Abstract: Cementicious materials including stainless steel slag and geopolymer can be added to conventional cement compositions, such as Portland cement, as a partial or total replacement for conventional cement materials. The stainless steel slag may comprise silicates and/or oxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, iron, aluminum, maganese, titanium, sulfur, chromium and/or nickel. The geopolymer may comprise aluminum silicate and/or magnesium silicate.

Abstract: A process and method is disclosed for producing a cellulose modified aggregate cement. The process and method advantageously applies a fortifying solution to a dry cellulose material so as to enable substantially complete absorption of the vital components of the solution into and upon the cellulose fibers. The fortifying solution also imparts to and forms a mixture with the fiber so as to provide sufficient water for hydration and cure of cement added thereto, without the need to extract excess water therefrom, thereby preventing the loss of said vital fortifying agents from the aggregate cement formed thereby. Upon admixing cement into the solution treated fibers, a plastic mixture of concrete is formed, well adapted for pouring into press molds for the fabrication of lightweight, high strength construction forms. In an alternative embodiment, a means of forming a raw aggregate material, while simultaneously reclaiming submerged land is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of absorbing a liquid is disclosed. The method comprises mixing a recycled, starch-based absorbent having an average mesh size greater than 80 mesh with a liquid to form a composition. The invention also relates to compositions formed by mixing the recycled starch-based absorbent with a liquid. Lastly, a kit comprising the recycled absorbent is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for producing lightweight concrete is disclosed which comprises mixing foamed particles, aggregates, and cement slurry to create a strong, lightweight concrete. The foamed particles can be created by grinding foamed plastic waste material. The aggregates comprise soluble glass, water, and polyvinyl acetate. One embodiment includes batching the cement in two stages. The concrete is pressed to within 65-70% of its volume prior to drying. Lightweight concrete comprising foamed plastic particles mixed with cement, water, soluble glass, and polyvinyl acetate is also disclosed, where the concrete, after compacting and drying possesses greater strength than common polystyrofoam concrete.

Abstract: A concrete in which the aggregate of sand and stones in at least partially replaced by crushed glass. The sand fraction may be replaced by a glass of grain size 0-5 mm, a non-alkali reactive mineral with grain size 0-5 mm or a combination thereof. The stone fraction may be replaced by glass of grain size 5-20 mm. The concrete further may further comprise silica dust, fly ash or crushed slag.

Abstract: A fire retardant building material composed of a mixture of water and cellulose fibers, both of which can be comprised of readily available materials at the job site, such as the available water supply or natural water and scrap shredded paper, including newspaper or other discarded paper or cardboard materials. The water and cellulose fiber is mixed to form a slurry and calcium hydroxide, alumina, salt and ammonia are added. Pigments and aggregates may be added for appearance.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method to produce grade road base material using recycled oilfield waste, called “oil and gas waste,” and aggregate waste and a novel road base material. Hydration and mixing of the waste materials along with a binder, will achieve an irreversible pozzolanic chemical reaction necessary for stabilization into a road base. An asphalt emulsifier may be included in the binder to manufacture asphalt stabilized road base. The entire method is a cold batch process.

Abstract: A concrete composition contain glass, including ordinary recycled glass is provided. The invention also relates to methods of producing the concrete compositions of the invention. A concrete composition containing glass particles, including recycled glass, a substance to mitigate alkali-silica reaction such as E-glass particles, and or pozzolans and/or lithium-containing substances, and cement is provided as well. Compositions containing E-glass (also known as electric glass) and processes for producing E-glass-containing compositions are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention is directed at a synthetic lightweight aggregate composition comprising fly ash and a mixture of two or more polymer components. More specifically, the present invention is also directed at a lightweight concrete which cures to a hardened cementious composite comprising Portland cement, water in a weight ratio of between about 0.2 and 0.7 of the water to the Portland cement, synthetic lightweight aggregate in a weight ratio of between about 0.1 and 0.5 of the synthetic lightweight aggregate to the cement, wherein the synthetic lightweight aggregate comprises fly ash and two or more polymer components.

