Abstract: Colorless or colored coatings can be ink jetted onto a substrate using an aqueous particle-free inkjet ink composition that has a viscosity of less than 5 centipoises, and that includes a combination of an anionic polyether polyurethane and an anionic acrylic polymer or anionic styrene-acrylic polymer, in a total amount of less than or equal to 20 weight %. The composition can be colorless (free of colorants) or it can contain a suitable colorant to provide a color image. The composition also includes a defoamer that has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of at least 3 and up to and including 5, and which is present in an amount of at least 0.15 weight % and up to and including 1 weight %. Such composition can be used in inkjet printing methods including recirculation apparatus and methods, and can be provided as part of an ink set.

Abstract: There is provided an ink composition, including: a combination of specific dyes, in which the dynamic contact angle of the ink to a silicon wafer is 24° or lower at 100 msec after dropping, and is 9° or lower at 5,100 msec after dropping.

Abstract: A vehicle decoration structure for decorating a design surface (25a) in a cabin (11) is such that on the design surface (25a), there is formed a first decoration layer (31) with a first pattern (31a) that is visually recognizable with natural light. In a part of an upper surface of the first decoration layer (31), a light-accumulating material (32) having light-accumulating property and shaped in a second pattern is disposed. On upper surface of the first decoration layer (31) and the light-accumulating material (32), a second decoration layer (33) having a fluorescence pattern (33a) is formed using a fluorescence paint having no light-accumulating property.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ink comprising: a solvent having a relative permittivity, measured at a frequency of 1 kHz and a temperature of 22° C., of 3 or less and a solubility in water at 25° C. of 20 mg/L or less; and a specific azo compound.

Abstract: There is provided an ink composition which at least contains a first color material and a second color material, in which the first color material is a compound represented by Formula (A-I) described in the specification, and the second color material is at least one compound selected from a compound represented by Formula (B-I) described in the specification and a compound represented by Formula (B-V) described in the specification.

Abstract: A photoresist composition includes a binder resin combined with a black dye, a monomer, a photo-polymerization initiator and a remainder of a solvent.

Abstract: There is provided an ink composition which at least contains a first color material and a second color material, in which the first color material is a compound represented by Formula (A-I) described in the specification, and the second color material is at least one compound selected from a compound represented by Formula (B-I) described in the specification and a compound represented by Formula (B-V) described in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ink jet ink that is capable of recording an image excellent in light resistance and ozone resistance and has excellent intermittent ejection stability. The ink jet ink contains a coloring material and a water-soluble organic solvent. The coloring material contains a compound represented by the following general formula (I), the water-soluble organic solvent contains ethylene urea end an alkanediol having 4 to 6 carbon atoms, and a content A (% by mass) of the coloring material, a content B (% by mass) of the ethylene urea and a content C (% by mass) of the alkanediol having 4 to 6 carbon atoms based on a total mass of the ink satisfy relationships of 0.20?B/A?10.0 and 0.10?C/A?10.0.

Abstract: Provided is an ink jet ink for printing including: water; a first dye; and a second dye, in which the first dye is C.I. Acid Orange 33, and the second dye is one or two kinds selected from C.I. Acid Orange 56 and C.I. Acid Orange 94.

Abstract: An ink-jet ink set includes a black ink containing carbon black; a cyan ink containing a first cyan dye; a magenta ink containing a first magenta dye; a yellow ink containing a first yellow dye; and a gray ink containing a second cyan dye, a second magenta dye, and a second yellow dye. The cyan ink, the magenta ink, the yellow ink, and the gray ink have a ROD of 65% or more, the ROD being defined by Equation (A). The gray ink has an OD value of 1.40 to less than 2.30, the OD value being defined by Equation (B).

Abstract: A light absorption anisotropic film, wherein content of a liquid crystalline non-colorable low molecular weight compound is 30% by mass or less; and which is obtained by fixing the alignment of a dichroic dye composition comprising at least one type of azo-based dichroic dye having nematic liquid crystallinity; and shows a diffraction peak derived from a periodic structure in a direction parallel to the alignment axis on measurement of X-ray diffraction. The light absorption anisotropic film is high in dichroism.

Abstract: An aqueous black ink composition that produces a black recorded image that is stable even when stored for a long time period, exhibits a neutral black to gray color with low color saturation and no tinge, has a high printed image density and exhibits excellent fastness properties of the recorded image, particularly ozone-gas resistance. The ink composition contain at least one kind of coloring matter (I), which a coloring matter represented by formula (1) below, a tautomer thereof, or a salt of the coloring matter or the tautomer; at least one kind of coloring matter (II), which is a coloring matter represented by formula (2) below or a salt thereof; and coloring matter (III), which is a coloring matter having an azo group other than coloring matters (I) and (II), or a salt thereof.

