Abstract: A mechanical engine cylinder system, includes a cylinder, an occupying structure with a cavity, and a crankshaft piston, the cylinder having a dedicated compression space and a dedicated combustion space, the occupying structure having a primary combustion space utilized during an early stage of a power stroke, wherein combustion pressure applied to the crankshaft piston during the power stroke is applied to a smaller surface area of the crankshaft piston during an early stage of the power stroke and to a larger surface area of the crankshaft piston during a later stage of the power stroke, the combustion pressure applied to the occupying structure applies a net-force to the occupying structure in the direction of the crankshaft piston during the early stage of the power stroke, and in the opposite direction of the crankshaft piston during the later stage of the power stroke.

Abstract: Implementations are disclosed herein that relate to a cylinder occupying structure. An example provides a cylinder system comprising a mechanical cylinder including an internal space in which a fluid is introduced, and a piston configured for reciprocating motion in the internal space, and a cylinder occupying structure including an insertion rod acting as a second piston, wherein the insertion rod is variably inserted into, and retracted from, the internal space of the cylinder in correspondence with the reciprocating motion of the piston and where parts of the insertion rod and the piston may surround the combustion space, and where fluid compression and fluid combustion is conducted within separate spaces.

Abstract: A gas-powered tool motor includes a combustion chamber with an intake valve at one end, an exhaust valve at another end, and a control plate or control valve between two portions of the combustion chamber. A piston or other positive displacement device is in communication with the combustion chamber. The intake and exhaust valves have closure members that are movable along a common axis in tandem between collective open positions for recharging the combustion chamber with the fuel and air mixture and collective closed positions for detonating the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber and displacing the positive displacement device. The control plate or control valve supports limited air flows from a first portion of the combustion chamber to a second portion of the combustion chamber even in the closed position of the control valve for supporting two-stage combustion.

Abstract: An engine includes a pre-chamber jet igniter which injects at least one jet combustion flame into the combustion chamber from the outside of the combustion chamber in which the piston reciprocates to generate power so that the injected jet combustion flame is utilized as the source of ignition of the fuel injected into the space in the combustion chamber to drive the explosion stroke such that combustion of the combustion chamber can be maintained reliable by the use of jet combustion flames in the form of large flame kernels, fuel consumption can be remarkably improved and the generation of NOx can be remarkably reduced using rapid cold combustion which is caused by the continuously reliable combustion, and, in particular, it is possible to prevent liquefaction of the air-fuel mixture due to variations in the flow and pressure of the air-fuel mixture flowing in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A spark ignition engine includes a main combustion chamber configured to suction a mixture through an intake port, a pre-chamber configured to communicate with the main combustion chamber, an auxiliary cylinder configured to communicate with the main combustion chamber via the pre-chamber, an auxiliary intake passage connecting the auxiliary cylinder and the intake port, an auxiliary piston, and a spark plug configured to ignite the mixture in the pre-chamber. The auxiliary piston is configured to slidably reciprocate in the auxiliary cylinder such that the mixture is suctioned from the intake port via the auxiliary intake passage and the mixture is discharged to the main combustion chamber via the pre-chamber.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has cylinder wall cavities located near the top dead center stroke end to allow optimizing the compression ratio in first stage compression, as function of fuel octane number used. The volume of the cylinder wall cavities is designed to be adjustable, even when the engine is operating. Using a conventional piston motion, the second stage compression becomes accelerated as soon the upper piston ring seals-off the cylinder wall cavities. This is due to the sudden significant reduction in volume. During the power stroke, after the upper piston ring opens the cylinder wall cavities; their fuel content is ignited by second stage combustion products. Because the torque required during accelerated compression is no greater than during first stage compression, stresses in the crankshaft are no more than in conventional spark ignition engines. This allows small displacement engines to be of light weight and to be hand cranked.

Abstract: An engine comprises a working cylinder provided with a piston, a preignition chamber provided with a spark plug and a combustion chamber which are connected to a compressor cylinder by channels. The compressor cylinder is provided with fuel and air supplying channels arranged in the top section thereof and with a piston and a shutoff valve. Return valves are mounted at the output of the valve supplying air to the compressor cylinder. The corresponding method for operating the engine consists in adjusting the velocity of a fuel-air mixture injection into the preignition chamber and the combustion chamber by modifying pressure in the compressor cylinder. When the fuel-supply impulse is increased, the pressure is also increased and vice-versa, when the impulse is reduced, the pressure is also lowered, thereby ensuring an air/fuel ratio in the preignition chamber equal to 8:1-20:1.

Abstract: An Elevated Expansion-Ratio Internal Combustion Engine has a substantially standard repeating four-stroke sequence for each of a plurality of cylinders. The head of each cylinder has an intake valve, a combustion-gas exhaust valve, and a vapor return valve. A return manifold for vapor connects from respective ones of the cylinders via a plurality of valve assemblies, each of which includes the return valve, into a passage ahead of a beginning portion of an intake manifold. Each valve assembly also has a discharge valve coupled to the return valve via a holding tank for cylinder vapor or gas. Valve stems of the discharge and return valves are coaxial in a single section valve housing or spaced-apart in a two-section valve housing. A quantity of the vapor is received into the holding tank during the compression stroke, and subsequently transferred via the discharge valve to the return manifold.