Abstract: A detoxifying agent for use in disposal of noxious wastes that is conducted by solidifying them with cement, consisting essentially of an aqueous solution which comprises as main components (a) small-sized metal cations whose 6-coordination ionic radii are less than 100 pm, (b) medium-sized metal cations whose 6-coordination ionic radii are between 100 pm and 140 pm, and (c) large-sized metal cations whose 6-coordination ionic radii are in excess of 140 pm. This detoxifying agent can provide cement-solidified materials having high strength, substantially free from exudation of toxic substances such as heavy metals, PCBs and dioxins.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for recycling fillers and coating pigments from the preparation of paper, paperboard and cardboard found in the residual water sludges from coating plant waste waters, deinking plants, internal water treatment plants or separators, and to the use of a thus obtained pigment slurry for the preparation of a coating compound for the paper industry or in the paper stock for papermaking.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with a new structural and decorative material that is comprised of a mixture of pulped paper, cement, and water. The new material offers a number of beneficial properties over traditional cement derivatives. Potential applications range from light-to-medium-duty construction to incredibly demanding applications in the aerospace industry. New uses and applications are being discovered continuously. Additionally, the use of the new material can play a significant role in the reduction of waste paper, the largest component of municipal solid waste in the United States. Additionally, since a wide range of water types and quality can be used in the fabrication of the new material, the present invention may offer a use for marginal-quality water that would otherwise be too costly to purify for human or animal consumption. An example method for preparing the new material is also provided.

Abstract: A more economical and light-color cellular concrete is provided by the replacement of Portland cement with ground glass powder in a cellular lightweight concrete mixture and the resulting method to make cellular concrete products. The use of ground glass also increases the stability of the cellular lightweight concrete mixture during the foaming or aeration process. The products are suitable for use in structural applications, insulation, and as a lightweight aggregate.

Abstract: A method of making a composite product such as a building board, includes the steps of mixing together finely divided lignocellulosic fibres, a hydraulic binder, and water optionally containing a polyvinyl alcohol, to form a paste; introducing a foam generated from a polyvinyl alcohol into the paste and mixing to form a foamed product; forming the foamed product into a desired shape; and allowing the hydraulic binder to set to form the composite product.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and systems of incorporating a mineral based particulate into Portland cement including agglomerating a particulate material and an agglomerating material to produce an additive, introducing the additive into a raw feed before burning the raw feed. By introducing the additive before burning, minerals are added to cement clinker.

Abstract: Waste is rendered inert, by cladding the waste in a cement base hydraulic binder including sulfoaluminate cement comprised by at least 30% by weight of the phase 3CaO.3Al2O3.CaSO4(C4A3S). The hydraulic binder can be either essentially constituted by sulfoaluminate cement, or instead comprise one or several zeolites. A pre-mix is provided for practicing the process, containing at least one zeolite and at least 15% of sulfoaluminate cement, comprised of at least 30% of the phase 3CaO.3Al2O3.CaSO4(C4A3{overscore (S)}). This pre-mix is preferably used for cladding residues of the incineration of household waste.

Abstract: A binder for mine tailings and aggregate used as a backfill for an underground void comprises ferrous slag, and cement kiln dust, optionally with lime kiln dust; the binder displays strength characteristics better than or comparable to those achieved with conventional binders based on Portland cement and slag.

Abstract: The invention relates to concrete compositions with improved characteristics which contain glass, including ordinary recycled glass. The invention also relates to methods of producing the concrete compositions of the invention. In particular, the invention relates to a cement composition containing glass particles, including recycled glass, a substance to mitigate alkali-silica reaction such as lithium-containing glass, and cement. The compositions provided exhibiting improved characteristics and are particularly useful for applications such as forming surfaces adjacent to swimming pools. The present invention also relates to compositions containing E-glass (also known as electric glass). Such compositions are particularly useful as pool plasters for finishing surfaces associated with swimming pool construction. The present invention also relates to processes for producing E-glass-containing compositions.

Abstract: A method is described for making concrete mixture by blending new batch cement and fly ash with recycled concrete material (curb & gutter, sidewalk, brick, block, asphalt & various other concrete items). This new process will enable discarded concrete materials to be reused as a valuable product.

Abstract: A process for solidifying and stabilizing waste, the process comprising (a) combining bagasse and a liquid medium having a pH below about 4 or above about 10 to form a mixture, (b) heating the mixture, (c) separating the mixture into solid matter and filtrate and washing the solid matter with a liquid in which sugar is soluble, (d) substituting the solid matter for the bagasse in (a) and repeating steps (a) through (c) until the filtrate is substantially colorless under ambient light conditions, thereby producing washed solid matter, (e) combining at least a portion of the washed solid matter with at least (1) the waste, (2) water, and (3) a cement, so as to form a cement slurry, and (f) curing the cement slurry. Cementitious products formed by processes of this invention.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for the interim sanitary storage of medical sharps and subsequent inurnment of them to a condition acceptable in commercial landfills. A receptacle contains dry calcium hypochlorite to sanitize sharps that are placed in the reception. It has a removable closure cap to admit the sharps. A supply container contains cementitious material to which water is added, and then poured into the receptacle to envelop the sharps. A permanent lock is applied to the receptacle cap to prevent further access or escape of the sharps which are encapsulated in the resulting cementitious urn.

