Abstract: The invention relates to a coating device for coating, e.g. a size-press roll, paper or board or of an equivalent moving base. The coating device comprises a revolving coating bar which rests against a moving base. The coating bar extends across the machine width and is supported in a cradle substantially over its entire length. The coating bar spreads and smoothes the coating agent onto the moving base which coating agent is introduced into the coating device in the running direction of the moving base before the coating bar. The coating bar in accordance with the invention is a smooth bar of large diameter arranged against the moving base so that the profile of coating quantity can be controlled.

Abstract: In a device for coating a web of material, particularly a paper or cardboard web, the swivel mechanism of the coating mechanism and/or of the dosing system each have in addition to the cylinder units effecting the swinging motion from the servicing position into the working position, a hydraulic piston-cylinder unit pressing the swivel arms from the working position into an intermediate position. In this way the coating mechanism and/or the dosing system can be swung every quickly into the working position at the counter-roller and also swung away very quickly from the latter.

Abstract: Apparatus is presented for applying a coating of liquid material to a glass container and curing the coating to enhance the strength of the glass container. The apparatus includes an array of rollers in staggered alignment for coating the bottom of the container, along with differential speed belts for coating the side wall of the container and separate curing stations for curing the bottom coating and the side wall coating.

Abstract: A primer applicator which is movable along a surface of a workpiece such as an automobile window glass panel has a rotatable primer coating roller having an outer circumferential layer of soft resin. A robot arm which supports the primer applicator is actuated to move the primer applicator along the surface of the workpiece in rolling contact therewith to apply a primer to the surface of the workpiece. The primer is supplied to the outer circumferential layer of the primer coating roller when the primer coating roller rolls on the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: A coating device includes a plurality of parallel coating blade lamellae made from highly wear-resistant material. The lamellae are disposed against one another in a housing and held thereby, forming a lamella packet wherein each lamella of the packet is disposed at the same inclination with respect to a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the packet. The inclination of the lamellae is adjustably controlled by at least one adjusting device acting on the packet. Thus, a change in lamellae inclination also changes a step-wise configuration of a surface contour formed by neighboring lamellae of the packet.

Abstract: A crowned resilient roll whose diameter is continuously increased from axially opposite ends of the roll toward an axially middle point thereof is disclosed. The resilient roll includes a columnar roll body formed of a resilient material, and a coating layer formed on an outer circumferential surface of the roll body. The thickness of the coating layer is varied in an axial direction of the roll body, such that the coating layer has the largest thickness at an axially middle point of the roll body, and such that the thickness is gradually reduced from the middle point toward axially opposite ends of the roll body. Also disclosed is a method of making such a crowned resilient roll having a coating layer of varying thickness.

Abstract: A coating device having an applicator roll which forms an application slot with the backup roll which conducts the web of material. Adjoining the applicator slot is a pressure space which is formed at the outlet side of the application slot and between the applicator roll and the backup roll. A flexible guide wall having a shape which approximates or is adapted to the surface of the backup roll and/or can be adapted thereto by the Coanda effect itself, which wall forms a narrow slot along the web of material downstream from the pressure space. The wall is at such a slight distance away from the web that the formation of drips or streaks in the applied coating by the centrifugal force is excluded. The dosaging place for the final dosaging is formed by a dosaging doctor.

Abstract: A machine for applying grout mortar to a tiled surface includes a rotatable, frustroconical shroud having a plurality of generally radially extending blades therein. Resilient foot pads positioned at the bottom edges of the shroud and the blades contact the tiled surface. Each of the blades preferably is curved so that its outer end precedes its inner end in the direction of rotation of the shroud. Each blade also is tilted so that the upper edge is ahead of the its lower edge in the direction of rotation of the shroud.

Abstract: A paper tinting and drying machine has a tinting module and a dryer module spaced apart from one another by a predetermined distance so that aqueous liquid ink with less than five percent volatile organic compounds by volume applied to the underside of the paper can be visually inspected by the machine operator and so that ink application adjustments located on the paper output side of the tinter module can be accessed by the machine operator. Rollers in the tinting module constrain the paper to follow a path of travel through two sets of inking rollers so that both sides of the paper are evenly coated. After entering the dryer module without smearing or transferring wet ink to the dryer module input guide roller, the ink on the paper is dried by air knives and infrared heaters within the dryer module. In a first embodiment, the rollers in the tinting module drive the paper through the machine.

