Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for recycling water in a cellulosic conversion process that comprises selecting process stream(s) that may contain reduced levels of inhibitors and subsequently subjecting the stream(s) to a treatment process to produce treated water. The treated water is thereafter recycled to the cellulosic conversion process, associated utilities or the seal water system. The process streams selected for treatment may comprise less than 5 wt % organic content and/or less than 5 wt % inorganic content. The process of the invention comprises at segregating process streams based on their treatment requirements. The segregated process streams may be sent to respective separate treatments selected from anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, physical separation and chemical treatment.

Abstract: In a drain recovery section including a recovery tank to which drain generated in a steam-using device is collected and from which the drain is supplied to a boiler, pressure decrease in the boiler under a high load can be suppressed. A drain recovery section includes: a recovery tank in which drain generated by condensation of steam in a steam-using device is stored and from which water stored in the recovery tank is supplied to a boiler; and a control unit that controls an amount of water supply from the recovery tank to the boiler to prevent the water level of water in the recovery tank from decreasing below a predetermined tank reference water level. When the load of the boiler increases to a predetermined load, the control unit reduces the tank reference water level by a predetermined amount.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention can be a heat exchanger comprising: a shell having an inner surface forming a cavity, the shell comprising an inlet for introducing the shell-side liquid into the cavity and an outlet for allowing the vapor to exit the cavity; a tube bundle comprising a plurality of tubes for carrying a tube-side fluid located in the cavity and having a longitudinal axis; a shroud circumferentially surrounding the tube bundle and positioned between the tube bundle and the inner surface of the shell so that an annular space exists between the shroud and the inner surface; an opening in a bottom portion of the shroud that forms a passageway between the annular space and the tube bundle; and an opening in a top portion of the shroud that forms a passageway between the annular space and the tube bundle.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided. The heat exchanger comprises an evaporator, a vapor-liquid separator, a liquid level sensor and a controller. The evaporator is used for heating a working fluid up to a vapor-liquid state, and has a working fluid inlet pipe and a working fluid outlet pipe. The vapor-liquid separator is connected to the working fluid outlet pipe for separating the working fluid into a vapor working fluid and a liquid working fluid. The liquid level sensor detects a level of the liquid working fluid inside the vapor-liquid separator and outputs a liquid level signal. The controller receives the liquid level signal and controls the vapor quality of the working fluid inside the evaporator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for increasing the efficiency of electric power generation in pressurized water nuclear power plants, comprising steps of superheating a main steam and reheating the reheated steam by means of an auxiliary circuit, where the streams for the superheating and the reheating work in parallel.

Abstract: A fluid processing system and method are provided for separating a liquid portion from a multiphase fluid. The system and method may include a steam turbine assembly coupled with a rotary shaft, and a separator coupled with the rotary shaft and positioned upstream of the steam turbine assembly. The separator may include an inlet end configured to receive a multiphase fluid, an outlet end fluidly coupled with the steam turbine assembly, and a separation chamber extending from the inlet end to the outlet end. The separation chamber may be configured to separate a liquid portion from the multiphase fluid to thereby provide a substantially gaseous fluid to the steam turbine assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system comprising an evaporator; a water reservoir in fluid communication with the evaporator; the water reservoir being located upstream of the evaporator; and a first steam drum in fluid communication with the evaporator; the first steam drum being located downstream of the evaporator; where the water reservoir is operative to supply feedwater to the evaporator while maintaining a predetermined water level in the first steam drum.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating steam within a heat exchanger. In one aspect, the invention can be a heat exchanger comprising: a shell having an inner surface forming a cavity, the shell comprising an inlet for introducing the shell-side liquid into the cavity and an outlet for allowing the vapor to exit the cavity; a tube bundle comprising a plurality of tubes for carrying a tube-side fluid located in the cavity and having a longitudinal axis; a shroud circumferentially surrounding the tube bundle and positioned between the tube bundle and the inner surface of the shell so that an annular space exists between the shroud and the inner surface; an opening in a bottom portion of the shroud that forms a passageway between the annular space and the tube bundle; and an opening in a top portion of the shroud that forms a passageway between the annular space and the tube bundle.