Abstract: A variable delivery fixed displacement pump is provided which has a rotating drive plate with a fixed angle. The drive plate has a fill passage extending between its radial outer surface and its drive surface, which allows fluid to be supplied to a fluid journal bearing. The drive plate also has a series of bearing supply passages which fluidly connect the drive surface of the drive plate with a base surface, allowing fluid to be supplied to a fluid thrust bearing. A method of pumping fluid is also provided which is comprised of the steps of reciprocating a plurality of pistons at least in part by rotating the drive plate, and by fluidly connecting a pumping chamber of the pistons to an annular groove that is part of the drive plate fill passage.

Abstract: A novel rotary engine has a single toroidal cylinder and a set of pistons on a rotating circular piston assembly. A rotating disk valve perpendicular to the toroid has a cutout position which periodically traverses the chamber to allow passage of a piston therethrough. The geometry of the pistons and the valve are arranged to minimize the residual volume, by altering the geometry of the chamber section formed between valve and piston and/or providing pistons which are mechanically extendible and retractable in synchronization with the opening and closing of the disk valve, to optimize engine efficiency and performance.

Abstract: A spark ignition internal combustion engine with improved anti-knocking function. The engine comprises: a cylinder; a cylinder head attached to an end of the cylinder; a piston slidably mounted in the cylinder, a center line of a piston pin of the piston is shifted on the thrust side of the piston with respect to a center line of an outer periphery of the piston; a main combustion chamber with an ignition plug; and a sub-combustion chamber with an inlet opening on an inner wall of the main combustion chamber facing an outer surface of the piston on the anti-thrust side thereof, area of the inlet opening is smaller than that of the outer surface.

Abstract: The "Isolated Combustion and Dilution Expansion (ICADE) Engine", is a piston/cylinder arrangement used primarily for the compression of air and the expansion of diluted hot combustion products. Fuel injection and rapid combustion take place inside a separate combustion chamber, using a near stoichiometric mixture. The combustion pressurization provides the pressure needed to accelerate the combustion products tangentially into the donut shaped cavity formed by the piston/cylinder clearance. There they establish a vortex which enhances rapid mixing, rapid cooling to quench NO.sub.x forming reactions and to temporarily store the kinetic energy of the combustion products to limit the combustion pressure peak acting on the piston surface. The tangential entry also permits detonation combustion without normal shock reflections on the piston surface, thus preventing "knock".

Abstract: A two stroke diesel engine having a cavity in the cylinder head facing the combustion chamber, an intake valve and exhaust valve, a fuel injector, and a projection formed on the piston head. The intake valves and fuel injector are pointing toward the cavity while the exhaust valve is pointing toward the combustion chamber. The projection enters the cavity in the vicinity of the top dead center of the piston movement and separates it from the combustion chamber. Due to the loop effect of fresh gas flowing from the intake valve into the combustion chamber via the cavity, burnt gas is swept out of the chamber effectively, and due to the energy of combustion of fuel and air which ignited in the closed cavity, combustion rapidly spreads throughout the combustion chamber as the piston descends so that air is utilized efficiently.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has first and second cylinders (12, 14), the first cylinder (12) having a larger swept volume than the second cylinder (14) and the second cylinder being formed in the crown of the first cylinder. First and second pistons (16, 18) are reciprocable respectively in the first and second cylinders (12, 14), the second piston (18) being formed as a protrusion on the crown of the first piston (16). The first cylinder has an air inlet (25) and an exhaust outlet (27) whilst a first fuel source (34) provides fuel to the second cylinder (14). The second piston has a crown (35) which is spaced from and connected to the crown (36) of the first piston and which has an edge (37) which is relatively thin in the axial direction compared to the spacing of the first piston crown from the second piston crown. This defines a combustion space (20) between the piston crowns and a side wall (14a) of the second cylinder (14) when the pistons are substantially at the inner dead center position.

Abstract: In order to improve a combustion engine for hydrogen comprising a main piston which is displaceable in a main cylinder in a stroke direction between a top dead center, forming a minimum main cylinder chamber with the main cylinder, and a bottom dead center and hereby performs a suction stroke, a compression stroke, a displacement stroke and an exhaust stroke, such that the problems of early ignition are avoided without any internal mixture formation with late injection being required, it is recommended that an auxiliary piston and an auxiliary cylinder be provided for movement relative to one another so as to be in equal phase and synchronous with the main piston and the main cylinder, that the auxiliary piston and the auxiliary cylinder define with one another a cylinder chamber varying between a minimum cylinder chamber in the top dead center and a maximum cylinder chamber in the bottom dead center, that the minimum cylinder chamber communicate with the minimum main cylinder chamber via a passage and that t

