Abstract: A fish feeding composition for improving the growth and/or health of fish, comprises cysteamine or salts thereof and from 1 to 80 wt % of a carrier. The fish feeding composition is preferably added to a basal feed and then fed to the fish. Use of such a feed increases body weight and reduces death due to disease and adverse living conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for raising marine fish in freshwater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significant increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the marine fish.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the use of spinosyn or a physiologically acceptable derivative or salt thereof for improved production of fish; controlling ectoparasite infestations in aquaculture raised fish; and fish feed formulations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of an astaxanthin pigment product obtained by semi-synthesis from marigold extract to substantially enhance the feeding and growth rates of commercially cultivated aquatic species when added to the feed mixture in concentrations useful in producing fish and shrimp coloration. More particularly, this product induces growth rates substantially greater than any currently available feed additive for salmon, trout and shrimp.

Abstract: Provides is a food having an increased effect of inhibiting accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in a living body contains a carbonaceous material that has a pore structure capable of exhibiting adsorbability and to which calcium is bound. The carbonaceous material used herein usually has an average pore diameter of 0.70 to 0.90 nm and a specific surface area of 950 to 1,600 m2/g. The food can adsorb dioxins inclusive of polychlorinated biphenyls that are contained in the food or accumulated in the living body by the carbonaceous material. The carbonaceous material contained in the food, after being taken in, can be excreted from the living body together with the excrement.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an off-shore unitary fish farming apparatus, including: a plurality of floatable fish containers aligned sequentially having attachment means for flexibly connecting the containers to maintain the containers in a predetermined relationship to one another, a dampening means attached to at least one of the containers to reduce current and wave and also deflect any floating debris away from the containers, a fish feed tank for holding, mixing and distribution of fish feed slurry to each of the plurality of fish containers, the fish tank having a securing means for attaching the dampening means to the tank; a feed dispenser for radially dispensing fish feed in the container directly beneath the water surface, anchor means to anchor the apparatus to an aquatic floor, the anchor means allowing radial movement of the tank around an anchor position and a crane mounted on the fish feed tank.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for raising marine fish in freshwater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significant increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the marine fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: Methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: A method of rearing aquatic species is provided, comprising feeding the aquatic species during at least part of the larval and/or post-larval state with prey organisms, such as Artemia or rotifers, having in their total lipid content a DHA content of at least 12 wt %. The method is suitable for the rearing of fish species such as halibut, turbot, bass, bream and flounder. The total lipid content of the prey organisms further including highly unsaturated fatty acids comprising 18:3, 18:4, 20:4, 20:5 (EPA) and 22:5 fatty acids. Also the prey organisms include 5 to 35 wt % phospholipids of the total lipid content, wherein the total lipid content is at least 20 wt % on a dry weight basis.

Abstract: An apparatus for transporting animal feed in an aqueous body utilizing a container having a wall portion forming a chamber. The chamber is intended to hold the animal feed. A baffle is positioned in the chamber of the container to direct the animal feed to a selected portion of the chamber. A conduit and pump urge the movement of the animal feed and aqueous material from the chamber for dispersion as needed.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for raising marine fish in freshwater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significant increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the marine fish.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing prey organisms such as Artermia and rotifers, for feeding aquacultural organisms in particular at the larval stage. The method comprises cultivating the prey organisms during at least part of their life cycle in an aqueous medium comprising at least one lipid component having a DHA content of at least 30 wt %. The enriched prey organisms preferably have a DHA content of at least 12 wt % of their total lipid content. The prey organisms are suitable feed for larvae of fish including halibut, turbot, bass, and flounder, and crustaceans and molluscs.