Abstract: A combined cycle power plant is provided and includes a gas turbine engine to generate power from combustion of a fuel and air mixture, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) disposed downstream from the gas turbine engine to receive heat energy from the gas turbine engine from which steam is produced, the HRSG including a superheating element and a drum element, and a steam turbine engine to be receptive of the steam produced in the HRSG and to generate power from the received steam, the HRSG further including a valve operably disposed to isolate the superheating element from the drum element when a risk of condensate formation in the HRSG exists.

Abstract: A waste heat steam generator including evaporator tubes is provided. The evaporator tubes are connected in parallel on the flow medium side, a plurality of overheating tubes are mounted downstream of the evaporator tubes using a water separation system. The water separation system includes water separation elements, each water separation element being respectively mounted downstream of the plurality of evaporator tubes and/or upstream of a plurality of overheating tubes. Each water separating element includes an inlet pipe which is respectively connected upstream to the evaporator tubes, the inlet pipe extending into a water evacuation pipe when seen in the longitudinal direction. A plurality of outflow pipes branch off in the transitional area, the pipes being connected to an inlet collector of the overheating tubes which are respectively connected downstream. A distribution element is arranged on the steam side between the respective water separating element and the inlet collector.

Abstract: A water level control system for enhancing the controllability of the level of water retained in a steam drum. A water level control section of the system determines the volume of retained water in a steam-water separator from a detected steam flow rate signal by using a function operator and a first order lag circuit, determines a signal representing the mass flow rate balance of water in the steam-water separator by differentiating the volume of retained water with respect to time with a differentiator, generates a compensated signal by adding the signal to the difference between a detected feed water flow rate signal and the detected steam flow rate signal, and properly compensates a valve area demand for a feed water flow control valve.

Abstract: A process for producing dry alcohol (including ethanol) that comprises at least one stage wherein a gaseous feedstock, which includes alcohol and water, is contacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of a water-gas shift catalyst, at a temperature sufficiently high so that carbon monoxide and water are consumed and carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced, thereby removing a portion of the water. The process may include multiple stages; the dry alcohol produced contains 99.5 wt. % or greater of alcohol and 0.5 wt. % or less of water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator wherein a continuous heating panel of a generator, which is formed from a number of evaporator tubes, and an overheating panel, which is formed from a number of over-heating tubes which are arranged downstream from the evaporator tubes and on the flow side, are arranged in a heating gas channel. According to the invention, a water separating element is integrated into a number of over-flow tubes which are connected on the flow side of one of several evaporator tubes to one or several overheating tubes.

Abstract: A continuous steam generator including a combustion chamber with a plurality of burners for fossil fuel is provided. A vertical gas duct is connected downstream of the combustion chamber on the hot gas side, in an upper region via a horizontal gas duct. The outside wall of the combustion chamber is formed from evaporation pipes which are welded together in a gas-tight manner and mounted upstream of a water separator system on the flow medium side and from superheater pipes which are welded together in a gas-tight manner and mounted downstream of the water separator system. The water separator system includes a plurality of water separation elements, each element includes an inlet tube which is connected to the respective upstream evaporation for tubes, which extend into a water evacuation tube. A distributer element is arranged on the evaporator side between the respective water separator element and the inlet collector.

Abstract: A continuous steam generator is provided. The continuous steam generator includes a number of burners for fossil fuels, the outside wall thereof being fully or partially formed from steam generator tubes welded together in a gas-tight manner. The burners are arranged in a combustion chamber, and a vertical gas duct is mounted downstream of the combustion chamber above a horizontal gas duct on the hot gas side. A first part of the steam generating tubes forms a system of evaporation tubes mounted upstream of a water separator system, on the flow medium side, and a second side, and a second part of the steam generating tubes forms a system of superheater tubes mounted downstream of the water separator system on the flow medium side. Superheater tubes adjacent and parallel to evaporation tubes are mounted directly downstream of the water separator system on the flow medium side.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed including a reaction chamber connected by an acceleration duct to a centrifugal separator which separates hot gas particles derived from the chamber. The acceleration duct is arranged partly in the upper part of the chamber.