Abstract: An alcohol engine with combustion cavity of this invention includes combustion cavity blocks for constituting combustion cavities of a heat-insulating structure, disposed in a cylinder head, communication ports of a heat-insulating structure for communication between main combustion chambers and the combustion cavities and fuel injection nozzles each including a nozzle main body extending to the center portion of the combustion cavity and multi-injection injection ports formed around the tip of the nozzle main body and opening in such a manner as to face the center inner peripheral wall surface of the combustion cavity.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine and method of operation is disclosed as having a combustion chamber design which allows for staged combustion within the chambers. The internal combustion engine of the invention is designed as a split chamber, staged combustion engine which comprises a cylinder and having at least two regions formed therein. Within the cylinder is a piston slidably disposed therein to form a plurality of combustion chambers in association with the cylinder, and particularly at least one primary and secondary combustion chamber which are communicable with one another. Fuel delivery is accomplished by fuel injectors or the like associated with the primary combustion chamber, being operable to admit fuel into the primary combustion chamber at preselected intervals and in predetermined amounts. The fuel admitted in top the primary combustion chamber is ignited to begin initial combustion of the fuel as a first stage of combustion.

Abstract: An improvement in an internal combustion engine of type in which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder to compress a charge of fuel within a combustion chamber within which the charge of fuel is ignited to burn and drive the piston through a power stroke, the improvement providing the combustion chamber with a first stage chamber and a second stage chamber communicating with one another through a valve operated in synchronism with reciprocation of the piston to close communication between the first stage chamber and the second stage chamber as the piston approaches top dead center so as to enable ignition and burning of a first portion of the charge of fuel in the first stage chamber, isolated from a second portion of the charge of fuel in the second stage chamber, and then to open communication between the first stage chamber and the second stage chamber to effect ignition of the second portion of the charge of fuel in the second stage chamber by the combustion products of the first portion of the charge of fu

Abstract: A combustion chamber and method of operating a diesel engine to insure maximum air utilization. The engine has a main chamber and a subchamber that communicates with the main chamber through a communication passageway. Fuel injection into the subchamber is begun at a time when the throat area of the engine by which the main chamber communicates with the communication passageway is equivalent to approximately the effective flow area of the communication passageway so as to insure maximum air utilization.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a moving piston within a combustion chamber that is temporarily divided into two zones when the piston is at and near its minumum volume position. Fuel is confined to a first zone where the fuel is ignited to generate combustion wave energy that drives gas within the second zone in Helmholtz resonance through a restricted passageway. Air from the second zone is periodically expanded into the first zone through the passageway to improve the combustion process in the first zone before the piston moves substantially away from its minimum volume position.

Abstract: An ignition timing sensor comprises an optical conductor which transmits a combustion light generated at the combustion of fuel in a Diesel engine. The optical conductor has a conically-shaped input end adjacent the inside of a combustion chamber of the Diesel engine. Thus, the input end has a wide field of view and few deposits of carbon. Further, the sensor is located at the down stream side of a glow plug with respect to a fuel injection flow, so that few solid components of the injection fuel abut directly against the input end and few soot reaches same, resulting in that few deposits are attached to the input end.

Abstract: An internal combustion piston engine comprises a cylinder with a cylinder bore therein; a cylinder head mounted on said cylinder; a piston reciprocably movable in said cylinder bore, and a main combustion chamber formed between the cylinder head and the piston. At least one secondary combustion chamber is arranged to be connected at least temporarily to the main combustion chamber via at least one connecting channel whereby different compressions and hence different pressure rises occur during the compression stroke or the expansion stroke of the piston in the main combustion chamber or in the secondary combustion chamber. Control means are arranged in the zone of the connecting channel to enable the flow of the gases, which are under a higher pressure, from the main combustion chamber into the secondary combustion chamber or vice versa, to generate velocity fields which improve the turbulence, in particular in the quench zones of the main combustion chamber, and hence improve the combustion.

Abstract: The combustion structure of an internal combustion engine comprises a cavity formed in the end wall of the piston and a projection on said piston adjacent its cavity to that the projection in the injection, ignition and combustion phase of the cycle only constricts communication between the two cavities and defines with the cavity in the wall a combustion chamber in which at least three distinct swirls of fluid are induced by the shape of the projection and a resultant three-dimensional circulation sweeps throughout this chamber. The fuel is injected into the circulation in this chamber and ignition takes place therein as well.

Abstract: A reciprocating internal combustion engine has a cylindrical combustion chamber lying substantially entirely within the cylinder head and including a fuel injection nozzle and possibly a glow plug. The top of the cylindrical combustion chamber is defined by the disc of the intake poppet valve and the bottom of the combustion chamber is defined at top dead center by a projection of the piston which is formed in a piston cap that consists of thermally resistant material and within which there is an air-filled void that prevents the heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the main body of the piston. This construction permits high surface temperatures within the combustion chamber without attendant heavy thermal stresses in the body of the piston.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprising a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber are interconnected to each other via at least one connecting passage. The auxiliary combustion chamber and the connecting passage are formed in an auxiliary chamber component which is press-fitted into the recess formed in the cylinder head. The spark plug is located in the connecting passage. The inner wall of the connecting passage is covered by a heat insulation member which is made of a heat resistable material such as Invar for ensuring the stable growth and the non-extinguishment of the flame of combustible mixture ignited by the spark plug.