Abstract: A carburetor includes a passageway having a constricted section, a nozzle directed into the passageway proximate the constricted section, and a shaft having a surface that at least partially defines the constricted section. The nozzle is configured to deliver fuel to air passing through the passageway, and the surface includes a contour that is configured to be moved relative to the passageway to change the area of the passageway through the constricted section.

Abstract: The opening of a solenoid valve is automatically adjusted after an engine is started and before actual work is performed for an appropriate air-fuel ratio, whereby it is possible to attain a good and stable driving of the engine without any delay even for an abrupt change in load. After the engine is started, when a rotation speed enters a “fuel flow rate adjusting rotation speed range” in which a definite load is applied to the engine in a working rotation speed range of the engine in which a throttle valve is opened to a definite opening, a detected rotation speed is fed back to a target rotation speed, and the opening of the solenoid valve is controlled to adjust a fuel flow rate, so that the combustion state in the engine is optimized at the valve opening so determined.

Abstract: Methods and systems for operating a gas turbine engine system are provided. The system includes a gas turbine engine that includes at least one combustor configured to receive a flow of fuel from a flow control device and a fuel control system. The fuel control system includes a piping system configured to channel the flow of fuel from a fuel source to the flow control device, a sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of a property of the flow of fuel wherein the property of the flow of fuel is variable over time, and a controller including a processor. The processor is programmed to receive the generated signal, using a flow model of the piping system and the received signal, iteratively track the progress of a plurality of discrete volumes flowing through the piping system, and control the flow of fuel using the flow control devices.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include an engine structure defining a first intake port in communication with a combustion chamber, an intake manifold, a vacuum actuated mechanism, a first intake valve, and a valve actuation assembly. The vacuum actuated mechanism may include a vacuum chamber in communication with the intake manifold. The first intake valve may open and close the first intake port. The valve actuation assembly may be engaged with the first intake valve and may be operated in first and second modes. The first mode may provide a first opening duration of the first intake valve during one of an intake stroke and a compression stroke of a piston located in the combustion chamber. The second mode may provide a second opening duration of the first intake valve that is different than the first opening duration, providing reduced intake manifold pressure.

Abstract: A vehicle drain hole structure includes an enclosure (e.g., an air intake tube, an intake enclosure, a resonator, a cleaner, etc.) defined by at least one wall. The at least one wall has an inner surface and an outer surface. A drain hole is defined in the at least one wall for providing drainage from the enclosure. The drain hole extends from a first end defined in the inner surface to a second end defined in the outer surface. The first end of the drain hole at the inner surface has a larger cross-sectional area than the second end of the drain hole at the exterior surface to reduce the likelihood of a liquid film forming across the drain hole.

Abstract: An electronic control system for a carburetor, includes: a transmission device (24, 25) linked to a valve (7, 8); an electric actuator (20, 21) for driving the valve (7, 8); and an electronic control unit (12a) for controlling operation of the electric actuator (20, 21). The transmission device (24, 25), the electric actuator (20, 21) and the electronic control unit (12a) are housed and held in a casing (10) mounted on the carburetor (C). The ventilation means (72, 74, 74?, 89, 90) for causing an interior of the casing (10) to communicate with the outside is connected to the casing (10). Therefore, it is possible to house the transmission device, the electric actuator and the electronic control unit efficiently in a common casing so as to downsize the electronic control system for a carburetor, and improve durability of the electronic control unit and the electric actuator.

Abstract: A carburetor has a set of electrically operated fuel injection elements, including acceleration responsive fuel injector and at least one fuel injector. These fuel injectors meter fuel, at the direction of an electronic control device, directly into the fuel delivery passages of a carburetor without the need for float bowls, needle and seat valves and carburetor jets in the carburetor assembly.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for use with a carbureted internal combustion engine that accurately controls the amount of fuel that passes through the carburetor into the combustion chamber of the engine. A controlled triggering system controls the activation and deactivation of a solenoid. The solenoid, in turn, operates a plunger that varies the flow of fuel during the fuel intake cycle of the engine depending on the amount of fuel needed by the engine under any operating load. Thus, an engine can run leaner under partial load and run richer during periods of load and acceleration. By controlling the air-to-fuel ratio lower engine emissions and fuel consumption can be achieved.

