Abstract: A system for the production of fuel gas from solid biomass fuels and for the combustion of said fuel gas is disclosed which comprises a gasification zone for producing a fuel gas from a solid biomass fuel, said gasification zone being adapted for connection to a solid biomass fuel supply and to a gasification air supply, a predetermined ignition point, a pathway for conveying fuel gas from the gasification zone to the ignition point, and a combustion air injection device for mixing fuel gas and combustion air at the ignition point to initiate combustion of the fuel gas and the combustion air, and for shaping and directing the flame produced, said device being adapted for connection to a combustion air supply.

Abstract: A heat exchanger and a fluidized bed combustion system and method utilizing same in which the heat exchanger includes a plurality of stacked sections. The sections include an inlet section for receiving the particles and a plurality of stacked sections and are arranged in such a manner that the particles are introduced into an upper level of the sections and pass through these sections to a lower level of sections before returning to the furnace. A portion of the stacked sections contain heat exchange surfaces for removing heat from the particles, and a multi-sectioned outlet compartment is provided to receive the separated particles from the heat exchange sections and directly from the inlet section and pass the particles back to the furnace.

Abstract: A method for reducing the rate of side wall corrosion in a coal-fired utility boiler. A plurality of side wall slots are provided in the side walls of the boiler so that a protective layer of air may be introduced through the slots and propelled upward by the updraft from the burners.

Abstract: Waste treatment. The installation for implementing the method comprises: a furnace (1) defining a confinement enclosure (2) for a fluidized bed (3) of particulate matter; means for recirculating the particles of the bed; means (28) for mixing, coating, and drying the recycled particles and the waste; and means for feeding the furnace from the means (28). The invention is applicable to treating moist waste.

Abstract: Information relating to combustion conditions within a fossil-fueled boiler that includes a plurality of burners adapted to produce flames combining to form a fireball is provided by acquiring data relating to the physical and temperature characteristics of the fireball with at least one imaging camera having optical and temperature measuring capabilities; receiving, storing and processing data received from the camera to provide data representative of the NO.sub.x content of the hot gases produced by the fireball; and transmitting the processed data from the processor to a monitor for display. Transmitted, processed data may include current, historical and target information relating to the physical appearance and temperature profile of the fireball.

Abstract: A method for burning fuels, particularly garbage, in incinerators with a stoker grate, for which the primary air is supplied below the stoker grate into the fuel layer and the secondary air is supplied above the fuel layer, is controlled in such a way that the intensity of the combustion of the fuel on the stoker grate is increased by increasing the oxygen content of the primary air and the intensity of the combustion in the secondary combustion zone is choked by decreasing the oxygen content in the secondary air. Flue gas, preferably from the combustion process, is recirculated in order to reduce the oxygen content of the secondary air.

Abstract: A new apparatus and process for efficient removal of carbon from fly ash has been developed, whereby carbon removal occurs through oxidation as combustion. The ignition of the carbon is accomplished by bulk heating and molecular impingement of a suspended layer of fly ash by a heated oxidizing gas stream, and the desired level of carbon burnout is accomplished by maintenance of combustion conditions.

Abstract: Combustion gas is fed to a furnace, preferably a recovery boiler for combusting black liquor from cellulose pulp processing, through a gas nozzle disposed in association with a wall of the furnace. The nozzle has a longitudinal axis of elongation, an exterior, and a hollow interior. Cooling gas is directed into contact with the nozzle exterior, and typically also the furnace wall where the nozzle engages the furnace wall. The cooling gas typically moves in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the nozzle (e.g. at a velocity of between 10-30 m/sec), and cools the nozzle. Combustion gas passes through the nozzle hollow interior and enters the furnace facilitating combustion of black liquor within the furnace. Desirably the cooling gas is redirected and enters the nozzle interior as the combustion gas. The nozzle may be further cooled by cooling fins or studs on a portion of the nozzle exterior impacted by cooling gas.

Abstract: A process for burning solids on a sliding fire grate system where each of the combustion control criteria are measured and controlled individually for each grate plate comprising the grate system.

