposed for servicing in the lowered position.

Abstract: An apparatus (2) with a chain (1) that is arranged endlessly circulateable in the apparatus (2) includes a measuring apparatus (3) for measuring the stretching or elongation of the chain (1), with a first signal pick-up (4) and with a second signal pick-up (5), which are arranged at a spacing distance (D) relative to one another, which extends in the running direction over several chain links (6) of the chain (1). A first element for signal generation (7) is arranged on a first chain link (6.1) in such a manner so that with a circulating chain (1) a signal is produced upon running past the first signal pick-up (4). Several further elements for signal generation (8) are arranged on a second chain link (6.2) in such a manner so that with a circulating chain (1) a further signal is generated with each one of these further elements (8) upon running past the second signal pick-up (5).

Abstract: The present invention is one that suppresses crosstalk caused by switching means adapted to switch transmission/reception between ultrasonic transceivers that are paired, and provided with: a first ultrasonic transceiver and a second ultrasonic transceiver; a transmission circuit that generates a transmission signal for vibrating the first ultrasonic transceiver or the second ultrasonic transceiver; a reception circuit that senses a reception signal from the first ultrasonic transceiver or the second ultrasonic transceiver; first transmission amplifying means adapted to amplify the transmission signal to the first ultrasonic transceiver; first reception amplifying means adapted to amplify a reception signal from the first ultrasonic transceiver; second transmission amplifying means adapted to amplify the transmission signal to the second ultrasonic transceiver; and second reception amplifying means adapted to amplify a reception signal from the second ultrasonic transceiver.

Abstract: In an operation method of a multi-flow passage device, and a multi-flow passage of the present invention, blockage detection of a reaction flow passage can be readily performed and cleaning of the reaction passage can be easily performed. The operation method of the multi-flow passage device of the present invention is an operation method of a multi-flow passage device 1 formed with a reaction flow passage 20 for producing a reaction product S by allowing raw material fluids Q, R to flow and making chemical reaction, the method including steps of: partitioning the reaction flow passage 20 into a plurality of sections; and allowing the raw material fluids Q, R to flow in the reaction flow passage 20 and measuring pressure of the raw material fluids Q, R or the reaction product S flowing through the respective sections to determine blockage of the sections based on the pressure loss of the respective sections.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fluid turbine flow meter including a rotatable longitudinal body of a turbine equipped with longitudinal blades and regularly distributed support arms of the blades connecting the blades to the rotatable body of the turbine, where each blade has on the support arm a plurality of separate longitudinal thrust members the cross sections of which are adapted to receive the thrust of the fluid jet when the blade is active and to allow circulation of fluid between the thrust members when the blade is inactive.

Abstract: Non-contact torque, thrust, strain, and other data sensing of a valve actuator or valve is disclosed. A sensor may include a surface acoustic wave device.

Abstract: A sensor includes a flexible wafer substrate and an oscillator provided on a principal surface of the wafer substrate, and the oscillator deforms when an external force is applied to the wafer substrate.

Abstract: A force transducer, in particular a weighing cell, includes a spring body, which deforms under the action of a force or load to be measured, and a sensor that includes two separate sensor parts mounted at different locations of the spring body and that generates a sensor signal which is dependent on the relative position of the sensor parts with respect to each other. In order to improve the adaptation of the sensor to the spring body, one of the sensor parts is attached to the spring body with interposition of an electromechanical actuator and a control device is present, which controls the actuator dependent on the sensor signal in the direction of a reduction in the positional difference of the sensor parts.

Abstract: An abnormality diagnosing method is provided for a torque detecting device and an electric power steering device is provided using the torque detecting device. Immediately after the power supply is turned on and before steering auxiliary control is started, initial diagnosis is performed to determine that each monitoring block for monitoring an abnormality of a signal processing circuit constituting a torque detecting device operates normally. The initial diagnosis determines that a monitoring block is operating normally, by inputting a normal signal and an abnormal signal to the monitoring block alternately, and finding that the monitoring block carries out normal diagnosis when it receives the normal signal and that it carries out abnormal diagnosis when it receives the abnormal signal. Once all of the monitoring blocks are determined as normal, the steering auxiliary control based on a steering torque detected by the torque detecting device is started.