Abstract: A glue unit having a glue shoe and a glue wheel. The glue shoe has an adjustable metering plate and the glue wheel has a rim with depressions in its central area flanked by smooth side sections. The glue shoe has front, rear and side walls that are closed at the top with a top wall with the space between the walls forming a glue reservoir. The side walls seal to the glue wheel along its smooth side sections confining the glue in the reservoir and keeping the smooth side sections clean. The rear wall is shorter than the side walls and has a recess into which the metering plate is mounted with means for adjusting the metering plate toward and away from the glue wheel for use in applying a film of glue to the depressions. The front wall is coterminous with the side walls and has a plurality of notches permitting return of the glue to the reservoir.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for applying labels onto small cylindrical articles such as dry cell batteries is disclosed. A label transport drum has a substantially smooth surface. Cut labels are applied to the surface and an adhesive applicator applies a preferred cold adhesive onto an area adjacent the leading edge of the label. A solvent applicator applies a predetermined amount of solvent on the area adjacent the trailing edge of the label. The solvent applicator includes a solvent transfer roll and a rotatably support rotary pad print head. The rotary pad print head includes at least one narrowly tapering, flexible wiper tip. In one embodiment the wiper tip has a V-notch on its end. The flexible tip engages the solvent transfer roll, transferring solvent from the solvent transfer roll into the V-notch. the rotary pad print head is timed to rotate so that the flexible tip is deflected against the area adjacent the trailing edge of the label.

Abstract: An apparatus for the sizing of a shaped extended element having a longitudinal axis and including lateral surfaces extending substantially parallel to the axis. The apparatus includes a wheel rotatable about an axis. The wheel includes at least one planar ring-shaped surface extending perpendicular to the axis of the wheel and centered on the surface. The ring-shaped surface cooperates with the lateral surface of the shaped elongated element during a displacement of the wheel relative to the element along an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the element. A coating device is adapted to deposit, at least on the outer circumference of the wheel a sufficient amount of glue for allowing a sizing of the lateral surface of the shaped element.

Abstract: A gluing apparatus for a corrugated board installation is provided with a fluted roller and a gluing station. The actual size of the glue spreading gap formed between the fluted roller and the glue spreading roller of the gluing station is adjustable to a desired size via a control unit and an adjustment drive.

Abstract: A primer applicator which is movable along a surface of a workpiece such as an automobile window glass panel has a rotatable primer coating roller having an outer circumferential layer of soft resin. A robot arm which supports the primer applicator is actuated to move the primer applicator along the surface of the workpiece in rolling contact therewith to apply a primer to the surface of the workpiece. The primer is supplied to the outer circumferential layer of the primer coating roller when the primer coating roller rolls on the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for coating traveling webs of paper or board having two web guide rolls closely adjacent each other. Each roll has an applicator associated on its periphery. The applicators cooperate with each other at least in part for the coating of the web directly one after the other, preferably within at most 0.15 seconds. The rolls are arranged one above the other--possibly somewhat laterally shifted from each other. The lower roll has an applicator chamber of a nozzle applicator in the region of its periphery remote from the upper roll. The upper roll has at least one of the following on its web-entrance side--with respect to the lower roll--a sump chamber for coating composition formed of a doctor element and its mount and on its other side, an applicator chamber of a nozzle applicator. The lower roll may be adapted to be swung or lowered away from the upper roll and/or the upper roll may be liftable away from the lower roll.

Abstract: The invention concerns a support beam of a coating system for coating a web of paper or cardboard carried in or at the coating system by a roll, the support beam having a length about the same as the roll. Tie rods or thrust rods are distributed around the periphery of the support beam and are spaced at least 50 mm from the center of gravity line of the cross sectional surfaces of the beam. The cross sectional surfaces are disposed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the support beam. Traction or thrust devices apply a tension or compression force to at least one of the tie rods or thrust rods.