Abstract: A method and configuration suited to feeding a water-containing fuel such as peat or brown coal into a pressurized space such as a pressurized dryer or a high-pressure gasifier. A fuel with a high moisture content requires drying in a dryer prior to gasification or combustion. In the dryer, the fuel is dewatered, whereby the separated water is discharged as steam from the dryer. The generated steam is separated from the fuel flow exiting the dryer and it can be routed as injection steam to a gas turbine. When a portion of the steam extracted from the fuel flow exiting the dryer is fed into the fuel entering the dryer or to a heat exchanger, which is employed for heating the fuel flow, a fuel of higher moisture content can be fed into the dryer, or alternatively, the moisture content of the fuel can be increased to improve the feed of the fuel. The method imparts no reduction of the economy of the energy generation process.

Abstract: In the process and installation for decontaminating a liquid effluent contaminated by at least one organic substance, a gaseous combustible is burned in a reactor to produce a flame containing hydroxyl free radicals OH.degree. and oxygen O.sub.2 and that flame is centered on the geometrical axis of the reactor. A helical flow of liquid effluent is produced on the inner cylindrical wall of the reactor to cause a direct contact between the hydroxyl free radicals and the organic substance contaminating the liquid effluent. By means of the hydroxyl free radicals, the organic substance is oxidized in liquid phase. The high temperature of the flame enables completion of the oxidation of the organic substance, in liquid phase, by means of the oxygen O.sub.2 present in the flame. At the outlet of the reactor, the liquid and gaseous products are separated; the liquid product is collected while the gaseous product is evacuated.

Abstract: Fluid-cooled grate bars and grates for use in a combustion furnace such as a garbage incineration plant and a process for cooling the grate bars and grates. The grate bar has a duct defined therewithin for guiding a coolant supplied by a fluid-cooling apparatus. The primary coolant is preferably water. Steam formation is prevented by pressurizing the water. Additional or replacement coolant such, for example, as air may be employed for the grate bars and grates.

Abstract: A high temperature furnace and method for thermally decomposing solid combustible fuels into usable products to provide a source of heat to a selected area is disclosed. Solid combustible fuel, such as waste automobile tires, are introduced into a reaction vessel or combustion chamber which is defined by an outer wall. The reaction vessel has an upper portion and a lower portion with a central partition dividing the lower portion into compartments. Each compartment holds a fuel bed having a selected height wherein the sold fuel accumulates as it is being decomposed. Each compartment also has a bottom opening. Air ducts located along the outer wall of the reaction vessel and in the central partition supply pressurized air to the interior of the reaction vessel. An exhaust duct which communicates with the upper portion of the reaction vessel is supplied for venting off combustion or pyrolysis products from the reaction vessel to the selected area.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for remediating contaminated soil having volatilizable organic pollutants in a heated treatment zone, preferably a rotary drum, in gas/solids contact with superheated steam. Treatment gases from the treatment zone are repressurized and reheated for reuse in the treatment zone. Superheated steam is maintained in a closed loop and is maintained at superheated conditions. Vaporized organic pollutants and superheated steam are removed from the closed loop of superheated steam for cooling and condensation to condense water and condense liquid volatilizable organic pollutants and uncondensed organic pollutant vapors.

Abstract: A particulate waste wood fuel comprising wood particles comprising less than 20% water by weight and having a particle size distribution suitable for combustion of the particulate wood fuel in a particulate fossil fuel suspension furnace. A method for making the particulate wood fuel includes shredding of waste wood and drying the shredded waste wood to obtain the desired particle size distribution and water content. A method for producing energy comprises injecting the particulate wood fuel into the combustion chamber of a particulate fuel suspension furnace separately from a particulate fossil fuel which is also injected into the combustion chamber. The particulate fossil fuel and particulate wood fuel are combusted in the combustion chamber in a gas flow through the combustion chamber to form a flame in the gas flow. The wood particles are substantially completely combusted within the combustion chamber while suspended in the gas flow and are not combusted at the furnace wall.

Abstract: A process is described for the incineration and vitrification of mainly mineral waste in which at least one pure or substantially pure oxygen plasma jet is used for melting the waste, the process taking place in a metal crucible containing a tapping valve and its wall is cooled by liquids flowing in internal channels.

Abstract: A system and method of operating a pressurized fluidized bed system in which a bed of particulate material is fluidized by distributing air through the bed. A mixture of flue gases and entrained, relatively fine, material from the reactor is passed to a separator and the material is separated from the gases and passed to an external heat exchanger. A portion of the material is cooled in the heat exchanger and it, along with the remaining portion of material, is recycled to the reactor.