Abstract: A method for starting a continuous steam generator is provided. The steam generator includes a combustion chamber provided with a plurality of burners, a water-steam separation device that is mounted downstream of evaporator tubes of the water-steam separation device on a flow-medium side. The amount of water flowing into the water-steam separation device during a starting process is kept to a minimum. The firing power of at least one of the burners is adjusted in accordance with a filling level characteristic value of the water-steam separation device.

Abstract: A generating system is presented that includes a steam generator, a separator coupled to the generator, a supply providing feed water, a start-up system coupled to and receiving the feed water, and a recirculation system coupled to the start-up system. The steam generator operates in a plurality of operating modes. In one mode the steam generator generates a flow of steam and fluid. The separator separates the flow into components of steam and fluid. The recirculation system receives the feed water from the start-up system and provides a required flow to the steam generator during at least one mode. The recirculation system includes an ejector. The ejector induces a portion of the fluid from the separator into the recirculation system, mixes the induced fluid with the feed water to provide a recirculation flow, and the recirculation system provides the required flow to the steam generator including the recirculation flow.

Abstract: A solar thermal power generator includes an inclined elongated boiler tube positioned in the focus of a solar concentrator for generating steam from water. The boiler tube is connected at one end to receive water from a pressure vessel as well as connected at an opposite end to return steam back to the vessel in a fluidic circuit arrangement that stores energy in the form of heated water in the pressure vessel. An expander, condenser, and reservoir are also connected in series to respectively produce work using the steam passed either directly (above a water line in the vessel) or indirectly (below a water line in the vessel) through the pressure vessel, condense the expanded steam, and collect the condensed water. The reservoir also supplies the collected water back to the pressure vessel at the end of a diurnal cycle when the vessel is sufficiently depressurized, so that the system is reset to repeat the cycle the following day.

Abstract: An efficient high-temperature water vapor generator includes a combustion chamber and a surrounding structure, wherein a cavity is located therebetween. Water is pumped into the cavity at a location near a first end of the combustion chamber. Water is removed from the cavity at a location near a second end of the combustion chamber, opposite the first end. The water removed from the cavity is injected into the combustion chamber at a location near the first end. Fuel and air are also introduced into the combustion chamber at the first end. The fuel and air are ignited near the first end of the combustion chamber, thereby creating high-temperature water vapor, and pre-heating the water in the cavity surrounding the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A furnace of a boiler for a power plant includes an outer water tube section adapted to receive water from the outside and heat the water into hot water (including steam); and an inner water tube section adapted to receive water from the outside and heat the water into hot water (including steam) while allowing the water to be moved upwardly. The outer water tube section is formed in a shape gradually increasing or substantially uniform in diameter from the bottom toward the middle portion M, and gradually decreasing, increasing and decreasing again in diameter from the middle portion M toward the top, and the inner water tube section is formed in a shape gradually decreasing and increasing in diameter from the bottom toward the middle portion M, and gradually decreasing, increasing and decreasing again in diameter from the middle portion M toward the top.

Abstract: A steam generator circulation system is provided and includes a boiler feed pump for forcing water through an economizer, and through the waterwall tubes of an evaporator. A separator receives a mixture of steam and water and sends the steam to a steam utilization unit such as a superheater. A valve is provided below the separator. If the valve is open, the saturated water from the separator is mixed with feedwater and recirculated through the tubes of the evaporator. If the valve is closed, recirculation is terminated. At loads below the critical point, the valve below the separator system would be open and the boiler would operate like a natural circulation drum boiler. At loads above the critical point, the valve below the separator system would be closed resulting in a boiler that operates like a once-through boiler.