Abstract: A hardener composition useful for producing shaped cement articles while utilizing wastes such as waste incineration ash or papermaking sludge incineration ash and broken concrete; and a process for producing shaped cement articles by using this hardener composition.The process comprises kneading a hardener composition comprising 4.0 to 13.0 wt. % of sodium carbonate, 5.0 to 10.6 wt. % of potassium carbonate, 5.2 to 11.2 wt. % of sodium chloride, 1.1 to 4.1 wt. % of ammonium chloride, 0.1 to 1.5 wt. % of cobalt chloride, 0.4 to 8.6 wt. % of superplasticizer for concrete formation consisting maily of a polyalkylallyl-sulfonate salt, and 51.0 to 84.2 wt. % of water together with the wastes and cement and shaping and curing. The substances inducing secondary pollution which are contained in the wastes are prevented from dissolving away or exuding from the cement articles.

Abstract: A commercially useful material is produced from waste gypsum boards containing calcium sulfate dihydrate, by a method comprising the steps of (a) grinding the waste gypsum boards to obtain particles having a substantially uniform size; (b) drying the particles obtained in step (a) to obtain moisture-free particles; (c) heating the moisture-free particles obtained in step (b) at a temperature of 128 to 162.degree. C. to convert the calcium sulfate dihydrate to calcium sulfate hemihydrate; (d) adding water to the particles obtained in step (c) to form a paste; (e) forming the paste obtained in step (d) into a shaped product of a predetermined size; and (f) drying the shaped product obtained in step (e) at a temperature of 105 to 120.degree. C. to obtain a commercially useful material. The materials produced by the method of the invention can be used for a variety of industrial and household purposes.

Abstract: Paper mill sludge is reclaimed and useful products produced therefrom. A predetermined amount of paper mill sludge is continuously discharged from a storage reservoir onto a mixer/conveyor to create a first reactant stream. A predetermined amount of calcium oxide is input into the first reactant stream from a calcium oxide reservoir. The calcium oxide and paper mill sludge are mixed as they travel along the mixer/conveyor to form a first intermediate mixture. After a time period sufficient to allow for the reaction of the calcium oxide and paper mill sludge, a predetermined amount of diatomite is added to the reactant stream from a diatomite storage reservoir. The first reactant stream, now comprising the first intermediate mixture of paper mill sludge and calcium oxide combined with diatomite, forms a useful, environmentally safe product.

Abstract: According to the invention, apparatus for processing and exploiting previously ground-up waste (1) that has had any ferrous metal content cleared therefrom and that has a water content lying in a given range, comprises a reaction chamber (21) enabling mineralizing agents to be added and to react therewith, the agents including at least an alkaline-earth hydroxide such as quicklime and an alkaline-earth salt such as calcium carbonate, reaction taking place at a temperature greater than 130.degree. C. and less than the pyrolysis temperature of the components of the waste that are most sensitive to being decomposed by heat.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing Construction and Demolition ("C&D") disposal debris into a substitute/alternative daily/initial cover product approved by an environmental regulatory authority for use at a solid waste disposal landfill, wherein the C&D disposal debris, before processing/manufacturing, is considered a raw material/feed stock composed of a commingled inseparable mixture of solid waste components/items which are classified based on their origin as C&D disposal debris. These components are mechanically processed by screening or shredding to a predetermined specification particle size to collectively create/form a "C&D Recovered Screen Material" ("RSM") product. This C&D-RSM product is applied as daily/initial cover material covering compacted and leveled Municipal Solid Waste ("MSW") substituting the normally used sand, dirt or earthen materials at permitted/licensed MSW disposal landfills operating with a landfill leachate containment system or other approved site location.

Abstract: A method for producing portland cement includes adding stabilized electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) to the raw materials fed into the feed end of a rotary cement kiln to form a cement clinker. The untreated EAFD is preferably stabilized by forming a mixture of water, lime, and a cementitious reactant consisting of untreated electric arc furnace dust. Preferably, dolomitic lime is used and ferrous sulfate is added to the mixture. The stabilized EAFD, which is so soft that no grinding is necessary, may be nonetheless passed through the grinding mill along with the cement raw materials (excluding stabilized EAFD), combined with the raw materials after the raw materials are ground, or delivered directly to the rotary cement kiln in a stream separate from the cement raw materials. The stabilized EAFD serves as an inexpensive iron source in place of iron ore, mill scale, coal ash, or others.