Abstract: A magnetoelastic torque sensor (1) has an emission coil (7) for generating a magnetic field in an object (3), the torque of which is to be determined. The emission coil is axially oriented (A) and has an axial emission coil end surface (15) which can be guided towards the object (3). At least two reception coils (9, 33, 43) at a distance from the emission coil and having, respectively, a receiving coil end surface (17) which can be guided towards the object (3) to capture a response signal induced in the object (3) by the magnetic field of the emission coil (7, 31, 41). At least the receiver coil end surface (17) of one of the receiver coils protrudes beyond the emission coil end surface (15) to a selected distance from the object (3).

Abstract: A method and a device for determining the pressure distribution for bonding of a first substrate to a second substrate, with the following steps, especially with the following sequence: placing a measurement layer between a first tool for holding the first substrate and an opposite second tool which is aligned to the first tool for bonding of the substrate, deformation of the measurement layer by bringing the tools closer to one another, measurement of the deformation of the measurement layer and computation of the pressure distribution.

Abstract: A force sensor system includes a housing assembly, a sensor, an actuator, and an actuator travel stop. The sensor is disposed within the housing assembly, and is configured to generate a sensor signal representative of a force supplied to the sensor. The actuator is disposed at least partially within, and is movable relative to, the housing assembly. The actuator extends from the housing assembly and is adapted to receive an input force. The actuator is configured, upon receipt of the input force, to move toward, and transfer the input force to, the sensor. The actuator travel stop is disposed within the housing assembly, and between the housing assembly and a portion of the actuator. The actuator travel stop is configured to be selectively engaged by the actuator and, upon engagement by the actuator, to limit movement of the actuator toward, and the input force transferred to, the sensor.

Abstract: A method for measuring a dynamic viscoelasticity of a particulate material uses, as a sample to be subjected to the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement, a sheet-shaped test piece in which the particulate material to be measured is attached to an adhesion layer formed on a heat-resistant sheet base material. With regard to the measurement conditions of the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement, the measurement temperature is within a predetermined temperature range of from ?150 to 300° C., the heating rate is a constant rate ranging from 0.01 to 100° C./minute, the measurement frequency is a constant frequency ranging from 0.01 to 100 Hz, and a sine wave control tensile mode is employed. When the particulate material is attached to the adhesion layer, the particulate material crushed in advance is sprinkled on one side of the adhesion layer and then the particulate material-sprinkled surface is squeegeed and/or air-blown.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a three-dimensional dummy object, in particular for functionally testing driver assistance systems in motor vehicles, comprising a head, a skeleton, a trunk, movable anus, and movable legs. The skeleton comprises a trunk skeleton having cavities, to which the arms and legs are articulated, wherein the legs each have a thigh and a lower leg articulated to the thigh, wherein a drive unit and a receiver/control unit are installed in the trunk skeleton, which receiver/control unit receives signals correlating to the relative velocity of the moving dummy object as an input quantity, such that the movement pattern of the thighs and lower legs can be varied according to the relative velocity of the dummy object by means of an installed movement mechanism.

Abstract: A sensor device, having a sensor component, and a fastening element, in which the fastening element is configured as a receptacle for the sensor component and as a fastening arrangement for the sensor device.

Abstract: A sensor device, having a screw-shaped fastening element for accommodating a sensor device and for fastening the sensor device, and a positioning device, in which the sensor device is able to be positioned angularly around a longitudinal axis using the positioning device.

Abstract: A vehicle PTO driveline (10) in which a PTO input shaft (11) drives a PTO wet clutch (12) which when engaged drives a PTO output shaft (13). The driveline has an eccentric formation (34) on the input shaft (11) which oscillates a pumping piston (31) when the input shaft rotates, which piston pumps cooling/lubricating fluid from a reservoir (25c) to the wet clutch (12). The piston is connected with the eccentric formation by a ring (33) which surrounds the eccentric formation (34) and a hollow tube (32) which is attached to the ring and which carries the piston at a lower end, the piston oscillating inside a chamber (31a) when the input shaft rotates. The chamber (31a) is connected with the fluid reservoir (25c) and the oscillating piston pumps the fluid along the hollow tube (32) into the ring (33) which then delivers the fluid into internal passages (38) in the input shaft from where the fluid flows to the wet clutch.