Abstract: An ink composition containing at least two kinds of water-soluble long-wavelength dyes whose absorption spectrum in an aqueous solvent has a maximum wavelength of 550 nm to 700 nm, in which at least one kind of the water-soluble long-wavelength dyes is a first water-soluble long-wavelength dye of an azo compound represented by the following Formula (1), at least one kind of the water-soluble long-wavelength dyes is a second water-soluble long-wavelength dye that is different from the first water-soluble long-wavelength dye, and the second water-soluble long-wavelength dye is a compound having two to four azo groups conjugated with each other per molecule, an ink for inkjet recording using the ink composition, and an inkjet recording method using the ink for inkjet recording using the ink for inkjet recording.

Abstract: An ink composition containing at least three coloring materials of a first coloring material, a second coloring material, and a third coloring material, in which the first coloring material is a compound represented by Formula (Y) as described, the second coloring material is at least one compound selected from Group A consisting of compounds having a specific structure, in which the mass ratio of the content (% by mass) of the second coloring material in the composition to the content (% by mass) of the first coloring material in the composition is 0.001 to 1.0, and the third coloring material is a compound different from the first coloring material as described.

Abstract: The ink set according to the invention includes a first ink containing water, pigments, and first metal ions as counter-ions of the pigments; and a second ink containing water, specific dyes, and second metal ions as counter-ions of the dyes, in which the maximum equivalent conductivity [S·cm2/eq] of the first metal ions is greater than the maximum equivalent conductivity [S·cm2/eq] of the second metal ions.

Abstract: An ink set is provided and includes at least a yellow ink composition, a magenta ink composition, and a cyan ink composition, wherein the yellow ink composition contains as a colorant at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by formula (Y-I) and a salt thereof. where R4 represents a monovalent group; R5 represents —OR6 or —NHR7; each of R6 and R7 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent group; X3 represents a divalent linking group; n3 represents 0 or 1; Ar3 represents a divalent heterocyclic group; and Ar4 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a monovalent triazine ring group.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ink which comprises: a low-polarity solvent having a relative permittivity of 3 or less at a measuring frequency of 1 kHz; and a specific heterocyclic azo dye.

Abstract: An aqueous black ink composition which enables the formation of an excellent black recorded image having extremely high ozone gas resistance and a neutral and achromatic color. The ink composition comprises: a dye which includes at least one compound represented by specific formula (1) or at least one tautomer or salt of the compound; a dye which includes at least one compound represented by specific formula (3) or at least one tautomer or salt of the compound; and a dye which includes at least one compound represented by specific formula (4) or at least one tautomer or salt of the compound.

Abstract: A water-based black ink composition which exhibits a low intensity, colorless and neutral black color and provides a black recorded image the printed image of which has high density. The ink composition includes at least one compound represented by formula (1) or a salt thereof and an azo compound having ?max within the range of 550-660 nm. In the formula (1), R1 to R8 independently represent a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; a sulfo group; a carboxy group; a sulfamoyl group; a carbamoyl group; a C1-C4 alkyl group; a C1-C4 alkoxy group; and a C1-C4 alkoxy group substituted with at least one group selected from a group consisting of a hydroxy group, a C1-C4 alkoxy group, a hydroxy C1-C4 alkoxy group, a sulfo group and a carboxy group. X represents a bivalent cross-linking group.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an ink containing an azo compound which is excellent in solubility in a solvent and has a high extinction coefficient. The present invention relates to an ink comprising a solvent having a relative permittivity of 3 or less, as measured at a frequency of 1 kHz and at 22° C. and having a solubility in water of 20 mg/L or less at 25° C. and a specific azo compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ink jet ink that is capable of recording an image excellent in light resistance and ozone resistance and has excellent intermittent ejection stability. The ink jet ink contains a coloring material and a water-soluble organic solvent. The coloring material contains a compound represented by the following general formula (I), the water-soluble organic solvent contains ethylene urea end an alkanediol having 4 to 6 carbon atoms, and a content A (% by mass) of the coloring material, a content B (% by mass) of the ethylene urea and a content C (% by mass) of the alkanediol having 4 to 6 carbon atoms based on a total mass of the ink satisfy relationships of 0.20?B/A?10.0 and 0.10?C/A?10.0.