Abstract: A duck shooting resort layout having a body of water, a peripheral embankment encircling the water, a duck hunting region within the resort, and duck hunting blinds within the hunting region from which hunters may shoot ducks. A method of training ducks to fly only within the hunting region is described. Multiple embodiments, with islands, piers, or embankment fingers, are described that safely allow a high density of hunters within a given land area. The resort terrain may be sculpted into the invention's structure at a minimum of cost and movement of dirt. The water depth may increase toward the channel ends for harvesting fish by partial draining, and grading screens may be provided at the ends for harvesting fish. A method of using sound for attracting and grading fish in a commercial fish farming operation, with grading screens used during harvesting of fish.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fish attracting composition. Previously fish sex hormones were considered only to have a role in sexual reproduction, however the present invention shows that these hormones can be used to induce feeding behaviour in fish. In particular a fish attracting composition is disclosed which contains at least one fish sex hormone which functions as a sex pheromone, however a synthetic nature similar version thereof may alternatively be used. In particular, a fish composition containing the hormone 17,20?-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one is shown, this inducing feeding behaviour in immature carp.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for raising marine fish in freshwater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significant increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the marine fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding PVCR modulators (e.g., calcium and/or magnesium) to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed contains an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The present invention provides an effective oxygen generating materials, carbon dioxide absorbing materials, and transport system and transport method of live fishery products for use upon transporting live fishery products. An oxygen generating materials of the present invention is prepared by packaging solid peroxide and peroxide decomposition catalyst with a moisture-permeable material having a cup method moisture permeability (40° C., 90% RH) of more than 20 g/m2/24 hr and being impervious to water at normal pressure. Furthermore, a carbon dioxide absorbing materials are prepared by packaging alkaline earth metal hydroxide and/or oxide with a gas-permeable material having a Gurley method gas permeability (JIS P8117) of 0.1˜3000 sec./100 ml of gas and being impervious to water at normal pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: In a feeder for dispensing moist feed pellets to fish in a fish farm, there are provided a feed storage hopper, a screen group for separating fish feed into edible-size pellets and feed waste, and a conveyor for conveying the feed material from the hopper to the screen group. The feed waste is collected in a receptacle for later recycling through a feed pellet extruder. The feeder also has an air delivery system comprising a venturi eductor and a nozzle for aspiring the edible-size pellets from the screen group and for delivering the pellets into an air stream directed toward a fish pen. Most importantly, the conveyor is a belt type conveyor with spaced-apart flights, providing this feeder with the ability to dispense discrete amounts of fish feed in an intermittent feed mode from the hopper, through the screen group and into the air delivery system.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding PVCR modulators (e.g., calcium and/or magnesium) to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed contains an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for feeding aquatic animals comprising a step which consists in distributing the food, characterized in that it further comprises a step which consists in automatically controlling the food distribution by measuring sound signal characteristic of the feed intake, that is, emitted by the animals corresponding to their ingestion or attempt to ingest food.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding PVCR modulators (e.g., calcium and/or magnesium) to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed contains an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for raising marine fish in freshwater. The methods involve adding at least one Polyvalent Cation Sensing Receptor (PVCR) modulator to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed comprises an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significant increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the marine fish.

Abstract: A feeding system for cultured species including: (a) providing (i) a sensor able to detect feed particles passing through a sample area, and (ii) a control unit, including computer data storage age media in communication with the sensor, and (b) detecting and discriminating feed particles that pass through the sample area; wherein the control unit is able to process information obtained from the sensor and regulate subsequent feed output based on algorithm parameters, said algorithm parameters determine the instantaneous feed rate of the cultured species to adjust and match the preferred feed values meted to the cultured species at any given time.

Abstract: In a feeder for dispensing moist feed pellets to fish in a fish farm, there are provided a feed storage hopper, a screen group for separating fish feed into edible-size pellets and feed waste, and a conveyor for conveying the feed material from the hopper to the screen group. The feed waste is collected in a receptacle for later recycling through a feed pellet extruder. The feeder also has an air delivery system comprising a venturi eductor and a nozzle for aspiring the edible-size pellets from the screen group and for delivering the pellets into an air stream directed toward a fish pen. Most importantly, the conveyor is a belt type conveyor with spaced-apart flights, providing this feeder with the ability to dispense discrete amounts of fish feed in an intermittent feed mode from the hopper, through the screen group and into the air delivery system.

Abstract: A method of increasing seafood production in the oceans comprises testing the water at the surface of the ocean in order to determine the nutrients that are missing, applying to the surface of the ocean a first fertilizer that comprises an iron chelate, and harvesting the increased production of seafood that results. The method may further comprise applying a microorganism that fixes nitrogen such as phytoplankton, applying additional fertilizers, and seeding the ocean with fish. Each fertilizer releases the nutrient(s) over time in the photic zone and in a form that does not precipitate before use by the phytoplankton.

Abstract: Controlled release compositions of matter are disclosed comprising complexes for treating a population of one or more aquatic organisms in a column of water. The complexes comprise at least one system wherein the system comprises at least one bioactive agent as a component selected for treating a population of aquatic organisms, at least one carrier component, and at least one coating component for regulating the controlled release rate and release profile of the bioactive agent in water or at least one bioactive agent and one joint-function component that can serve as both a carrier and coating to regulate the controlled release rate and release profile of the bioactive agent in water, with or without optional binder components and/or additional formulation materials. The components are selected to sink or float so that the complexes will permeate and/or remain in any planar or volumetric segment of a water column for a period of time that is sufficient to effectively treat a population of aquatic organisms.