Abstract: A vehicle PTO driveline in which a PTO input shaft (11) drives a PTO clutch (12) which when engaged drives a PTO output shaft (13) via reduction gearing (14). The driveline is provided with a limited rotational free play device (50, 51) on the input side of the reduction gearing which allows limited manual rotation of the output shaft (13) by a vehicle operator when the output shaft is not driven by the clutch.

Abstract: A mechanism for opening and closing a hopper gate of the present invention, which is used in a combination weigher which performs combination calculation based on weights of objects, to find a combination in which a total of the weights of the objects falls within an allowable range with respect to a target weight, comprises an actuator (31) for generating a driving force for opening and closing the hopper gate (14A); a transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving force to the hopper gate (14A); a detecting device (60) capable of detecting an original point of a rotary shaft of the transmission mechanism, the original point corresponding to a position in which the hopper gate (14A) is closed; and a controller (18) capable of receiving an output signal of the detecting device (60).

Abstract: An actuator includes a housing assembly, a ball nut, a ball screw, and a ball screw stop. The ball nut is rotationally mounted in the housing assembly, is adapted to receive an input torque, and is configured, upon receipt thereof, to rotate and supply a drive force. The ball screw is mounted within the housing assembly and extends through the ball nut. The ball screw has a first end and a second end, and is coupled to receive the drive force from the ball nut. The ball screw is configured, upon receipt of the drive force, to selectively translate between a stow position and a deploy position. The ball screw stop is mounted on the ball screw to translate therewith and is configured to at selectively engage the housing assembly while the ball screw is translating, and engage the ball nut when the ball screw is in the deploy position.

Abstract: A threaded rod reciprocation inner rotor direct drive mechanism is provided. The threaded bush of the threaded rod set serves as the rotary shaft of the rotor section of the inner rotor torque motor. A part of the threaded rod set is a part of the inner rotor torque motor. Accordingly, the blind spot of the conventional technique is overcome to reduce the number of the components and minify the total volume and simplify the assembling and processing procedure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a reciprocating kneader. A primary rotational gear is attached to a gear box primary shaft and rotates in concert therewith and engages a secondary rotational gear. The primary rotational gear drive provides a primary source of rotation for a kneading screw and for the secondary gear as a secondary source of rotation. An adjustable eccentric is coupled to the secondary oscillation gear and rotates in concert therewith for reciprocation motion.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a device of a pair of claw-type rotors having same profiles, the device includes a defined rotor and a conjugate rotor intermeshing with and conjugating to each other. The defined rotor includes a first claw having a cross-section profile having an epicycloid, a first arc, a second arc, a third arc, and a fourth arc all connected together in sequence in a counterclockwise direction. The first, second, third, and fourth arcs are connected with slope continuity, whereby locations of centers, values of radiuses and arc angles of the second and third arcs are capable of being defined in accordance with the slope continuity and geometric relations between the first and fourth arcs. The conjugate rotor has a first claw having a cross-section profile generated by utilizing a conjugate curve corresponding to the first claw of the defined rotor.

Abstract: A component includes a component body which has a toothed section. An adaptive coating is applied, at least in parts, to the toothed section, the coating having a thickness of a maximum 5 ?m. The adaptive coating may have a hardness gradient that has an increasing hardness from an outer coating surface in the direction towards the component body.

Abstract: A speed reducer for an electric power steering system includes a worm, a worm wheel, and a housing. Only a meshing section where the worm and the worm wheel mesh with each other and a space between the worm wheel and the housing are filled with grease. The grease in the space is in contact with both tooth surfaces of the worm wheel and an inner peripheral face of the housing, the inner peripheral face facing the worm wheel.

Abstract: A reference position setting method for an automated manual transmission is allowed to initialize an accurate reference position while minimizing relative movement of a finger, and to reduce noise generated when the finger moves to an end of a shifting direction to secure quieter and faster operation capability.

Abstract: The invention provides a wireless control system for a bicycle, including at least one shift actuator generating an input signal when actuated and a master control unit transmitting a shift signal responsive to the input signal. At least one electromechanical gear changer is provided and includes a gear changer control unit. The gear changer control unit receives the shift signal from the master control unit and controls the at least one electromechanical gear changer corresponding to the received shift signal. The gear changer control unit listens for the shift signal during a part of an awake mode cycle time, the master control unit transmitting the shift signal for a message duration time which is greater than the awake mode cycle time.