Abstract: An ink composition containing at least three coloring materials of a first coloring material, a second coloring material, and a third coloring material, in which the first coloring material is a compound represented by Formula (Y), and the second coloring material is at least one compound selected from Group A consisting of compounds having a specific structure, in which the mass ratio of the content (% by mass) of the second coloring material in the composition to the content (% by mass) of the first coloring material in the composition is 0.001 to 1.0, and the third coloring material is a compound different from the first coloring material and has a specific structure. In Formula (Y), M's each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a cation, and when M represents a cation, M represents Li+ ion, Na+ ion, K+ ion or NH4+ ion.

Abstract: A coloring matter for black ink which is highly soluble in water-based media, and ink compositions containing the same. The ink compositions can produce black recorded images which exhibit excellent fastness and ozone gas fastness. The coloring matter consists of at least one trisazo compound represented by general formula (1), tautomers thereof, and salts of both. In general formula (1), R1 is unsubstituted C1-4 alkyl or the like; R2 is cyano or the like; R3 is a chlorine atom or the like; R5 to R7 are a hydrogen atom, unsubstituted C1-4 alkyl, sulfo-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, or the like; R8 to R10 are a hydrogen atom, unsubstituted C1-4 alkyl, sulfo-substituted C1-4 alkylthio, or the like; A is sulfo-substituted 2-naphthothiazolyl or the like; and a to d represent the positions at which the ring is substituted with R3 and sulfo.

Abstract: An ink composition having a suitably-adjusted hue and causing no decomposition of dyes during storage is provided. The ink composition contains a compound (a) represented by the following formula (1), an ingredient (c) and moisture-retentive agents, characterized by being from 0.1 mass % to lower than 7.0 mass % in content of the compound represented by the formula (1), 10.0 mass % or lower in content of a moisture-retentive agent having 3 or more hydroxyl groups (b) and lower than 30.0 in molar ratio of the moisture-retentive agent having 3 or more hydroxyl groups to the compound represented by the formula (1): wherein each of Ar1 and Ar2 preferably represents an aromatic heterocyclic group, each of A1 and A2 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, Y represents —OM or —NR1R2, M represents a hydrogen atom or a metal ion and each of R1 and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or the like. The ingredient (c) is at least one compound selected from C.I.

Abstract: An ink having: a first coloring material; a second coloring material; and a third coloring material, wherein the first coloring material is a compound represented by the following general formula (BkI-1), the second coloring material is a compound different from the first coloring material and is represented by the following general formula (BkII-1) or (BkII-2), and the third coloring material is a compound represented by the following general formula (Y-1).

Abstract: An ink composition includes: water, a compound represented by the following general formula (1) or a salt thereof, and a compound represented by the following general formula (21) or a salt thereof. (in the formula (1), n represents 0 or 1, each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 represents a substituent, Group A represents a substituted heterocyclic group represented by the following general formula (2) or (3): in the formula (2), R5 represents a substituent. in the formula (3), each of R6, R7, and R8 represents a substituent, and Group B has a substituted phenyl group or naphthyl group). (in the formula (21), each of R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, and R28 represents a substituent, and X represents a divalent crosslinking group).

Abstract: The invention relates to an ink which comprises: a low-polarity solvent having a relative permittivity of 3 or less at a measuring frequency of 1 kHz; and a specific heterocyclic azo dye.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to magenta inks and ink sets for ink-jet printing. The inks and ink sets provide exceptional ozone fastness, particularly when printed on porous media or plain paper. The inks of the ink sets are formulated to be compatible with each other and are capable of producing high quality printed images.

Abstract: There is provided an aqueous solution including: (a) a preservative, and (b) at least one kind of an azo compound represented by the following Formula (1) or a salt thereof, wherein a content of (b) is 1% by mass to 25% by mass: wherein, in Formula (1), A represents a substituted phenyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing 5-membered heterocyclic group, G represents a nitrogen atom or —C(R2)?, R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group or cyano group, Y2, Y3 and Y4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent, Y2, Y3 and Y4 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, all of Y2, Y3 and Y4 do not represent a hydrogen atom at the same time, and M each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent countercation.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a coloring matter which has a good hue, and is capable of forming an image high in fastness property under various use conditions and environmental conditions, and particularly suitable for an ink. [Solving Means] A coloring matter represented by the following formula (I): wherein in the formula, G represents a heterocyclic group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 3; when n is 1, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent group; when n is 2, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent or divalent substituent, provided that at least one represents a divalent substituent; and when n is 3, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent, divalent or trivalent substituent, provided that at least two each represents a divalent substituent, or at least one represents a trivalent substituent.