Abstract: A filter-dryer unit has an agitator having an agitator arm provided with gas discharge nozzles directed at the bottom wall, which includes a liquid discharge filter element, of the vessel of the filter-dryer unit. High pressure, high velocity gas is discharged through the nozzles to break up and remove the heel, consisting of finished product not expelled by agitator action. Product particles from the heel, after the heel has been broken up, are removed by agitator action and by the pressure of the gas discharged through the nozzles, through a standard product discharge opening. A separator/filter unit is provided to separate particles from the gas being discharged through the vessels discharge opening. The agitator arm is provided with a nozzle directed at the side wall of the vessel to remove any residual product on the side wall and a nozzle directed at an angle to the side wall to facilitate removal of the heel adjacent the side wall.

Abstract: A process for incinerating solids, especially for burning rubbish in a combustion vessel comprising at least one combustion chamber and an after-burner chamber. Here, instead of secondary or tertiary air, water vapor under increased pressure is sprayed into the combustion vessel after the combustion gases have left the combustion chamber. Only primary air is supplied as the combustion air. In this manner and with the use of minimum quantities of combustion air, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of the overall process while at the same time reducing the emission of pollutants. It is also possible to feed back flue gas together with the water vapor, so that, for example, the maximum temperatures, the temperature reduction and the dwell times in the 1st and 2nd flue of the vessel can be easily set to the optima.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for feeding a reaction gas, such as oxygen or oxygen-enriched air to a flash smelting furnace through a concentrate burner, so that the gas is fed in around a pulverous material distribution channel located in the middle of the burner. Oxygen or oxygen-enriched air is fed into the reaction shaft through tubular channels in several separate gas jets, and the discharge velocity of the gas jets is adjusted.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is disposed integrally with the furnace of a fluidized bed combustor. The recycle heat exchanger includes a plurality of stacked sections for receiving the recycled solids and are arranged in such a manner that the recycled solids are introduced into an upper level of the sections and pass through these sections to a lower level of sections before returning to the furnace. A portion of the stacked sections contain heat exchange surfaces for removing heat from the solids therein while another portion does not. The solids in the various sections are selectively fluidized to control the flow of the solids through the sections to control the temperature of the solids accordingly.

Abstract: A method of operating an industrial furnace comprising the steps of; drawing a first gas flow of ambient air into the furnace; removing constituents of the first gas flow to increase the relative oxygen content of the remaining first gas flow, the removed constituents of the first gas flow comprising a second gas flow; firing the furnace using at least part of the remaining first gas flow as an oxidising medium; drawing waste gases from the furnace in a third gas flow; combining the second gas flow and the third gas flow; and releasing the combined second and third gas flows from the furnace.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the on-site disposal of landfill gas (LFG) condensate is disclosed. Any contaminants in the condensate are incinerated in an LFG flare. The LFG condensate is first pressurized and then injected, in an atomized state, into a combustion zone of the LFG flare. The LFG condensate is pumped from a plurality of sumps to an accumulator. A pump controlled by a liquid level sensor cycles on and off in response to the level of condensate in the accumulator. The pressurized condensate is delivered to a nozzle via a conduit system. The pressurized condensate is atomized by the nozzle and the resulting mist is directed into the combustion zone where it is vaporized. Any contaminants in the condensate are incinerated along with similar contaminants in the LFG.

Abstract: A method of incinerating wastes while controlling the production of dioxins wherein water vapor or water is sprayed in the main combustion zone of an incinerator. An apparatus for practicing the method of waste incineration, including a line for supplying main combustion air, either alone or together with a line for supplying recycled combustion gas, to the incinerator from below its hearth, is provided with a line for supplying water vapor or water in communication with the line or lines.

Abstract: The secondary air nozzle for furnaces has a curved base body which is provided with pins for holding a ceramic protective casing. A protective strip which projects radially from the base body is arranged along the longest line of curvature proceeding from the nozzle opening until beyond the curved part, its radial dimension corresponding at least to the thickness of the ceramic protective casing. The protective strip is constructed as a rib which projects radially from the base body and is outfitted with pins for supporting the ceramic body.