Abstract: A roll coating machine for applying liquid materials onto sheet material workpieces. The machine has particular application in the area of coating flexible foam sheets with stiffening or adhesive agents. The roll coater incorporates mechanisms for controlling the spacing between coating rollers which apply the liquid materials onto one or both sides of the workpiece and enables automatic adjustment for various thickness of material. Automatic adjustment is provided through accurate force balancing of one of the rollers and applying a highly controlled net force acting on the rollers such that the rollers self-adjust based on compression of the workpiece. Another mechanism provided in the machine of this invention incorporates pre-gauging and a cam adjustment mechanism for setting separation distance which can be used independently or in conjunction with a force balancing approach mentioned previously.

Abstract: The decorations (6) made by the apparatus are realized by the use of solid particles (7) in the form of scales, sands or granules, which are deposited on and adhere to the hot tarred surface of the membrane (1). The apparatus includes at least one device for applying solid particles (formed by a rotating roller (10) or a rotating ring-wound continuous belt (14-17)or a rotatable plate (19)) provided with shapes (8) having a same shape as the final decorations (6) on the membrane (1) will have. The solid particles applying device is associated to a hopper (9) containing the solid particles (7) in such a way that the particles (7) fall by force of gravity from the outlet mouth of the hopper (9) onto the solid particles applying device and thence from the shapes (8) cut into the solid particles applying device onto the transiting membrane (1), forming the decorations (6) on the membrane (1).

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for pretreating plastic sheets having poor adhesive properties, with a primer treatment. The primer treatment includes a sheet conveyor for conveying plastic sheets in one direction at a constant speed. A flexible, porous friction member is arranged so as to come into contact with adhesive areas of the plastic sheets. A press confronts the friction member and presses the plastic sheet against the friction member. A primer solution is supplied to the friction member where it is transmitted to the plastic sheet.

Abstract: An apparatus serves for the metered coating of an inking roller (1) with a fluid coating medium, in particular an inking roller in a printing press which directly or indirectly inks a printing form, whereby the inking roller (1) is in contact with a soft transfer roller (2) or soft printing roller arranged in parallel, and whereby the surfaces of the inking roller (1) and the transfer roller (2) or the printing roller respectively at least have a path speed which is more or less identical. The surface of the inking roller (1) dips directly into the coating medium (3), whereby the thickness of the film of coating medium (3) remaining on the surface of the inking roller (1) is determined by a wiping roller (4) which is arranged parallel to the inking roller (1), is supported on this, has an engraving and, in comparison to the inking roller, a small outside diameter.

Abstract: A system for wet application of a dry film, such as a photoresist, to a generally planar panel having upper and lower surfaces, such as a printed circuit board, is provided. The apparatus comprises rotatable upper and lower wetting rollers each having an absorbent material such as neoprene on the surface thereof, and a mechanism for holding the upper wetting roller in forcible contact with the lower wetting roller so that rotation of the lower wetting roller is translated into rotation of the upper wetting roller. The lower wetting roller is positioned at least partially within a container providing a supply of wetting agent, such as water, such that the wetting agent is in contact with the absorbent material on the surface of the lower wetting roller.

Abstract: A dispenser unit is provided on one side of a conveying rail and a wafer is provided on the other side of the conveying rail. A tube is attached at one end to the dispensing unit and at the other end to a syringe. First and second shafts are attached at their base ends to the dispensing unit. A satellite roller and movable roller are mounted on the forward ends of the first and second shafts. The satellite roller and movable roller are mounted such that they are rotatable. A movable mechanism is mounted on the dispensing unit to move a semiconductor element from a wafer onto a lead frame. The movable roller is moved to coat a bonding agent on a rear surface of the semiconductor element.

Abstract: An applying apparatus for applying films to a panel includes a film feed device for feeding leading edges of the films to a tentative applying position of applying the edges to the panel, an applying device for applying the films to the panel, and a movable panel conveyance device which is moved together with the applying device.

Abstract: A die paste transfer system wherein a first layer of bonding paste is transfer to a surface of the die as the die moves through the paste station in a controlled manner. The control for the transport controls orientation which the die passes through the paste station and the orientation of the die at the bonding site. The height of the die is varied as it passes through a second layer of paste. The speed at which the die and the second layer of bonding paste move well to each other is also adjusted to produce the desired thickness of the first layer on the die. Shear is produced in the second layer to affect transfer of the bonding paste from the reservoir to the die. For larger dies, the die may enter and leave the paste more than once to produce individual plateaus spaced from the edge of the die.