Abstract: An ink set including at least a yellow ink composition, a magenta ink composition and a cyan ink composition, wherein the yellow ink composition contains, as the yellow colorant, at least one member selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by a specific structure and a salt thereof, each of the yellow colorant, the magenta colorant and the cyan colorant contained in the yellow ink composition, the magenta ink composition and the cyan ink composition, respectively, has at least one ionic hydrophilic group, the counter ion of the ionic hydrophilic group contains a lithium ion, and the lithium ion concentration is 70 mol % or more based on all cations in each ink composition.

Abstract: An inkjet ink composition includes a sulfoxide compound, a water-soluble dye having an aromatic heterocycle in a molecule, water and a water-soluble organic solvent, wherein the sulfoxide compound has a content of from 1% by weight to less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. An inkjet recording method includes using an inkjet printer having a silicon oxide layer or a silane coupling layer in at least part of a component with which ink is brought into contact, and ejecting an inkjet ink composition from the inkjet printer to record an image on an inkjet recording medium, wherein the inkjet ink composition contains a sulfoxide compound, a water-soluble dye, and the sulfoxide compound has a content of from 1% by weight to less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

Abstract: The present invention concerns concentrated aqueous solutions of an anionic disazo dye, comprising salts and or the free acids of the anionic dye of the formula (I) and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol and the use of these solutions for dyeing and/or printing hydroxyl-containing substrates and for producing inkjet inks.

Abstract: The present invention relates to yellow dye-based inkjet inks having improved permanence when jetted onto porous photo media. The inkjet ink includes a mixture of at least two yellow dyes, at least three co-solvents comprising about 18% to about 24% of the composition of the ink by weight, a penetrant, at least one wetting agent, and water.

Abstract: A coloring matter which has a good hue, and is capable of forming an image high in fastness property under various use conditions and environmental conditions, and particularly suitable for an ink. The coloring matter is represented by the following formula (I): wherein in the formula, G represents a heterocyclic group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 3; when n is 1, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent group; when n is 2, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent or divalent substituent, provided that at least one represents a divalent substituent; and when n is 3, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent, divalent or trivalent substituent, provided that at least two each represents a divalent substituent, or at least one represents a trivalent substituent.

Abstract: An ink composition includes: water, a compound represented by the following general formula (1) or a salt thereof, and a compound represented by the following general formula (21) or a salt thereof. (in the formula (1), n represents 0 or 1, each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 represents a substituent, Group A represents a substituted heterocyclic group represented by the following general formula (2) or (3): in the formula (2), R5 represents a substituent. in the formula (3), each of R6, R7, and R8 represents a substituent, and Group B has a substituted phenyl group or naphthyl group). (in the formula (21), each of R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, and R28 represents a substituent, and X represents a divalent crosslinking group).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a disperse dye mixture containing (a) two or more disperse dyestuffs of the formula (I) or (b) one or more disperse dyestuffs of the formula (I) and one or more other disperse dyestuffs. The invention also relates to their process of preparation and their use.

Abstract: The invention provides a colorant compound represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 and R2 represent independently from each other a species selected from at least one of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, and an aralkyl group. R3 represents a species selected from at least one of a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, and —COR5, where R5 is any of a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, and an amino group. R4 represents a species selected from at least one of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group. Cy represents an aryl group. Optionally, at least one anionic group may be present in the general formula (1).

Abstract: An azo pigment showing excellent coloring characteristics such as tinctorial strength and hue and excellent fastness such as light fastness, and a pigment dispersion containing the azo pigment are provided. An azo pigment represented by the following general formula (1) and a pigment dispersion containing the pigment: Wherein Y, G, X1, X2, R1, R2 and R3 are defined in the claims and in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a trisazo compound represented by the following formula (1) or a salt thereof, The formula (1) wherein, the group A is a substituted phenyl group, the group B and the group C are substituted para-phenylene groups, R1 represents a C1 to C4 alkyl group which may be substituted by a carboxy group, a phenyl group which may be substituted by a sulfo group, or a carboxy group, R2 represents a cyano group, a carbamoyl group or a carboxy group, each of R3 and R4 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a chlorine atom or a sulfo group, respectively and a water-based black ink composition containing said compound; said compound has high solubility in a medium where the main component is water, its aqueous solution having a high concentration and ink are stable when stored for a long period of time, black-recorded images with it can be provided where both light fastness and ozone gas fastness of the printed images are excellent.

Abstract: An azo dye of the following formula: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent; and R5 represent a substituent. The dye has an excellent optical characteristic with sharp absorption and excellent fastness.