Abstract: A process to manufacture a waste material composite and article is described. One embodiment comprises waste material particles or fibers mixed with water to form a mash, blending a chemical binder with the mash, mixing in a cementious material and a filler agent. In another embodiment the chemical binder is added after the filler agent is added, but prior to the cemetious material. In yet another process, the mash which comprises water and paper particles is mixed with wheat residue and the chemical binder and then formed into a paper-wheat article which is pressed until cured. Still, in yet another process, rubber particles are heated, blended with the chemical binder, blended with cement, cooled, blended with ash, formed into an article and pressed until cured to form a cement-rubber composite article. The filler agent comprises calcium hydroxide, hydrated lime, carbonated lime or ash.

Abstract: Ground bottom ash, a waste material derived from combustion of coal, which presents a disposal problem, replaces part of the cement in a cementitious material useful in concretes and mortars and provides compressive strengths in concretes comparable with or better than corresponding cements in which there is no replacement of cement by ground bottom ash and cements containing fly ash.

Abstract: The method for producing mineral products having a great heat content from waste materials and slurries and resulting products comprises the steps of: submitting the waste materials and slurries to a homogenizing mixing; making a stoichiometric mixture at least of CaCO.sub.3, clay and SiO.sub.2 ; circulating the stoichiometric mixture in at least one heating and calcinating furnace whereby a lime product is produced at a temperature for decarbonating CaCO.sub.3 ; separating at least in part the lime product; and raising the temperature at least until obtainment of (CaO).sub.2 (SiO.sub.2).beta. having hydraulic properties and a crystallised form wherein .beta. is belite.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing soil and aggregate for structural purposes including the step of mixing with water: (a) a soil aggregate base material; (b) a stabilization composition comprising: (i) an alkali metal silicate or other suitable gel precursor, and (ii) optionally a cation; and (c) a minimum amount of 1% of cement based on the weight of the resulting mixture, whereby sufficient water is added to the resulting mixture to hydrate the cement and thereby provide a stabilized soil aggregate matrix suitable for use in a structure.

Abstract: To treat waste containing harmful metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, etc., the waste is mixed with a treating agent containing, as the essential constituent component, solid acid(s) and/or cement and additionally a caking inhibitor, kneaded with water where necessary, then solidified by curing. Harmful metals are thereby stabilized in the thus-solidified cakes and are not released therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention provides resilient cement compositions and methods which are particularly useful in the construction and repair of oil and gas wells. The compositions have improved expansion properties and are basically comprised of a hydraulic cementitious material, rubber particles derived from automobile tires, sufficient water to form a pumpable slurry, and a dispersing agent.

Abstract: To treat waste containing harmful netals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, etc., the waste is mixed with a treating agent containing, as the essential constituent component, solid acid(s) and/or cement and additionally a caking inhibitor, kneaded with water where necessary, then solidified by curing. Harmful metals are thereby stabilized in the thus-solidified cakes and are not released therefrom.

Abstract: Whole waste tires are shredded and ground down to particulates and used as aggregates for concrete compositions in the construction field.

Abstract: A method is described for making concrete mixture by blending new batch cement with recycled concrete material (curb & gutter, sidewalk, brick, block, asphalt & various other concrete items). This new process will enable discarded concrete materials to be reused as a valuable product.

Abstract: A grouting material which is self-dispersing when brought into contact with a volume of water containing liquor or slurry and is settable to a solid mass after such dispersion, the material being in the form of self-dispersing granules or pellets and comprising a blend of component (A): a cementive constituent forming from 10 per cent to 95 per cent by weight of the composition; component (B): a dispersing constituent forming from 2 per cent to 75 per cent by weight of the composition; optional component (C): a swelling constituent which forms from 0 per cent to 50 per cent by weight of the composition; and component (D): a binder constituent which forms from 0.1 per cent to 10 per cent by weight of the composition; the percentages of components A, B, C and D adding to 100 per cent.

Abstract: A landfill closure system comprising (a) a vegetated top layer comprising an effective among of an iron containing solids component; (b) a drainage layer; and (c) a low-permeability layer is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for forming an ash aggregate is provided. The process involves mixing a cellulose sludge material with an ash component. The ash component may comprise fly ash or sanitary waste ash in combination with fly ash. The sludge component preferably comprises paper mill sludge or pulp mill sludge. The hard lightweight aggregate may be utilized in a variety of manners, for example, to provide lightweight concrete and lightweight concrete mixes.