Abstract: Provided is a control device for an internal combustion engine, which is provided to allow a throttle opening degree to be controlled in accordance with a target engine intake air flow quantity even during transitional operation. The actual cylinder intake air flow quantity calculating unit (21) calculates a response delay model for an intake system from a volumetric efficiency equivalent value (Kv) calculated from a rotational speed (Ne) of an engine (1) and an intake manifold pressure (Pim), an intake pipe volume (Vs), and a displacement (Vc) of each of cylinders (2), and calculates an actual cylinder intake air amount (Qcr) from an actual engine intake air amount (Qar) obtained from an air flow sensor (4) and the response delay model. The intake air flow quantity controlling unit (24) controls the throttle opening degree (TP) in accordance with the target engine intake air amount (Qat).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to maintain stable air-fuel ratio on a venturi type fuel supply device, irrespective of the external load such as air-conditioner and electrical load, and to provide stable engine speed on idling state. A venturi type fuel supply device comprises a venturi chamber located in the upstream of a throttle valve and a passage for supplying air-fuel mixture gas into the venturi chamber. The passage is further equipped with a variable air bleeder valve for taking in air. When the operating state of the external load of the engine changes, the opening of the air bleeder valve is adjusted in accordance with the change so as to control the air-fuel mixture ratio of the mixture gas incoming from the passage into the venturi chamber.

Abstract: The boost fuel enricher is used with internal combustion engines, either carbureted or fuel-injected, that are equipped with compressors, i.e., turbocharged or supercharged, in order to enrich the air/fuel ratio when the engine is under boost. The boost fuel enricher is a diaphragm pressure valve with an adjustable throat. The diaphragm is subject to atmospheric pressure on one side, and senses inlet air pressure in the air intake passage on the other side. When inlet air pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, the valve opens to admit additional air-fuel mixture into the air intake passage through a venturi in the air intake passage. The throat is made adjustable by sliding block valves in the fuel passage.

Abstract: A premixing fuel-air chamber for use with the manifold of a combustion chamber of an engine. The chamber has a hollow interior housing that has an air intake inlet on one side and a fuel-air outlet on the opposite side of the housing. Within the confines of the housing is a laminar air flow wing fixed to the housing and used to divide the interior of the housing into two air passageways. Operatively associated with the air flow wing are two movable side mounted air throttle valves, also fixed to the interior of the housing. These valves move in unison to open or block the two air passageways formed by the laminar air flow wing. Nearer the fuel-air outlet of the housing, below the wing, are two pressurized side fuel injectors mounted to inject a spray of fuel within the interior of the housing adjacent the fuel-air outlet. The actual mixing of the injected fuel and intake air is done prior to the combustion chamber, which chamber may be part of an existing engine.

Abstract: A starting mechanism is provided for an internal combustion engine, and includes a diaphragm carburetor. A butterfly valve is disposed in the intake channel of the carburetor and has a pivot range into which at least one fuel nozzle opens. A starter valve is disposed in the intake channel upstream of a Venturi section thereof. A by-pass conduit is provided for additional air supply when the starter valve is closed, and branches off upstream thereof and opens out into a fuel/air mixture path downstream thereof. The control element determines the rate of air flow in the by-pass conduit, and is adjusted by a temperature sensor that is disposed directly on the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An improved, compact multiple barrel charge forming device for operating with gaseous fuels and which employs a single fuel chamber for supplying fuel to both barrels. A number of various manifolding arrangements are disclosed to facilitate application with multiple cylinder engines and, particularly, those having V arranged cylinder banks.

Abstract: The position located above the upper surface of fuel in a float chamber is communicated with the position where the sectional area of a suction passage varies or the position in the vicinity of the foregoing position via a negative pressure introduction passage. The intermediate part of the negative pressure passage is opened or closed by a solenoid valve adapted to be controlled by electronic controlling means. An opening/closing rate of a solenoid valve is determined by inputting informations from a temperature sensor sensing the atmospheric temperature as well as a pressure sensor sensing the atmospheric pressure into the electronic controlling means. The float chamber is normally communicated with the atmosphere via an atmosphere passage. As an altitude becomes high more and more, the valve opening time for the negative pressure introduction passage is elongated and the differential pressure between the float chamber and the suction passage is reduced, causing a quantity of ejected fuel to be reduced.