Abstract: Dispenser-distributor provided with a device for the local application of the liquid detergent. The device consists of an aperture let into the top part of the side surface of the dispenser-distributor whose orifice is intercepted by a circular-sectioned element rotatably supported about pins engaged in two recesses positioned on the rim of the aperture.

Abstract: A process for producing a fixing roller comprising coating a fluorine resin dispersion onto a core by using a transfer coating apparatus comprising a transfer roller equipped with a fluorine resin dispersion temperature controller, a coating pan containing a fluorine resin dispersion, a driving system for revolving the core, and a core carrying mechanism for shifting the core, in which the core is brought close to the transfer roller at a gap allowing the core to pick up the fluorine resin dispersion having been picked up from the coating pan onto the transfer roller, and after a prescribed amount of the fluorine resin dispersion is transferred onto the core, the gap between the core and the transfer roller is widened by shifting the core away from the transfer roller thereby to separate the core from the transfer roller, the coating apparatus further comprising a thin plate on both sides of the transfer roller for preventing the fluorine resin dispersion in contact with both ends of an effective coating widt

Abstract: A paint in a paint pan is picked up through a gap h.sub.PA formed between a pickup roll and an applicator roll, part of the paint is attached to the applicator roll and delivered to a sheet as a supply flow rate q.sub.A. The film thickness coated on the sheet is controlled in accordance with a model equation: M={(q.sub.A -q.sub.L).multidot..gamma..multidot.C}/LS which has evaluated a difference between the supply flow rate q.sub.A and a leak flow rate q.sub.L not transferred onto the sheet, remaining on the applicator roll and escaping through a gap h.sub.AS (.gamma. is the specific gravity of the paint, C the concentration of a solid content of the paint and LS a moving speed of the sheet).

Abstract: A web of flexible material is pressed between a counterroll and a pressing roll to which the pressing force is applied by magnetic, fluid-pressure or switching means via a force-multiplying lever arrangement.

Abstract: A coating method is performed by positioning a coating roll directly beneath one end of a predetermined coating range of a printing roll so that the coating roll is perpendicular to the printing roll. The rotating roll rotates and carries a coating liquid which is to be coated on the printing roll that is held horizontally. The printing roll is rotated, and the coating roll is also rotated in a direction in which the carrying of the coating liquid takes place on a leading side of the rotating roll with respect to the traveling direction of the coating roll. The coating roll and is moved from one end to the other of the coating range on the printing roll in such a manner that the coating roll is kept in contact with the printing roll and the coating liquid is coated on the printing roll.

Abstract: A release agent management system incorporated in an electrophotograpic printing machine having a heat and pressure fuser assembly with stripper fingers to aid in the removal of fused copies from the fuser roll. The fuser assembly includes a heated fuser roll, a pressure roll, a sump containing a quantity of release agent, a metering roll and a donor roll. The metering roll is immersed in a quantity of release agent and is in contact with the donor roll. The donor roll acts as the transport to transfer release agent from the metering roll to the heated fuser roll. The surface of the donor roll is provided with cutout grooved areas corresponding to the location of the stripper fingers on the fuser roll. These grooves result in a lesser amount of release agent being applied to the fuser roll in the area adjacent the stripper fingers.

Abstract: An applicator for applying paint to a painting pad with no need to pour any paint from the original paint can. The applicator comprises a conventional standard paint can with a lid and a sleeve with upper and lower surfaces to effect a seal between the paint can and the paint can lid. The sleeve rotatively supports a roller which carries a free hanging, flexible, endless paint transfer belt and weight. The belt encircles the roller and the weight. The weight pulls the belt tight and near to the bottom of the paint can. The paint is applied to a painting pad by moving the painting pad across the paint transfer belt and support roller causing the roller to rotate and move the transfer belt down through the paint to the bottom of the can and back up, thereby picking up paint and transferring it to the painting pad. With the paint can lid in place, the applicator and unused paint may be conveniently stored.