Abstract: Methods for waste treatment and compositions of stabilized waste elements are provided, typically for the disposal of arsenical wastes. Arsenic trioxide waste produced as a by-product of metal extraction is slurried in water for from 6 to 24 hours with finely divided quicklime to produce nonvolatile calcium arsenate (III). An excess of CaO stoichiometry with As is used to consume secondary waste species such as sulphate, silicate and iron oxides. The precipitated arsenate is oven dried at 120.degree. C. and then calcined in air between 15 minutes to several hours at 1000.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. respectively to oxidize arsenate (III) to arsenate (V) as Ca.sub.5 (AsO.sub.4).sub.3 (OH) (an apatite) as the major arsenic immobilization phase, with minor arsenic incorporated in Ca.sub.3 (AsO.sub.4).sub.2. Calcium sulphate anhydrate (sulphate immobilization) and calcium iron oxide (iron immobilization) are also produced.

Abstract: In a process for the treatment of at least one mixture of solid and liquid waste substances which contains at least one metal such as Fe and/or compounds thereof, for example oxides, the mixture occurring in a condition in which it can be used at least only with difficulty, the mixture is at least extensively homogenized and mixed with at least one very fine-grain dry substance containing fly ash and/or coke. The resulting mixture is of such a nature, for example being at least predominantly in the form of agglomerates, that it can be fed to a thermal procedure, possibly after a grading operation.

Abstract: A process for preparing high strength, rock-like, water-resistant aggregates by high intensity mixing of acidic metal chlorides and alkaline/cementitious materials in the presence of a low water ratio wherein the metal chlorides are simultaneously neutralized/stabilized and the mixture is solidified.

Abstract: A low-temperature method for producing coated hazardous waste pellets which re used as the aggregate in a concrete wasteform is characterized by combining hazardous waste with a chemically setting organic polymer to form a mixture which is formed into pellets. The pellets are first coated with epoxy and then coated with a silicate-based powder. The liquid concrete-pellet mixture is then placed in molds which can be rotated to concentrate the pellets away from the perimeter of the wasteform. The double-coated hazardous waste pellets have improved bonding when used as a coarse aggregate in a concrete mixture. The resulting wasteform is self-supporting and needs no external container for transportation, storage, or disposal.

Abstract: This invention relates to the treatment of contaminated materials including soils and solids to reduce its permeability, and in particular to chemical treatment of waste or solids containing high levels of heavy metals such as lead, by treating the waste or solid with an additive such as monocalcium phosphate either alone or in combination with Portland Cement.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing wet, oily petroleum refinery wastes and other similar wastes without the need for Portland cement. The waste is combined with at least 5 weight percent of a novel cementitious reagent composition comprised of Powder River Basin fly ash and circulating fluid bed combustion ash in weight ratios ranging from 1:9 to 9:1.

Abstract: An process for manufacturing a admixture for concrete, mortar or asphalt out of paint sludge is discussed; The preferred embodiment utilizes the chemical drying of paint sludge through the addition of lime. The resulting powder contains a mixture of slaked lime and paint solids and can be used in the formation of concrete, mortar or asphalt.

Abstract: A method of immobilizing toxic waste material slurries is disclosed wherein aggregates are formed containing the toxic waste and the aggregates admixed with and embedded in a sulfur cement to form a concrete shape.

Abstract: Class C fly ash may be activated with strong alkali to yield a novel, dense, quick-setting cement having unexpected properties. The setting time of the cement decreased as the pH of the activating solution increased. The microstructure and phase assemblage of the novel cement depended on the pH. Ettringite was absent beyond pH 14.30 (2.0N); a hexagonal plate-like crystalline form (stratlingite (gehlenite hydrate, C.sub.2 ASH.sub.8) and other compounds) became more abundant at higher pH. At higher pH the microstructure was characterized by high amounts of the plate-like crystalline phase and a dense matrix, due to higher reactivity of the glassy phase in fly ash. The novel cement will have uses in a number of areas, including fixation of hazardous wastes such as radioactive wastes, applications where rapid setting is desired, and formation of concrete in hot environments where ordinary Portland cements may tend to crack due to their heat of hydration.

Abstract: A method of recovering steel plant waste revert materials including blast furnace flue dust and sludges involves mixing the revert materials with water to provide a total moisture content of about 14-20% by weight, then adding Portland cement as a sole binder, mixing, and, when the water content is limited to about 18 to 20%, casting the mixture onto the ground in the form of a slab or, when the water content is limited to about 14 to 16% and an accelerator for curing the cement is used, casting the mixture onto a conveyor in the form of preformed streams, curing the cast mixture and breaking it up to provide 1/2 inch to 5 inch agglomerate particles that can be recycled to the blast furnace.

Abstract: Improved concrete or mortar materials wherein cement in the precursors for these is replaced by electric arc furnace dust in amounts from 0+% to 4% or more based on the amount of cement by weight. In addition, the electric arc furnace dust can be used as an additive to obtain the same effect.