Abstract: Compositions of, methods of making, and methods of using alkaline earth phosphate bone cements are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biodegradable material made of biological components, comprising 10 to 60 wt. % of a protein adhesive (1), which is made of at least one protein, and 2 to 50 wt. % of natural fibers (4). Furthermore, 2 to 15 wt. % of at least one hygroscopic mineral (7), 10 to 55 wt. % of water (2), and 0 to 50 wt. % of an additive component (5) are provided in the material (10).

Abstract: A binder for forming particle-based or laminated products includes a mixture of at least three components A, B, C, a first component A including a natural protein powder, a second component B including a magnesium oxide, and a third component C including a magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate solution at 32° Bè (15° C.), or a free combination of both.

Abstract: The invention comprises a biological hydrogel that is chemically stabilized with non-covalent or covalent cross-links. The biological hydrogel is used to coat surfaces of materials for submersion in marine water. Molecular dissolution at the marine water-hydrogel surface prevents attachment of fouling organisms. The rate of dissolution can be controlled by both the concentration of the biopolymer in the hydrogel and the nature and concentration of cross-linker used. Additional components, either molecular or particulate, can be added to the biological hydrogel before or after cross-linking for enhanced properties.