Abstract: A shift lever operation structure may include a shift plate, which moves along with a shift lever so that either manual or automatic mode is selected, and has an engaging part. An engaging plate may have a connection part corresponding to the engaging part so that, during the automatic mode, the engaging plate engages with the shift plate, and during the manual mode, the engaging plate is disengaged from the shift plate. An elastic member may be assembled with the connection part of the engaging plate such that the elastic member is deformed by the insertion of the engaging part into the connection part.

Abstract: A robot hand includes a pair of bits and holds a microtube by causing the pair of bits to perform an opening-closing operation. The pair of bits has a lug that comes into contact with an outer peripheral surface of a container body or a cap portion of the microtube, and a rectangular recess in which parts of the cap portion and a flange of the microtube are inserted while the lug is in contact with an outer peripheral surface of the microtube. The rectangular recess includes surfaces between which the cap portion and the flange are disposed. The pair of bits is closed while a corner of the rectangular recess is in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the container body to retain the microtube in an orientation different from that in the state in which the cap portion is inserted in the rectangular recess.

Abstract: A wrist portion of a robot includes: a first movable portion configured to rotate relative to an arm portion around a first wrist axis; a second movable portion configured to rotate relative to the first movable portion around a second wrist axis; a third movable portion configured to rotate relative to the second movable portion around a third wrist axis; and a cable insertion portion through which an effector cable is inserted, the effector cable being used to supply electric power to an end effector attached to the third movable portion. The cable insertion portion is provided at the first movable portion so as to be located on the first wrist axis. Two motors among a plurality of motors configured to drive the wrist portion are attached to the first movable portion so as to sandwich the cable insertion portion in a direction perpendicular to the first wrist axis.

Abstract: The assembly includes a casing having two halves defining a chamber there between and a lever shifter movably mounted between the two halves of the casing for pivotal movement, wherein the lever shifter configured for to and fro movement. The assembly has a roller-spring-sleeve unit operatively connected to the lever shifter for controlling the lever shifter. The assembly further has four numbers of snap fit units each comprising a flat spring configures into a U-shaped nylon molded part have been inserted into left and right covers to retain the casing to the panel. The assembly also has a cable assembly mounted on an abutment, wherein the abutment is housed within the casing by a snap fit and coupled to the lever shifter on one end and a control cable connected to the casing through the abutment through a hole in the casing on the other end.

Abstract: A connecting and disconnecting structure for a brake cable contains a braking assembly, an adjustable positioning device, and a brake cable. The braking assembly includes a first orifice for receiving the adjustable positioning device, the brake cable has at least one segment inserted into and retained by the adjustable positioning device. The adjustable positioning device includes: an external sleeve having a first end, a second end, and an increased conical aperture extending from the first end to the second end; a sliding post inserted into the increased conical aperture and having a through bore, plural conical openings equidistantly arranged on the sliding post, and another end extending out of the external sleeve; plural balls fixed in the plural conical openings; a resilient element fitted in the increased conical aperture so that the sliding post is pushed by the resilient element to move toward the first end of the external sleeve.

Abstract: An adjusting system is provided. The adjusting system includes: a slug defining an eccentric hole; and a locking structure defined by an outer circumference of the slug, the locking structure dimensioned and configured to lock the slug in a rotational orientation when the slug is placed in a hole having a corresponding locking feature, the locking structure configured to permit the slug to be placed in the corresponding hole in at least two different angular orientations and lock with the locking feature in the corresponding hole at each of the at least two different angular orientations. A method for adjusting stop shoes is also provided. The method includes: rotating a slug to a desired angular orientation; inserting the slug into a hole; locking the slug to a particular angular orientation with locking structure attached to both of the slug and the hole; and securing a stop shoe to the slug.

Abstract: A composite operating device includes a base, a slider, an operating member, a detecting element that detects that the operating member has been operated to slide, and a transmission member that transmits an operating force acting on the slider to the detecting element. The slider includes a transmission member pressing portion that presses the transmission member in the sliding direction. The transmission member includes a pressed portion that is pressed against by the slider and an element pressing portion that presses the detecting element in an element pressing direction. The base includes a transmission member retaining portion that rotatably retains the transmission member so that when the pressed portion is pressed by the transmission member pressing portion in the sliding direction, the transmission member rotates and therefore causes the element pressing portion to press against the detecting element.