Abstract: An evaporator system for an industrial boiler is provided and includes a heat-transfer system for generating a water-steam mixture. At least one horizontal vessel is provided for the primary separation of water and steam. At least one vertical vessel is provided and contains a water level great enough to create the necessary pressure to force the separated water to flow back from the vertical vessel to the evaporator system. The horizontal vessel and the vertical vessel are connected to one another by a piping through which the separated wet steam is transported from the horizontal vessel to the vertical vessel. The horizontal vessel has a connection to a piping for receiving water. The vertical vessel has a connection to piping for extracting dried steam from the vertical vessel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator whose continuously heating evaporator surface is arranged in a hot gas channel for a hot gas passage in a substantially horizontal direction and which comprises a plurality of steam generating pipes passed through by flowing medium, wherein a plurality of output collectors which are mounted downstream of certain steam generating pipes, on the side of flowing medium, are oriented in the longitudinal direction thereof substantially parallel to the hot gas direction. The invention improves the steam generator such that it is possible to attain a high operational flexibility, a particularly reduced start- and load-alternation time, including starting operation or light load phases and to maintain a low-cost production. Each output collector comprises an integrated water separating element by means of which said collector is connected, on the side of flowing medium, to a plurality of downstream arranged overheating pipes of an overheating surface.

Abstract: A method for regulating the quantity of circulating solids in a circulating fluidized bed reactor system, whereby a solid flow/gas flow mixture leaving the fluidized bed reactor is fed tangentially into at least one cyclone separator for separation of the solid from the gas flow. The gas flow that is exhausted via a gas outflow opening of the cyclone separator. The solid that has been separated in the cyclone separator is reintroduced into the fluidized bed reactor via a recirculation line. A partial quantity of the solid flow quantity is diverted from the wall of the cyclone separator by means of a jet blast of at least one gaseous free jet formed by the nozzle into the gas outflow opening. The remaining residual quantity is fed into the recirculation line, whereby the particle spectrum of the circulating solid flow quantity in the circulating fluidized bed reactor system is largely maintained after separation into the two partial solid flow quantities as well as an installation for implementing the method.

Abstract: An efficient high-temperature water vapor generator is used to heat heavy oil located in an underground cavity, thereby reducing the viscosity of the oil and enabling the oil to be pumped to the surface. The vapor generator includes a combustion chamber and a surrounding structure, wherein a cavity is located therebetween. Water is routed through the cavity and into the combustion chamber, where water vapor and heat are generated in the presence of fuel, ignition and air. The generated heat pre-heats the water in the cavity, thereby creating an efficient system. The water vapor is forced into the underground cavity, thereby heating the oil located in the cavity.

Abstract: An efficient high-temperature water vapor generator is used to de-contaminate soil. The vapor generator includes a combustion chamber and a surrounding structure, wherein a cavity is located therebetween. Water is routed through the cavity and into the combustion chamber, where water vapor and heat are generated in the presence of fuel, ignition and air. The generated heat pre-heats the water in the cavity, thereby creating an efficient system. The water vapor is forced into a vapor tube (which has openings for emitting the vapor), thereby heating the vapor tube to temperatures of 800° F. or greater. A soil tube having lifting paddles located therein surrounds the vapor tube. Contaminated soil enters one end of the soil tube. The soil tube is rotated, thereby moving the contaminated soil into contact with the vapor tube (decontaminating the soil). The lifting paddles move the soil toward the second end of the rotating soil tube.

Abstract: A moisture separator 100 includes a plurality of flat frame plates 102 disposed parallel to each other to define a plurality of zigzag passages 101 between the frame plates 102, side walls facing the upstream side of the passages 101 defining entrance openings 120a and 122a of droplet collecting pockets 120 and 122.

Abstract: An indirect black liquor concentrator uses recirculating flow black liquor through a heat exchangers, employing flue gas for heat. The heated liquor is flashed, to provide steam and concentrate the liquor.

Abstract: A steam generator system incorporates multiple processes, either in series or independently and with each process having a process fluid associated therewith, to transfer heat between a common working fluid and the process fluids in order to generate steam from the working fluid. The heat transfer may be controlled by controlling the flow of the working fluid to further regulate and control the generation of steam and/or the individual processes themselves. The generator system includes a vessel and may optionally have baffles located within the vessel to separate the flow of working fluid into a recirculation system to facilitate in the overall operation of the system. The working fluid must be capable of forming steam and preferably consists essentially of water. Straight tubes, plate-type heat exchange surfaces having a common boiling fluid stream, U-tubes, helical tubes, and/or curved tubes may be used as heat exchange means for transferring heat between the working fluid and the process fluids.