Abstract: In a device for removing nitrogen oxides from exhaust gas of a combustion device by spraying a treatment agent capable of chemically reducing nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas from an injector in a combustion chamber or an exhaust passage of the combustion device, the effectiveness of the treatment agent is optimized by detecting a combustion condition of the combustion device, and supplying water and at least one treatment agent in a selective and alternating manner according the detected combustion condition.

Abstract: In an incinerator having a housing structure defining a combustion chamber provided with a pair of side walls, a stoker disposed in the combustion chamber between the side walls and an underfire air system, an overfire air system generally consisting of a first means for injecting a variable volume of air under pressure into the combustion chamber at a level above the stoker, and second means for injecting a variable volume of air under pressure into the combustion chamber at a level above the stoker, a second variable volume air injecting means including means for conveying air supplied to the combustion chamber in heat exchange relation with at least one side wall of the combustion chamber for cooling such wall.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting formation of unburned substances in incinerating refuse is practiced with use of an incinerator wherein a peripheral wall defining a combustion chamber is provided with a nozzle for injecting at least one mixing fluid selected from the group consisting of air, water, water vapor, inert gas and combustion exhaust gas into the combustion chamber and producing a swirling stream of the fluid within the chamber. When the refuse is incinerated, the mixing fluid is injected into the combustion chamber from the nozzle, whereby the flame and unburned substances produced within the chamber are efficiently mixed with an excessive portion of air supplied to the chamber and remaining therein to ensure promoted complete combustion.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus for improving fluid flow and gas mixing in boilers. More particularly, this invention pertains to a method and apparatus for improved fluid flow and gas mixing in kraft recovery boilers for increased energy efficiency, reduced TRS emissions and increased capacity. The method of introducing air into a boiler furnace comprises: (a) introducing air through at least one opening located on at least a first wall of the interior of the furnace; and (b) introducing air through at least one second opening located on a second wall of the interior of the furnace opposed to the first wall at the same, or slightly different, elevations.

Abstract: A method of preventing dust from adhering to a wall of a combustion apparatus, such as a furnace wall or exhaust duct, is carried out by forcing gas through a porous refractory member forming the wall. Specifically, the furnace wall or exhaust duct wall to which dust might otherwise adhere is made of a porous refractory member and gas is injected through the pores of the refractory member. In an incinerator, the refractory porous member extends around the periphery of a liquid injection nozzle, so that gas fed to the inside of the incinerator through the refractory porous member prevents flower from accumulating at the periphery of the end of the nozzle and attenuates the wake of the injected liquid so as to suppress the entrainment of dust in the liquid. In a melting furnace, the refractory porous members provide the ceiling of a slag separating chamber and the entrance of an exhaust gas duct open to the upper portion of the slag separating chamber.

Abstract: The procedure for supplying combustion air during grate firings, in which the primary combustion air is introduced into the fuel, and secondary combustion air is introduced directly into the flow of exhaust gas, and in which, in addition, some of the exhaust gas is tapped off from the flow of exhaust gas and returned to the combustion process, includes the withdrawal of exhaust gas directly above the fuel in the area where there is a large quantity of unused primary air, and the delivery of this exhaust gas that has been tapped off to the combustion air, the quantity of which is reduced according to the quantity of exhaust gas that is mixed with it.

Abstract: An improved system to control the flame, efficiency and flow rate in a waste oil feed system and burner. The system controller comprises a positive displacement waste oil pump, a variable speed motor connected to and driving said pump, and a motor speed control which control the speed of the motor, the speed of the pump and, consequently, the flow rate of the waste oil. Controlling the flow rate of the waste oil precisely allows the more efficient atomization and combustion of waste oils with different combustion and flow properties.

Abstract: A soil decontamination method in which soil and rocks contaminated with hydrocarbons, but substantially free of hazardous materials, is processed at a stationary site. The soil is first stored in a lined storage pit, segregated by type and source. Rock and extraneous material, such as concrete, asphalt, plastic, metal and debris (such as wood, sticks and paper) are removed from the soil and segregated. The soil is first heated to about 260.degree. C. to 425.degree. C. to desorb, but not burn, any hydrocarbon from the soil. The cleaned soil and hydrocarbon-containing heating gas then pass into a separator which separates the heavier soil components from the heating gas and the fines. The heating gas and fines are then heated to a much higher temperature, such as 760.degree. C. to 900.degree. C., to combust the hydrocarbon to create combusted gas and fines. The combusted gas and fines pass are cooled and the fines are filtered out.