Abstract: In order to insure that, even when there arises a change in the rate of air flowing through an intake mixture passageway, the air-fuel ratio of the mixture which is to be supplied to an engine is always kept constant, the fuel control system comprises: an intake mixture passageway having a first negative pressure generating section and a second negative pressure generating section provided upstream of the first negative pressure generating section for generating a negative pressure weaker than that in the first negative pressure generating section; a fuel passageway having its one end opening in the first negative pressure generating section and its other end connected to a float chamber via a fuel metering jet; an electromagnetic valve for controlling the rate of the fuel flowing through the fuel passageway; a negative pressure passageway having its one end opening in the second negative pressure generating section and having its other end connected to the fuel passageway at a site located between the fuel m

Abstract: A high-velocity carburetor for an Otto engine comprising a slide for changing the cross-section of the suction pipe, a nozzle connection receiving nozzles and a profiled nozzle needle seated on the slide and controlling the cross-section of the nozzle. One object is the precise adjustment of the air admixture and thus an optimum mixture regulation as a function of the most important parameters for the operational conditions. The nozzle connection contains two nozzles, situated coaxially to one another and separated from one another by an intermediate chamber. The intermediate chamber is connected to an outlet channel of a flow control value having a ferromagnetic membrane-like valve plate. The valve plate is operable by two coils opposing each other and being connected to push-pull outputs of a pulse generator with adjustable pulse duty factor. An input channel of the flow control valve is connected with the atmospheric air via an air filter.

Abstract: A first temperature sensor senses the temperature of intake air supplied to an internal combustion engine before the intake air is mixed with fuel supplied thereto. A second temperature sensor senses the temperature of the mixture of the intake air and fuel within the intake air passage. A control unit controls the fuel injection quantity in accordance with the difference between the sensed temperatures, thereby causing the actual air-fuel ratio to coincide with a desired air-fuel ratio. The desired air-fuel ratio is adjusted in accordance with the throttling effect of a throttle valve in the intake air passage and with engine speed.

Abstract: A fuel supply control system for a vehicle engine carburetor and particularly a carburetor that includes a variable venturi portion and fixed venturi or nozzle portion. The system includes a fuel valve for supplying additional fuel to the nozzle under low speed or high load conditions sensed by elements responsive to those conditions. The system also includes an air valve for controlling the air supplied to the nozzle and a sensor for closing the air valve to thereby also increase the fuel supplied to the nozzle under high load conditions. Other sensors of engine temperature also control the operation of the fuel and air valves.

Abstract: A fuel controller has a fuel cut-off device in the form of a solenoid valve connected to an intermediate part of an air bleed commmunicating with the well of a variable choke carburetor. The fuel controller also employs a vacuum changeover valve which communicates with the engine intake manifold through a passage way and is connected to the air bleed between the solenoid valve and an air jet upstream of the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve is opened when the engine is decelerating in order to allow the well and the air bleed to communicate with each other, thereby controlling the air-fuel ratio. When the key switch is IC, the air bleed and the vacuum changeover valve communicate with the well, thereby cutting the supply of fuel to the mixing chamber.

Abstract: An air-fuel ratio control device for an internal combustion engine equipped with a plurality of variable venturi type carburetors each having a slow system, in which the flow rate of air supplied to the slow systems of the carburetors is controlled depending on the engine operation parameters including, for example, the temperature of intake air, temperature of engine oil and atmospheric pressure to improve the rate of atomization of fuel, thereby improving the idling performance of the engine and therefore improving the fuel consumption of the engine.

Abstract: In a variable venturi carburetor in which the metering jet portion of fuel changes automatically according to the amount of intake air required to keep the mixture at a constant air-to-fuel ratio at all times, two series-arranged nozzles and an auxiliary fuel passage communicating with the downstream side of the venturi and with the space formed between the two nozzles additionally formed at the fixed venturi portion in such a way that the auxiliary fuel passage can be opened or closed according to engine operating conditions. Therefore, when the auxiliary fuel passage is opened, since fuel is introduced into the venturi through only a single nozzle, a rich mixture is obtained; when the auxiliary fuel passage is closed, since fuel is introduced through two nozzles, a lean mixture is obtained.