Abstract: The invention refers to an apparatus for applying liquid media onto a web with an applicator roller carried in a machine frame and an impression roller which can be lifted thereoff and adjusted thereto, said impression roller forming a roller gap with the applicator roller, through which the web passes. For the solution of the problem to provide an apparatus with a simple and robust design, in which a desired gap between the impression roller and the applicator roller can be easily set, the impression roller is mounted between the one arms of two parallel two-armed levers being pivotably supported in the machine frame. At the ends of the other arms one end of a pressure piston cylinder unit pivoting the two-armed levers is coupled, the other end of which is mounted in the machine frame. Furthermore, at least one stopper is provided which is allocated to one of the lever arms, arranged in the machine frame, adjustable as to height, and by which the width of the roller gap is limited.

Abstract: A rotating wick for a fuser includes an outside surface having a roughness less than 0.1 mm. peak-to-valley. The outside surface is preferably a porous fibrous cloth which can cover a NOMEX needled felt surrounding a rotatable porous ceramic material. If enough turns of the cloth are used, the felt can be eliminated and single convolutions of the cloth can be severed and thrown away when soiled.

Abstract: A dispenser has a tube and a tip portion having a flat passage communicated with the tube and an elongated opening at a lower end thereof. The flat passage has a constant sectional area over the entire axial length thereof, so that the solder flows in the passage at a constant rate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for uniformly depositing solder paste on a printed wiring board. A squeegee arrangement applies solder paste through a stencil to a surface of a printed wiring board. As the squeegee assembly is moved in one planar direction over the stencil in a planar fashion, it is also vibrated by a vibrator to produce slight circular motion in addition to the planar motion of the squeegee blade.

Abstract: Two parallel webs of wrapping material are advanced toward the inlet of a wrapping mechanism in a twin cigarette rod making, filter rod making or like machine adjacent a paster with two wheel-shaped rotary applicators which apply strips of adhesive to selected marginal portions of the respective webs. The applicators receive adhesive from discrete rotary adhesive supplying members which, in turn, receive adhesive from a tandem pump. The applicators are installed at a level below the wrapping mechanism to reduce the likelihood of contamination of such mechanism by sprays or droplets of adhesive. The webs are draped around discrete tobacco-containing or filter material-containing rods, and the adhesive-coated marginal portions of the webs are folded over the other marginal portions to form seams which extend in parallelism with the axes of the resulting cigarette rods or filter rods.

Abstract: An electrostatographic toner fusing member having a support and a layer containing a crosslinked polyfluorophosphazene elastomer with thermally conductive filler particles. This fusing member is used in a device for fusing electrostatographic toner materials to a substrate which device employs both heat and pressure The fusing member exhibits an excellent combination of properties, including resistance to swelling by release liquids, resistance to thermal degradation and thermal conductivity that is superior to prior art fusing members employing crosslinked fluoroelastomers.

Abstract: The applicator according to the present invention applies an ultrasonic gel to an ultrasonic wave radiating surface of a probe. The applicator includes a container containing the ultrasonic gel, a belt partly immersed in the ultrasonic gel in the container and partly protruding therefrom and exposed to the outside, and a belt drive unit driven by rollers for drawing up the ultrasonic gel in the container to an exposed position outside of the container.

Abstract: A liquid metering and coating device made of a liquid permeation control layer adhered to a porous support in which the support is an open-celled foam internally reinforced to obtain the strength, resilience, and heat resistance needed for high durability in use as a part of a hot toner image fixation mechanism in a plain paper copying machine.

Abstract: A coating apparatus for coating a sensitizing solution onto a surface of an elongated metal plate includes a transfer roller and a coating nozzle for coating the sensitizing solution on a circumferential surface of the roller. The circumferential surface of the transfer roller is in contact with the surface of the metal plate running in the longitudinal direction under a predetermined tension. The transfer roller is rotated in a direction opposite to that in which the metal plate is run, so that the coated sensitizing solution is transferred from the circumferential surface of the transfer roller on the surface of the metal plate.

Abstract: The wallpaper pasting apparatus characterized in that the wallpaper pasting apparatus is provided with a pasting roller and a pressing guide for pressing the wallpaper against the upper surface thereof, by a plurality of levelling plate means having edge wavy grooves for adjusting the thickness of the paste layer transferred onto the wallpaper.This apparatus has a simple structure and a light weight, and permits easy and accurate adjustment of the thickness of the paste layer.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for applying coating to products such as medicaments are disclosed. The present invention provides a apparatus comprising product holders and plates which interact with vacuum tubes to retain the product being coated in place while inverted and dipped into a tank of coating material. The vacuum tubes may be designed to hold product of nearly any shape or in any orientation. In a preferred embodiment, methods and apparatus for creating a two-color gelatin coating on a tablet are disclosed. In certain embodiments, additional apparatus are provided whereby the vacuum tubes rotate about their longitudinal axes and are placed in contact with a coating applicator, thereby applying a band or stripe of a coating material to a specified section of the product.

