Abstract: Described here are compositions, methods and apparatus for biological and physical geoengineering. A vertical spar buoy or spar buoy network is provided. The buoys or array of buoys are designed to resist wave motion while supporting an analytical platform at a depth such that particulate flux of fixed carbon is indicative of sequestration in the ocean's depths for one hundred years or more. Sedimentary deadfall through the 100-Year Horizon is measured to validate the flux of fixed carbon. Issuance of validated carbon sequestration certificates and monetization and trading of those certificates are described. Also provided are compositions and methods for increasing bioactive surface area and nutrient levels so as to promote carbon sequestration. Regeneration of carbon dioxide in the mesopelagic water column is reduced by providing complex habitat in the photic zone, thus ensuring higher complexity of trophic levels and sedimentary deadfall having larger particulate size.

Abstract: Described here are compositions, methods and apparatus for biological and physical geoengineering. Disclosed are inorganic particles, prill, pucks, or floats for dispersal on a body of water. These compositions are found to A) increase yields for pelagic aquaculture, B) increase carbon sequestration, and C) provide immediate relief from global warming by directly increasing surface albedo, reducing sea surface temperatures, and indirectly by increasing cloud nucleation activity. A vertical spar buoy or spar buoy network is provided. The buoys or array of buoys are designed to resist wave motion while supporting an analytical platform below the 100-Year Horizon. Sedimentary deadfall through the 100-Year Horizon is measured and flux of fixed carbon is reported and validated. Issuance of validated carbon sequestration certificates and monetization and trading of those certificates are also described.

Abstract: Described here are compositions, methods and apparatus for biological and physical geoengineering. Disclosed are inorganic particles, prill, pucks, or floats for dispersal on a body of water, the compositions having several properties: 1) positive buoyancy, 2) a sustained-release matrix for delivery of iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, boron, selenium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, preferably as a combination thereof, at biologically efficacious levels, and synergically, 3) a light-reflective surface for increasing planetary albedo when dispersed over large surfaces. These compositions are found to A) increase yields for pelagic aquaculture, B) increase carbon sequestration, and C) provide immediate relief from global warming by directly increasing surface albedo and indirectly by increasing cloud nucleation activity.

Abstract: A means and method for simultaneously reducing drag and noise of a high-sd underwater vehicle is provided. Water is admitted through a water intake scoop in the nose of the vehicle and a polymer powder-gas combination is injected into the water stream in the scoop. The water, polymer and gas are mixed in a mixing chamber into which the scoop empties and are ejected through a circumferential ejector disposed at the minimum pressure point.