Abstract: A variable venturi-type carburetor comprising a metering jet and at least one air-bleed bore formed on the cylindrical inner wall of the metering jet. The amount of air fed into the fuel passage of the carburetor from the air-bleed bore is controlled by an output signal from the oxygen concentration detector arranged in the exhaust manifold so that the air-fuel ratio of the mixture fed into the cylinder of the engine becomes equal to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. The metering needle is arranged so that it contacts the cylindrical inner wall of the metering jet and partially covers the air-bleed bore.

Abstract: An engine comprising a variable venturi-type carburetor which has a raised wall formed on the inner wall of the intake passage thereof. The suction piston of the carburetor has a tip face having a V-shaped cross-sectional upstream end portion which cooperates with the raised wall for defining an approximately isosceles triangle-shaped airflow-restricting opening therebetween when the amount of air flowing within the intake passage is small. An electromagnetic valve is arranged in an air-bleed passage of the carburetor and is periodically opened at a fixed frequency of 1 to 2 Hz so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuates at a fixed frequency within the range of .+-.0.2 A/F unit through a .+-.1.0 A/F unit relative to an approximately stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a variable venturi carburetor adapted for controlling the air-fuel ratio by air bleeding operation which includes an actuator for controlling the amount of bleed air in response to the engine running conditions and a fuel jet having a fuel metering portion and an air bleed portion provided downstream of and adjacent to the fuel metering portion. The air bleed portion has an outlet opening adapted for delivering bleed air into the fuel passage and the inside diameter of the air bleed portion is designed to be slightly larger than that of the fuel metering portion. Especially, at engine idle operation, the restriction area of the air bleed portion is designed to become larger than that adjusted by the actuator and the inside diameter of the fuel passage downstream of the air bleed portion is designed to become large in such a manner that air and fuel flows may not be influenced by the restricting operation of the air bleed portion.

Abstract: A variable venturi-type carburetor comprising a main fuel passage which is open to the intake passage of the carburetor. An air bleed passage is connected to the main fuel passage. The inlet of the air bleed passage is divided into a first passage and a second passage. A first control valve and a first jet are arranged in the first passage. A second control valve and a second jet are arranged in the second passage. The second jet has a flow area which is larger than that of the first jet. The first control valve opens the first passage only when the engine is operating under an idling state. The second control valve opens the second passage only during the cruising operation of a vehicle.

Abstract: A jet control type carburetor according to the present invention includes an intake pipe having an intake passage formed in an inner wall thereof, the intake passage allowing an intake air to flow therethrough; a venturi provided in the intake pipe, for controlling flow velocity and pressure of the intake air in the intake passage; a fuel nozzle opened into the intake passage and connected to a fuel supply source through a fuel passage for sucking the fuel within the intake passage from the fuel nozzle in order to introduce the mixture of air and fuel within the intake passage; a throttle valve provided downstream of the venturi, for controlling the flow rate of the mixture of intake air and fuel; a control fluid nozzle opened into the intake passage and connected to a fluid supply source through a control fluid passage for jetting the flow of the control fluid to the fuel spurted from the fuel nozzle to afford the kinetic energy of the control fluid to the fuel, and a throttle means provided upstream of the

Abstract: A constant depression carburettor has an auxiliary throttle member associated with a sensor which delivers a signal representative of the position of the auxiliary throttle member. A solenoid valve is actuated by pulses received from a control circuit which receives input signals from sensor. The solenoid valve meters the fuel delivered to the intake passage via a discharge orifice located at the throat of a venturi limited by a swelling of the intake passage and by the throttle.

Abstract: An electronically controlled carburetor for an internal combustion engine for a vehicle has a variable venturi for varying the venturi cross-section and concurrently varying the amount of air metered into the venturi in response to the engine demands an air flow sensor for sensing the displacement of the variable venturi and producing related electrical signals in response to changes in air flow through the venturi, a main fuel nozzle for discharging metered fuel into the venturi, a fuel flow sensor for sensing pressure differential of fuel across a main fuel jet communicating with the main fuel nozzle and for producing related electrical signals in response to changes in fuel flow through the main fuel jet, an air bleed controlling actuator for controlling the amount of air to be bled into the main fuel nozzle, and a control circuit responsive to the output signals from the air flow sensor and the fuel flow sensor for driving the air bleed controlling actuator.