Abstract: A separator separates water and steam. The separator has a steam-side outlet conduit, a water-side outlet conduit, and a separating chamber between a number of inlet conduits. A swirl breaker is upstream of the water-side outlet conduit. To achieve the lowest possible pressure loss with a simultaneously high medium throughput and an effective separating action, the length of the separating chamber is at least 5 times the internal diameter (DI) of the chamber. Furthermore, the ratio of the overall flow cross section of the inlet conduits to the square of the internal diameter of the separating chamber is between 0.2 and 0.3. Within a water/steam separating apparatus, the separator is connected to a water-collecting tank such that the top end of the latter is located beneath halfway along the length of the separator—calculated from the water-side, bottom end of the same.

Abstract: An oxygen separation and combustion apparatus such as a boiler or a nitrogen generator in which a plurality of fluid passages and oxygen transport membranes are located within a combustion chamber. The oxygen transport membranes separate oxygen from an oxygen containing gas, thereby to provide the oxygen within the combustion chamber to support combustion of a fuel and thereby to generate heat. The fluid passages are positioned to allow a portion of the heat to be transferred from the combustion to the oxygen transport membranes to heat said oxygen transport membranes to an operational temperature and a further portion of the heat to be transferred from the combustion to the fluid, thereby to heat the fluid and also, to help stabilize the operational temperature of said oxygen transport membranes. Fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber by injection or as a mixture with circulated flue gas.

Abstract: An oxygen separation and combustion apparatus such as a boiler or a nitrogen generator in which a plurality of fluid passages and oxygen transport membranes are located within a combustion chamber. The oxygen transport membranes separate oxygen from an oxygen containing gas, thereby to provide the oxygen within the combustion chamber to support combustion of a fuel and thereby to generate heat. The fluid passages are positioned to allow a portion of the heat to be transferred from the combustion to the oxygen transport membranes to heat said oxygen transport membranes to an operational temperature and a further portion of the heat to be transferred from the combustion to the fluid, thereby to heat the fluid and also, to help stabilize the operational temperature of said oxygen transport membranes. Fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber by injection or as a mixture with circulated flue gas.

Abstract: The invention concerns a water steam sterilizer, a so-called autoclave which consists of a steam generator (5), a chamber (13), a condenser (19) and a vacuum pump (20), whereby a pipe (9) connects the steam generator (5) with the chamber (13) and a pipe (35) connects the chamber (13) with the steam generator (5), whereby a valve (16) is provided in a pipe (34) between the chamber (13) and the condenser (19). The autoclav according to the invention is characterised in that valves (10, 17) are provided in the pipe (9) and the pipe (35) respectively. The invention further relates to a method for steam-sterilizing a load in a chamber.

Abstract: This invention provides cost-effective alternatives to reduce the cost associated with customary blowdown from steam generating equipment. By selectively recycling process blowdown streams using secondary vaporizers, the net result is a partial replacement of wastewater stream with almost an equivalent quantity of clean steam condensate. The heat transfer is carried out by indirect contact devices, such as shell and tube heat exchanger and the like, without mixing of the two process streams to allow condensate recovery while avoiding cross contamination. This invention carries economic as well as environmental credits. A condensate recovery apparatus can be designed to enable easy connection to existing equipment already in service, as well as easy removal, without causing process disruption.

Abstract: A steam boiler's condensate return piping is connected to the piping that directly connects the boiler outlet pipe to the boiler's water return connection above the boiler's water level to reduce water level fluctuations in the boiler.