Abstract: An ink set is provided and includes at least a yellow ink composition, a magenta ink composition, and a cyan ink composition, wherein the yellow ink composition contains as a colorant at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by formula (Y-I) and a salt thereof. where R4 represents a monovalent group; R5 represents —OR6 or —NHR7; each of R6 and R7 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent group; X3 represents a divalent linking group; n3 represents 0 or 1; Ar3 represents a divalent heterocyclic group; and Ar4 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a monovalent triazine ring group.

Abstract: The invention provides a specific pyrazole disazo dye which is a yellow dye having excellent solubility in nonpolar solvents, in particular, hydrocarbon solvents, and having a high extinction coefficient. The dye preferably is preferably a pyrazole disazo dye represented by the following general formula (I): (wherein R1 represents a C2-C10 alkyl group; R2 represents a C3-C10 alkyl group; the six-membered ring A represents a phenyl group which may have a substituent; and the six-membered ring B represents a phenylene group which may have a substituent).

Abstract: A coloring matter which has a good hue, and is capable of forming an image high in fastness property under various use conditions and environmental conditions, and particularly suitable for an ink. The coloring matter is represented by the following formula (I): wherein in the formula, G represents a heterocyclic group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 3; when n is 1, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent group; when n is 2, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent or divalent substituent, provided that at least one represents a divalent substituent; and when n is 3, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represents a monovalent, divalent or trivalent substituent, provided that at least two each represents a divalent substituent, or at least one represents a trivalent substituent.

Abstract: This invention provides an ink composition comprising at least a dye represented by the following Formula (1), monohydric alcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and urea: wherein G represents a heterocyclic group; n represents an integer from 1 to 3; when n is 1, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represent a monovalent group; when n is 2, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represent a monovalent or divalent substituent, in which at least one of R, X, Y, Z, Q, or G represents a divalent substituent; and when n is 3, R, X, Y, Z, Q, and G each represent a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent substituent, in which at least two of R, X, Y, Z, Q, or G represent a divalent substituent or represent a trivalent substituent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dye compound for black ink which has high solubility in media composed mainly of water and which is stable even when a high-concentration aqueous solution and ink are stored over a long term. The density of printed images is very high, and even if a high-concentration solution is used for printing, no bronzing occurs in the images, and black recorded images are provided with which all aspects of printed image durability, particularly light resistance and ozone gas resistance, are excellent. Also disclosed is an ink composition thereof. Trisazo compounds represented by general formula (1) or tautomers thereof or salts thereof are used as said dye compound for black ink.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inkjet recording yellow ink containing a water-soluble azo dye (yn1) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following Formula (Y) in which n is 1, and a salt thereof, and a water-soluble azo dye (yn2) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following Formula (Y) in which n is 2, and a salt thereof: wherein, in Formula (Y), G represents a heterocyclic group; R, X, Y, Z, and Q each independently represent a monovalent or divalent group; n represents 1 or 2; when n is 1, R, X, Y, Z, Q and G each independently represent a monovalent group; and when n is 2, R, X, Y, Z, Q and G each independently represent a monovalent or divalent group, and at least one of R, X, Y, Z, Q and G represents a divalent substituent.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inkjet recording yellow ink comprising at least one water-soluble azo dye selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by formula (Y) described below and a salt thereof and at least one glycol ether represented by formula (A) described below, wherein the glycol ether is contained in an amount of 25% by mass to 100% by mass relative to a total amount of water-soluble organic solvent in the ink.

Abstract: An ink includes at least one coloring matter represented by a formula (I): wherein R1 represents one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an alkyloxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group and a sulfamoyl group, which may have a substituent; X1 represents one of —CR2? and a nitrogen atom, R2 represents one of a hydrogen atom and a substituent, and when R2 represents a substituent, R2 may have a substituent; X2 represents one of —CR3? and a nitrogen atom, and R3 represents an electron-withdrawing group having a ?p value of 0.20 or more; when X1 represents —CR2?, a pair of R1 and R2 and/or when X2 represents —CR3?, a pair of R2 and R3 each may combine to form a 5- to 7-membered ring; the coloring matter may form one of a dimer and a trimer through R1, R2, R3 or A; and A represents a prescribed aryl group or heterocyclic group etc.

Abstract: An ink includes at least one coloring matter represented by a formula (1): wherein X1 represents one of —CR1? and a nitrogen atom; X2 represents one of —CR2? and a nitrogen atom; X3 represents one of —CR3? and a nitrogen atom; R1, R2 and R3 each independently represents one of a hydrogen atom and a substituent; when R1, R2 and R3 each represents a substituent, the substituent may have a substituent; A represents one group selected from a prescribed pyridine ring group, pyrimidine ring group and quinoline ring group.