Abstract: A trough structure is arranged for directing and supporting a roll of wallpaper webbing therethrough to effect wetting or adherence of glue to the wallpaper structure. The trough structure includes a forward wall spaced from a partition wall, with the partition wall spaced forwardly of a rear edge portion of the side walls to define a roll support cavity to rotatably mount the wallpaper roll therewithin. A modification of the invention includes an applicator brush in association with a trough guide roll to apply a glue material to a bottom surface of the wallpaper webbing, and may further include a supply reservoir arranged for pressurizing and directing fluid glue interiorly of the trough structure through the associated applicator roll.

Abstract: A brush-type dampening unit in a rotary printing machine, includes at least one revolving carrier member having a multiplicity of brush bristles arranged thereon a pan roller dipping at least partly into a dampening-fluid pan, and revolving in a direction opposite to that of the carrier member, adjusting means for adjusting the position of the carrier member with respect to the pan roller, the revolving carrier member and pan roller having respective separately controllable drives independent of a drive of the printing machine, and means for zonally metering a quantity of dampening fluid over the width of the machine, as well as for influencing a direction of movement of the dampening fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus for application of material to the internal surface of cylindrical items of manufacture. The apparatus includes a frame, a transport system having work stations supporting the items, an application system, and a curing system for curing the material applied to the cylindrical items. The application system includes a drive roll, movable into engagement with the item for rotating the item, a coating roll movable between a position engaging the internal surface of the item to apply the desired material, and a position engaged with a reservoir system having a rotating supply roll for supplying the coating roll with material.

Abstract: A coating apparatus is provided with a front roller and a rear roller which rotate in the same rotational sense and opposite to direction of rotation of a parallel cylinder to be coated with fluid material which hardens to a resilient coating thereon. A reservoir of fluid material is provided above a nip between the front and rear rollers, so that the front roller carries a layer of fluid material on a surface thereof to a nip formed between the front roller and the cylinder to be coated, thereby continuously building up thickness of the coating upon the cylinder. Heating elements and temperature sensors in a hood around the cylinder maintain an optimum coating temperature.

Abstract: A hand held coating apparatus is comprised of first and second applicators in one apparatus. The handle is located in between the first and second applicators. The first applicator head, located on one end of the handle, is rotatable and the second applicator head, located on the opposite end of the handle, is non-rotatable, which is stationary head. Rotatable applicator is comprised of a sleeve and a sponge cover, which are secured on a rod end. The rotatable applicator is for rapid and evenly spreading coating material. Non-rotatable applicator is for mixing, dabbing, and applying coating material in hard to reach areas. The apparatus is small enough to be flipped over with a single hand motion, which allows the user to implement each applicator individually. The apparatus can be used for coating, such as paint, art work, make-up applications, body massasge or cooking practices.

Abstract: In a device for controlling the aggregations of a mixture of stone materials and binders for the manufacturing of agglomerated stone products, two cylindrical rollers having parallel axes are rotated at different rotation speeds and the distance between said axes is adjustable in order to determine the maximum size of the aggregations.

Abstract: A release agent management (RAM) system including a metering roll supported for contact with release agent material contained in a sump. Release agent material in the form of relatively low viscosity silicone oil is pumped into the sump via an inlet hose attached at one end of the sump. An outlet hose is attached to the sump at its other end. By attaching the inlet and outlet hoses at the ends of the sump, maximum clearance for the paper and a cost effective RAM is provided. Oil height variation due to sump tipping, end-to-end, is minimized by structure internal to the sump which simulates a central inlet/outlet.

Abstract: A device for adjusting the size of the gap between an adhesive scraper of a labelling machine and an adhesive roller of the labelling machine. The device includes at least two independently controllable actuators that adjust the gap to different sizes from one another. The actuators may take the form of hydraulically or pneumatically controlled pistons and cylinders.