Abstract: A composite operating device is provided which enables an operating member to be reliably guided in a sliding direction and achieves a simple structure for preventing disengagement of a slider. The composite device includes a base, a slider, and an operating member. The base includes a base main body, a guiding portion, and a restricting portion. The slider includes a guided portion and a restricted surface. The slider can slide in the sliding direction with the guided portion being restricted by first and second guiding surfaces. The restricting portion includes a sliding contact portion that restricts the slider and allows sliding of the slider by coming into sliding contact with the restricted surface. Also, the restricting portion has a shape that allows movement of the slider in a fitting direction by being deformed to bend in a direction in which the restricting portion is retracted from the slider.

Abstract: A rotating assembly includes a shaft having a driven end and a driving end. At least one rotating member coupled to the driven end. A support member is operatively connected to the at least one rotating member. A dynamic balancing system is operatively coupled to the support member. The dynamic balancing system includes a first balancing weight rotatably mounted to the support member. The first balancing weight is operatively connected to a first motor. A second balancing weight is rotatably mounted to the support member. The second balancing weight is operatively connected to a second motor. A controller is operatively connected to the first and second motors. The controller is configured and disposed to signal each of the first and second motors to rotate and to establish a desired position of the first balancing weight and the second balancing weight relative to at least one rotating member.

Abstract: The compressors of the invention comprise: a crankcase carrying a cylinder, inside which is lodged a piston provided with two radial holes and with one eccentric axial hole; a connecting rod having a smaller eye mounted in the interior of the piston and connected to a larger eye through a rod; a wrist pin provided with a diametral hole and disposed through the smaller eye of the connecting rod and through the opposite radial holes of the piston; and an elastic pin to be inserted in the eccentric axial hole of the piston and in the diametral hole of the wrist pin. The connecting rod incorporates an indexing stop which defines an axial seating surface for a tool for inserting the elastic pin, said axial seating surface being positioned at a predetermined distance from the axis of the smaller eye of the connecting rod.

Abstract: A method of balancing a crankshaft includes connecting a torsion-absorbing pendulum to a cheek of the crankshaft, which is coupled to a crankpin. As the pendulum connected to the cheek has insufficient mass to balance the crankshaft, a lightening bore is formed through a bisection plane of the cheek. In forming the lightening bore, enough material is removed from the cheek so that the mass of the pendulum becomes sufficient to balance the crankshaft.

Abstract: On a machine for processing sheets it is provided, in particular in a region of an extension arm, to completely close a rear opening on the end side by at least one upper and one lower cover. Lateral openings are also closable by movable guards, which at least partially are formed from a transparent material.

Abstract: A dual electric driving device, comprising: a main driving motor including a driving rotary shaft, with a shifting transmission gear being mounted on the front end of the driving rotary shaft; an outputting module being correspondingly mounted on the shifting transmission gear, the outputting module including a shifting driving shaft being rotatable by a driving force of the shifting transmission gear; a clutching and speed reducing driving device being correspondingly sleeved onto the back end of the driving rotary shaft of the main driving motor and coaxially rotatable by being engaged with the driving rotary shaft in one single direction; and an accessory driving motor including a driving shaft, the driving shaft being correspondingly mounted through the clutching and speed reducing driving device, and further being able to push the driving rotary shaft in one single direction to rotate by driving the clutching and speed reducing driving device.

Abstract: A brake mechanism includes a clutch unit and a disc. The clutch unit includes a first and second engagement mechanism. Each engagement mechanism presents at least one tooth. The disc defines at least one slot. Each engagement mechanism is movable relative to the disc between a disengaged position and an engaged position. The tooth of the first engagement mechanism is configured to engage the slot of the disc when in the engaged position to cease rotation of the disc in a first direction of rotation. The tooth of the second engagement mechanism is configured to engage the slot of the disc when in the engaged position to cease rotation of the disc in a second direction of rotation, opposite the first direction of rotation. The disc is configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, relative to the clutch unit, when each engagement mechanism is in the disengaged position.