Abstract: Controlled release compositions of matter are disclosed comprising complexes for treating a population of one or more aquatic organisms in a column of water. The complexes comprise at least one system wherein the system comprises at least one bioactive agent as a component selected for treating a population of aquatic organisms, at least one carrier component, and at least one coating component for regulating the controlled release rate and release profile of the bioactive agent in water or at least one bioactive agent and one joint-function component that can serve as both a carrier and coating to regulate the controlled release rate and release profile of the bioactive agent in water, with or without optional binder components and/or additional formulation materials. The components are selected to sink or float so that the complexes will permeate and/or remain in any planar or volumetric segment of a water column for a period of time that is sufficient to effectively treat a population of aquatic organisms.

Abstract: A fish feeding mechanism that disburses fish food within a fish tank in metered quantities, allowing fish the time to consume the food before it settles. The feeding mechanism is affixed to the inside of the fish tank by a suction cup or a suspension hook and comprises a food container whose top end is positioned above the water surface. The submerged surface end of the food container includes at least one food outlet that opens into the fish tank. Adjacent to the food container and also submerged inside the fish tank is a lift tube provided with an inlet port to allow water from the fish tank to enter, while a channel in the lift tube allows the water to enter the food container. An air line is inserted into the lift tube's inlet port and the compressed air therefrom flows from the mouth of the air line and enters the lift tube, causing air bubbles to rise to create an upward current of water.

Abstract: A method and means for enhancing, encouraging and facilitating the growth of various species of marine life in an aqueous environment uses a nutrient mix derived from chemicals such as calcium carbonate and refined lanolin. When placed upon organic substrate support materials such as corn cobs and/or oyster shells and submerged in the presence of certain temperate zone climatic conditions, resulting marine life may be harvested for further commercial utilization or it may be allowed to remain in situ for "natural" utilization such as, for example, attracting ducks, geese and/or other species of waterfowl to a marine habitat.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for growing the microflora Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, and mixtures thereof, which includes the growing of the microflora in fermentation medium containing non-chloride containing sodium salts, in particular sodium sulfate. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the process produces microflora having a cell aggregate size useful for the production of food products for use in aquaculture. Further disclosed is a food product which includes Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, and mixtures thereof, and a component selected from flaxseed, rapeseed, soybean and avocado meal. Such a food product includes a balance of long chain and short chain omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. The lipids containing these fatty acids can also be extracted and used in nutritional, pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Abstract: A semi-submersible fish feeder (1) for use in fish farms and aquariums which provides a feeding chamber (3) that floats below the surface of water and thereby enables edible materials such as food or medicine to be more controllably and evenly distributed to fish. A buoyancy aid (2) and ballast chamber (7) allow the depth of the feeding chamber within the water to be controlled. The feeding chamber is typically a volume of edible material enclosed by a net (10) through which fish can eat.

Abstract: A fish resuscitating apparatus includes a container of pressurized oxygen-rich fluid medium such as a gas or liquid. A valve controllably couples the fluid medium to a dispensing tip which is dimensioned to fit within the mouth of the fish. The dispensing tip is porous or perforated to allow the fluid to enter the mouth of the fish for aiding the fish in recovering from being caught. A kit of parts includes a container, a valve, and a plurality of tips of different dimensions, for use with different types of fish.

Abstract: A dietary inclusion model for an integrated aquaculture-hydroponics system is derived from the concept of mass conservation. The model enables the maintenance of near-equilibrium concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, N, and P, suitable concentrations of Mn and Cu, and acceptable accumulation rates of Na and Zn, in representative integrated aquaculture-hydroponics systems, by modifying the mineral concentrations of the fish diets according to the model. The model is readily applicable to virtually any freshwater recirculating fish culture system operating at a recycle ratio sufficiently high to maintain appropriate nitrogen concentrations and having an environment suitable for hydroponic plant culture.

Abstract: An aquaculture system is disclosed in which feeding and aeration are provided by a bottom mounted piping system. In addition, floating surface panels may provide thermal insulation. The bottom mounted piping system allows a food and oxygen slurry to be injected into a pond even when the floating surface panels cover the pond. The floating surface panels may allow an air bubble to form between the pond surface and the panel to aid in thermal insulation. The aquaculture system is particularly adapted for use as a shrimp farm system.