Abstract: A drumless natural circulation boiler system has a furnace enclosure with wall tubes and upper and lower headers connected to respective upper and lower ends of the wall tubes. At least one tangential steam/water separator is connected to a plurality of riser tubes that are also connected to the upper headers. The riser tubes return a steam/water mixture to the separator. Each riser tube is connected to the separator at a tangential nozzle for swirling the steam/water mixture in the separator for separating steam from water in the separator. At least one saturated connecting tube is connected to the separator for conveying steam therefrom. A downcomer is connected to the separator for conveying water from the separator and a plurality of supply tubes are connected between the downcomer and the lower headers. The separator includes a vertically extending cylindrical enclosure and a feedwater conduit is connected to the separator for supplying feedwater to the separator.

Abstract: The flow distribution baffle (14) is placed inside the bundle wrapper (7) of the steam generator, at its lower part,-near the steam generator tube plate. Passing through the flow distribution baffle (14) are openings (17, 18) for the passage of tubes of the steam generator bundle and feedwater. The flow distribution baffle (14) comprises a central zone (15) of more or less circular shape with, as its axis, the axis of the steam generator and a radius (R1) smaller than 40% of the internal radius (R) of the bundle wrapper (7), and a more or less annular peripheral zone between the central zone and the outer edge of the flow distribution baffle (14). In the central zone (15) the openings (17) for the passage of tubes and feedwater in the flow distribution baffle have a cross section (S1), the cross-sectional area of which is greater than the cross-sectional area of the cross section (S2) of the openings (8) for the passage of tubes and feedwater in the peripheral zone.

Abstract: A separator separates water and steam. The separator has a steam-side outlet conduit, a water-side outlet conduit, and a separating chamber between a number of inlet conduits. A swirl breaker is upstream of the water-side outlet conduit. To achieve the lowest possible pressure loss with a simultaneously high medium throughput and an effective separating action, the length of the separating chamber is at least 5 times the internal diameter (DI) of the chamber. Furthermore, the ratio of the overall flow cross section of the inlet conduits to the square of the internal diameter of the separating chamber is between 0.2 and 0.3. Within a water/steam separating apparatus, the separator is connected to a water-collecting tank such that the top end of the latter is located beneath halfway along the length of the separator—calculated from the water-side, bottom end of the same.

Abstract: A heating system for baseboard location has a chamber partly filled with liquid and sealed for holding a vacuum. A heater in the chamber heats the liquid into vapor to heat the chamber. First and second heat exchange plates extend annularly and substantially horizontally about the chamber with inner peripheries in heat-conducting contact with the chamber. The first heat exchange plate has at least one airflow hole therethrough on one side of the chamber and the second heat exchange plate has at least one air-flow hole therethrough on another side of the chamber. A space between the first and the second heat exchange plates is enclosed at the outer peripheries of the plates.

Abstract: A steam/water separating device for a nuclear fuel bundle is located in a vent volume above part-length rods and includes a helical swirl vane. In one form, the swirl device lies below a vent tube and a transition element for flowing liquid laterally outwardly into the interstices of the fuel rods and steam upwardly within the vent tube. In another form, the vane depends from a cylindrical barrel open at its lower end. An annular pick-off tube extends into the open upper end of the barrel and lies in communication through a transition element with a superposed steam vent tube. An annular outlet is defined between the barrel and pick-off tube and the transition element deflects coolant water flowing through the annular outlet in a lateral outward direction for flow into the interstices of and onto the full-length fuel rods. Steam flows upwardly in the barrel through the pick-off tube into the steam vent tube.

Abstract: In a once-through steam generator, a separating bottle (25) is inserted between the evaporator (22) and the superheater (23). To purify the water/steam circuit, a greater quantity of water than is necessary is conveyed through the evaporator (22) via a feed pump (20). The water quantity is measured in such a way that wet steam enters the separating bottle (25). This water fraction, together with all the impurities contained therein, is separated in said bottle and is drawn off via a blowdown line (29). On the occasion of overfeeding, a conditioning agent is metered to the water, in order to reduce the volatility of the substances to be separated.