Abstract: The operation of a combustible atmosphere furnace is controlled by monitoring the temperature of the combustible atmosphere, and the rate-of-change thereof. The measured rate-of-change is compared to a previously determined safe rate-of-change so as to anticipate and discourage incipient internal ignition.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus for improving fluid flow and gas mixing in boilers. More particularly, this invention pertains to a method and apparatus for improved fluid flow and gas mixing in kraft recovery boilers for increased energy efficiency, reduced TRS emissions and increased capacity. The method of introducing air into a boiler furnace comprises: (a) introducing air through at least one opening located on at least a first wall of the interior of the furnace; and (b) introducing air through at least one second opening located on a second wall of the interior of the furnace opposed to the first wall at the same, or different, elevations.

Abstract: A grate assembly consisting of a means for receiving a mass fuel and combusting the mass fuel on a surface with the addition of a combustion gas, and discharging the remaining residue. A separate means for injection of a mix gas at multiple points along the surface where combustion is occurring. The mix gas enhancing combustion by aiding in the mixing, drying and migration of the mass fuel during the combustion process. Multiple injection means for the introduction of the mix gas along the surface where combustion is occurring and a means for controlling the rate of introduction of the gas at each point. Separate treatment zones also being defined along the surface where combustion is occurring and a means for introduction of combustion gas within each zone and a means for controlling the rate of introduction of combustion gas to each zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for introducing combustion air in the form of air jets into a furnace (2) of, for example, a soda recovery boiler. Combustion air is introduced through air ports (12), arranged substantially at the same level (10), in air jets (13) of at least two sizes. Air ports in the walls (4) of the furnace are dimensioned in different sizes such that their hydraulic diameters increase from the corners of the furnace towards the centers of the furnace walls, whereby the degree of penetration of the respective air jets flowing through the air ports increases. The penetration of the air jets in maintained constant at different loading conditions.

Abstract: Apparatus for carrying out a postcombustion process includes a combustion chamber (2) and a post-combustion chamber (4) provided within the vicinity of the outlet of the combustion chamber (2). A conduit (8) is fluidically connected to the post-combustion chamber (4) so as to inject fresh combustion air thereinto. A heating device (9) is disposed within the conduit (8) for pre-heating the fresh combustion air to be injected into the post-combustion chamber (4). Various sensors (11,12,14) are provided within the combustion chamber (2), post-combustion chamber (4), and conduit (8), and an electronic control circuit (13) is operatively connected to the sensors (11,12,14) as well as to the heating device (9) so as to control the heating device (9) in response to detected sensed signals from the sensors (11,12,14).

Abstract: A method for carrying out combustion in a combustion zone using oxygen or oxygen-enriched air as the oxidant wherein atomized liquid is provided to the combustion zone separate from oxidant and combustible vapors, causing it to be distributed throughout the combustion zone and then, especially after its vaporization, uniformly provided to the combustion reaction with consequent uniform temperature moderation, and resulting in reduced NO.sub.x generation and reduced refractory damage.

Abstract: An incinerator, comprises a combustion chamber having a pair of opposed side walls and a top outlet passage. Primary air is injected into the combustion chamber through the floor and air jets located in each side wall adjacent the outlet passage direct air streams across the chamber above the material being burned. The air jets on one of side walls are longitudinally offset relative to the air jets on the other side wall along the length of the chamber so that the air streams traversing the chamber from one side wall do not directly interfere (except at their outer peripheries) with the air streams from the other side wall and the air streams as they approach the side walls are directed downward toward the bottom of the chamber and tend to flow into and upwards along the surface material being burned.

Abstract: In a method for burning evaporated waste liquor obtained at pulp production in accordance with cooking processes on sodium basis for recovering sodium carbonate and sulphide, the liquor (10) is injected towards the inlet end side (4) of a cylinder-shaped reaction chamber with mainly tangential gas supply (6). In this cyclone (2) the liquor is dried and pyrolysed by hot fumes recirculated from the outlet portion (12) and obtained through the ejector action of the liquor injection. After ignition of the pyrolysis gas and rests of the liquor the formed smelt (16) is discharged after sulphuration from the outlet portion of the cyclone. The fumes of the cyclone are oxidized in a separate furnace (14) after the cyclone (2). A stable and, from a process technical point of view, suitable combustion without support firing with any other fuel can be maintained with liquor including 25-40 % of water.