Abstract: An auto-locking torque distributing mechanism comprises a main plate receiving two gear sets. On two sides of the main plate, slots and apertures are respectively formed near two side peripheries thereof and partially communicated with each other. A sleeve assembly includes a covering unit with an opening enclosed by a first wall whereby each aperture is communicated with the opening and arranged near the first wall while connecting the main plate to the sleeve assembly. When one wheel slips and spins much faster than the other wheel, the sleeve assembly keeps fluid to avoid leaking. By the aforementioned partial communication, the fluid is easily sucked into the aperture to enter the slot and go among the gear sets, thereby limiting the amount of torque sent to the slipping wheel and distributing as much as torque to the non-slipping wheel to keep the traction of the vehicle.

Abstract: A drive train (1) of a motor vehicle has an internal combustion engine (2) with a crankshaft (6). A transmission (3) is connected downstream of the internal combustion engine (2) to drive at least one axle (5) of the motor vehicle. A starter generator (23) is assigned to the internal combustion engine (2). The starter generator (23) is attached to the crankshaft (6) by two separate drive trains (13, 22; 24, 25). One (24, 25) of the drive trains (13, 22; 24; 25) has a shiftable clutch (29) and the other (13, 22) of the drive trains (13, 22; 24, 25) has a shiftable clutch (32) or a freewheel (11) that is active during a starter mode of the starter generator (23). The drive train ensures an optimum start capability of the cold internal combustion engine and additionally permits electric boosting of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method suitable for efficiently producing silver nanowires with high aspect ratio. In this method, silver nanowires with aspect ratio of more than 300 and purity of more than 80% are produced through an acid compound mediated microwave-assisted wet chemistry method. Such silver nanowires are especially suitable for the application in the flexible transparent electrodes, as they can simultaneously improve the electrical conductivity and transparency.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method of preparing silver nanowire, wherein the method uses aldehyde derivatives as reducing agent to reduce silver salt with positive one valence of silver, to silver nanowire under the presence of organic accelerant. The preparation steps comprise: (A) providing a solution comprising an organic accelerant and an aldehyde derivative, heating the solution and then adding an acid into the solution to form a first solution; and (B) adding a silver salt solution with positive one valence of silver into the first solution to form silver nanowire.

Abstract: A method for recovering valuable metals is provided in which the degree of oxidation of molten waste batteries is stabilized and separation between slag and an alloy is ensured. The method includes a roasting step (ST10) in which waste batteries are roasted beforehand at a low temperature of 300° C. or higher but lower than 600° C., an oxidation step (ST20) in which the waste batteries are oxidized by roasting at 1,100-1,200° C., and dry step (S20) in which the waste batteries that were oxidized in the oxidation step are melted, and slag and an alloy of valuable metals are separated from each other and recovered. By conducting the roasting step (ST10), organic carbon, which impairs the stability of the oxidation step (ST20) and which is contained, in plastic components, etc., is removed in advance prior to the oxidation step (ST20), and the efficiency of slag/alloy separation can be improved.

Abstract: A method and system for the copper anode refining is provided in which coherent jet technology is employed to heat the molten blister copper and/or melt scrap copper charges using a melting flame, oxidize the sulfur in the molten blister copper, and reduce the oxygen in the molten blister copper using top-blown coherent jet gas streams from one or more multi-functional, coherent jet lance assemblies. The present system and method employs a microprocessor-based controller operatively controlling the flow of an oxygen-containing gas, an inert gas, a reducing agent and a fuel to the coherent jet lance. The disclosed copper anode refining system and method greatly improves copper production while lowering oxidation /reduction cycle times and minimizing NOx emissions.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an extrusion die is presented. A die housing having an exterior surface and an inner interface surface is formed. A die insert having an outer interface surface and an extrusion surface is formed. The die housing is configured to removably receive the die insert so that the outer interface surface is adjacent to the inner interface surface. The inner interface surface is configured to substantially enclose the outer interface surface.

Abstract: A bottle opener comprising a carabiner frame with an inwardly opening pivoting gate on a first side of the frame and an appendage comprising an area engagable with an underside of a bottle cap. The appendage protrudes into a space within the carabiner frame from a point on an interior of a second side of the frame opposite the first side. When the gate is opened, a free end of the gate fits under the appendage.