Abstract: A multi-pressure waste-heat boiler (7) comprises at least one circulation steam generator, having a low-pressure economizer (15), a low-pressure drum (17) and a low-pressure evaporator (16), and at least one once-through steam generator having a high-pressure economizer (21), a high-pressure evaporator (22) and a high-pressure superheater (23). An oxygen addition (32) is arranged between the steam drum (17) of the circulation steam generator and the high-pressure economizer (21) of the once-through steam generator. An ammonia addition (31) is arranged in the feed line (33) leading to the circulation steam generator.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating water and steam in a water-steam mixture includes two collectors being disposed horizontally at different heights and being connected together by a connecting pipe. In addition to the connecting pipe, the first collector situated at the bottom has an inlet pipe for the water-steam mixture and as well as a water outlet pipe for the separated water. The second collector lying thereabove includes a steam outlet pipe for the separated steam, in addition to the connecting pipe. The apparatus, which works in accordance with the gravity separation principle, is particularly thermally resilient and therefore permits reliable operation even with large temperature gradients.

Abstract: The invention relates to a boiler (1) wherein at least one steam generating circuit comprises an ejector (25) capable of providing induced circulation of water in the boiler in normal operating conditions. The corresponding water/steam separation reservoir (17) is arranged at any height with respect to the outlet collector (manifold) (15) of the evaporator device (11) of said circuit.

Abstract: A device for trapping migrating bodies in nuclear power station steam generators or boilers is provided to prevent them from jamming between the generator tubes. The device, in the form of a grating or grid, is placed above a horizontal plate to which are fixed the upper ends of the pipes containing cyclone separators. It defines passages, whose largest dimensions are smaller than the minimum distance separating the tubes.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor has substantially vertical walls with cooling elements, defining the interior of the reactor chamber, and a device for introducing fluidization gas at the bottom of the fluidized bed reactor. Particulate material is introduced into the reactor. A separator separates particulate material from the exhaust gases, the separator being in connection with the reactor chamber. A return duct is connected to the separator. A bubbling fluidized bed is adjacent the reactor and provided with a heat exchanger for cooling particulate material, and side walls, rear and front walls having cooling elements in fluid communication with the cooling elements of the reactor chamber; and a discharge channel with a separate fluidizing gas source for discharging particles from the bottom of the bubbling bed to adjacent the top of the bubbling bed in the reactor chamber.

Abstract: A steam generator comprises a distribution means, positioned between the shell and the wrapper in the annular downcomer region of the steam generator, for uniformly mixing the colder feedwater with the warmer recirculating water in the downcomer region of the steam generator so that the colder feedwater is not introduced directly into any steam regions of the steam generator and does not contact any pressure boundaries for preventing water hammer and thermal shock to the steam generator. The distribution means has a downwardly directing means for discharging the substantially evenly distributed feedwater from the distribution means into the downcomer region in a descending direction and away from any pressure boundaries for minimizing flow resistance and for preventing thermal shock to the pressure boundaries.

Abstract: An apparatus for heating and degassing water by means of steam, consisting of two columns (1, 17) with a co-current arrangement and counter-current arrangement of water and steam, and having packing or internals arranged therein, having a water distributor (11, 16) arranged at the top of each of the columns, having a water feed line (8) and a steam feed line (9), having a flushing steam feed line (22) arranged below the counter-current column and a deaeration line (15), located between the two columns, for the gas/steam mixture which is to be extracted. The lines lead into housings which are joined above, between and below the preferably cylindrical columns to the latter. In the upper part of the apparatus, a mixing chamber (5) is provided into which the water to be degassed is introduced via spray nozzles (7).

Abstract: In a power generating installation including a steam turbine-generator system, a source of steam under pressure, and a steam conditioning unit, the steam turbine-generator system including a high pressure turbine and at least one low pressure turbine, each turbine having a steam inlet and an exhaust outlet, and an output shaft coupled to all turbines, and the steam conditioning unit being connected between the exhaust outlet of the high pressure turbine and the steam inlet of each low pressure turbine and being effective to remove moisture from, and reheat, steam flowing between the exhaust outlet of the high pressure turbine and the steam inlet of the low pressure turbine, the steam conditioning unit is composed of two structurally separate devices which include a reheating device which functions exclusively to add heat to the steam and a moisture separating device which acts to remove moisture from the steam.