Abstract: A centrifugal feed distributor or feeder (10) to distribute feed (16) in a substantially circular distribution array (58) for fish or livestock. Feeder (10) includes a domed housing (20), a fan assembly (32), and a rotating base (34). The domed housing (20) includes a substantially cylindrical sidewall (22), a closed upper end (24), and a large open lower end (26), which together define a inner chamber (28) and an exterior (30). The fan assembly (32) includes a plurality of fan blades (36) each connected to a vertical shaft (40) that rotates about a center of shaft when an external force (18) is applied to the fan blades. The shaft (40) is also connected to base (34), which rotates about shaft center at the same speed the fan blades rotate. The fan assembly (32) is positioned within domed housing chamber (28). An output gap (52) is defined by the position of the lower end (26) of the housing (20) in relationship to the rotating base (34).

Abstract: A method of increasing seafood production in the oceans comprises testing the water at the surface of the ocean in order to determine the nutrients that are missing, applying to the surface of the ocean a first fertilizer that comprises an iron chelate, and harvesting the increased production of seafood that results. The method may further comprise applying a microorganism that fixes nitrogen such as phytoplankton, applying additional fertilizers, and seeding the ocean with fish. Each fertilizer releases the nutrient(s) over time in the photic zone and in a form that does not precipitate before use by the phytoplankton.

Abstract: An aquarium fish feeder and a method of feeding fish with a fish feeder. The fish feeder includes mesh walls, a stiffening member and a suspension device. The feeder receives fish food, which is urged against a mesh wall, and the feeder is submerged in water in an aquarium. Fish feed by eating food through the mesh or by eating food that protrudes through the mesh. After the fish have eaten, the container with uneaten food may be removed to prevent fouling of the aquarium water. The stiffening member allows the feeder to be configured and held in a desired shape to allow greater access to the feeder for a greater number of fish. The suspension device permits the feeder to be suspended above the aquarium bottom.

Abstract: A process for optimizing the growth of fish reared in a pond, comprising injecting oxygen into the pond in a controlled quantity according to different cycles.

Abstract: An apparatus for feeding fish includes a member operable to be disposed in a body of water. The member has a wall for containing fish food and for defining a feeding area and the wall has upper and lower portions. The upper portion is operable to project above the surface of the water to generally protect the feeding area from wind to prevent feed in the feeding area from being blown by wind, yet provides access to the feeding area. The lower portion is operable to project sufficiently below the surface of the water to prevent the occurrence of opening between the wall and the surface of the after due to surface disturbances thereon, however, the lower portion does not project far enough below the surface to generally inhibit fish access to the feeding area.

Abstract: An aquatic animal feeding assembly for use with aquariums, tanks, pools or the like. The feeding assembly (4) comprises an outer magnet (34) placed adjacent an outer surface of the aquarium wall (14) and an inner magnet (32) placed opposite the outer magnet on the inner surface of the aquarium wall such that the magnets attract to each other against the aquarium wall. A food holder (42, 60, 70) is attached to the inner magnet within the aquarium for releasably holding food within the aquarium. The magnets generate an attractive magnetic force sufficient to hold each other in place opposite the aquarium wall. In addition, the outer magnet may be moved along the aquarium wall to thereby move the inner magnet and the food holder to a desirable location within the aquarium.

Abstract: The addition of a sufficient quantity of organisms of bacteria selected from the group comprising Bacillus lentimorbus, Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus cereus and mixtures thereof to a fish pond increases the production of fish in the pond by over 25%.

Abstract: An automatic feeding apparatus for aquatic life comprising a cultivating device 20 for cultivating the aquatic life 10, and a feeding device 80 for supplying food, which further comprises an image acquisition device 40A for taking an image of wave forms at surface of water 30 in the cultivating device, an image processing device 50 for processing the image to a binary image, an activity calculating device 60 for calculating a value indicating the activity of the aquatic life by calculating a total number and/or a total area of the wave forms based on the binary image, a feeding amount control device 70 for controlling feeding amount and feeding time of the feeding device based on the value, and a device 110 , 40B for adjusting the feeding amount based on cultivation environment and/or number and size of the aquatic life.

Abstract: A fish feed composition to reduce mortality and/or improve growth in juvenile salmon upon transfer to seawater. The fish feed includes L-carnitine in admixture with juvenile salmon feed compositions sufficient to improve gluconeogenesis and/or glycogen reserves during smoltification and adaption to seawater.