Abstract: The pH of low level radioactive waste liquid is adjusted to be substantially neutral and the liquid is passed to apparatus comprising an atomizer (11) having a turbine (15), air being heated by an electric heater (16) to the atomizer (11) to provide low level radioactive waste particles which may be encapsulated, e.g. in a resin. The apparatus may be transportable, and is claimed per se.

Abstract: In a steam generating boiler having a bottom wall supporting a char bed and sidewalls with ports through which air is admitted for combustion of combustible species in the char bed and emanating therefrom, combustion is improved by introducing an oxygen-containing gas into a lower central zone of the boiler, from at least one point remote from the sidewalls to thereby cause intimate mixing of the oxygen contained in the gas with the combustible species.

Abstract: When gasifying fuels with oxygen in a shaft-like furnace adapted to receive solid charging stock and including a primary gas chamber on its lower end to be charged by at least one burner, a fixed bed is formed in the primary gas chamber by the charging stock. The charging stock is gasified by the hot offgases from the burner. The gas forming, upon passage through the fixed bed, is extracted from the furnace as a product gas. In order to keep the product gas free of impurities that constitue a load on the environment and limit its usability, such as tar and other higher hydrocarbons, an oxygen-containing gas is injected into the furnace space filled by the product gas and a slight portion of the product gas is burnt.

Abstract: An improved plasma torch incinerator or reactor in which the incinerator uses a rotating, materials-receiving drum or chamber for receiving the hot plasma of a plasma torch. By properly constructing the inner surface of the rotatable drum and by varying the speed of rotation of the drum, waste materials can be effectively spread out over the inner surface of the drum to form a relatively thin layer of waste materials which has a large surface area which can be more quickly heated to the desired high temperatures provided by the plasma torch. Moreover, the spreading out of the waste materials can cause them to be recirculated and mixed by periodically reducing the speed of rotation of the drum. The plasma of the plasma torch is not directed toward a stationary part of the drum. Instead, the plasma torch is directed at a rotatable portion of the drum which provides for a better heat distribution and permits portions of the drum to cool during the intervals when they are not in direct contact with the plasma.

Abstract: The pH of low level radioactive waste liquid is adjusted to be substantially neutral and the liquid is passed to apparatus comprising an atomizer (11) having a turbine (15), air being heated by an electric heater (16) to the atomizer (11) to provide low level radioactive waste particles which may be encapsulated, e.g. in a resin.

Abstract: In a continuous pressurized process for the combustion, in the presence of steam and alkali, of solid fuels charged as aqueous slurries, the improvements comprising the elevation of inlet zone temperature in an entrained phase reactor by recirculating hot solid products to the zone, maintaining increased temperature and/or reduced steam partial pressure in the reactor and/or utilizing contaminated water from an associated fuels processing apparatus as a source of slurry and/or reactor temperature control water. An embodiment suitable for a coal-fired gas turbine locomotive is described and illustrated.

Abstract: A process and system are set forth for improving the recovery of sulfur from an oxygen-enriched Claus process by introducing a liquid sulfur stream into the reaction furnace zone to moderate oxygen-induced high temperatures which allow oxygen-enrichment and attendant throughput in the Claus process to higher levels than heretobefore practiced and alternatively to quench the reaction furnace effluent to maintain a hydrogen sulfide dioxide ratio of 2:1.

Abstract: A liquid borate is added to sulfur trioxide-containing combustion gases at a temperature of from about 250.degree. to about 1000.degree. F. in a boiler or other furnace system. The borate neutralizes sulfuric acid in the gases and inhibits sulfuric acid corrosion and deposition on metal surfaces of the system that contact the gases. An organic deposit modifying agent such as sorbitol and an additional acid neutralizing agent such as an alkali metal hydroxide, aluminate, or silicate may also be added to the combustion gases.

Abstract: The volume of low-level radioactive wastes containing free water is reduced by introducing the waste as a finely atomized spray into a zone heated by means of a hot gas. Contact of the spray particles with the hot gas results in the production of a dry, flowable radioactive solid product and a gaseous non-radioactive product which contains substantially no NO.sub.x or SO.sub.x and no volatile radionuclides, which are retained in the solid product.