Abstract: A fluidic control system provided with a variable Venturi structure whose movable element is automatically shifted as a function of the mass-volume of fluids passing through the structure to produce an output which depends on the adjusted position of the element or the resultant velocity-pressure. The system is applicable to the metering, proportioning and blending of fluids. In the context of an internal combustion automotive engine in which the variable Venturi structure acts to intermingle combustion air and fuel prior to ignition, the system provides a stoichiometric or other ratio of air-to-fuel that represents the optimum value for the prevailing condition of engine speed and load throughout a broad operating range, thereby effecting a marked improvement in fuel economy and reducing the emission of pollutants.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improvement in a variable venturi carburetor for an internal combustion engine which comprises a venturi portion, a float chamber, a main fuel passage communicating with the venturi portion and with the float chamber, a main fuel jet provided in the main fuel passage and a movable metering needle. A free end of the metering needle is adapted to control the size of the main fuel jet and the base portion of the metering needle is mounted to a suction piston adapted to transversely move with respect to the venturi portion in response to the condition of load on the internal combustion engine. The improvement includes provision of a bypass detouring upwardly from a portion of the main fuel passage upstream of the main fuel jet for discharging vapor of fuel, and the bypass communicates with a negative pressure passage which has an opening in the lower portion of the venturi portion and with an air passage which has an opening in the vicinity of an air horn inlet.

Abstract: An electronic controlled carburetor includes sensors for sensing engine speed, intake air pressure and water temperature. An arithmetic unit digitally processes output signals from the sensors and generates signals for controlling the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to an engine on the basis of the output signals from the sensors. The carburetor system includes means for sensing atmospheric pressure and intake air temperature, and means for adjusting at least one of the amount of intake air of the engine and the amount of fuel. The arithmetic unit digitally processes the output signals from the atmospheric pressure and the intake air temperature sensing means to thereby produce a signal representing air density change and automatically controls at least one of the amount of intake air and fuel on the basis of the air density changing signal, to thereby control the air-fuel ratio of the mixture with higher accuracy.

Abstract: An air-fuel ratio control device of an internal combustion engine having a carburetor. An air bleed passage is connected to a fuel outflow passage of the carburetor, and an electromagnetic control valve is arranged in the air bleed passage. The control valve is controlled by the detecting signal of an oxygen concentration detector arranged in the exhaust passage so that the air-fuel ratio of a mixture fed into the cylinder of an engine becomes equal to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. After the completion of the warm-up of an engine, the opening area of the control valve is maintained within a fixed range. Before the completion of the warm-up of an engine, the opening degree of the control valve becomes larger than the above-mentioned fixed range.

Abstract: A feedback type variable venturi carburetor in which the negative pressure regulated by the variable venturi at a constant level is supplied to a solenoid valve which is opened and closed at a frequency of 5-30 Hz and whose open-close time ratio is controlled in accordance with the signal from exhaust gas sensor to control the vacuum pressure applied to a diaphragm chamber of an air-bleed flow control means thereby controlling the air-fuel ratio of the mixture at an optimum level. This invention obviates the use of a regulator for regulating the negative pressure from the intake manifold and precludes the drawbacks experienced with conventional carburetors, such as the slow response in the feedback control caused when the main fuel system and the idling system of the conventional carburetor are switched over, and the unstable supply of fuel when the fuel begins to be delivered from the main fuel system.

Abstract: A closed-loop fluidic control servo system for a vehicle having an internal combustion engine provided with a variable Venturi carburetor having an axially-shiftable spool operated by a vacuum motor. The system acts automatically through the motor to maintain the ratio of fuel-to-air supplied by the Venturi carburetor to the intake manifold of the system at the optimum value during all prevailing conditions of engine speed and load encountered in vehicular operation. The system includes a vacuum amplifier coupled to the intake manifold and responsive to a differential vacuum signal developed between the pressures existing at the inlet and throat of the Venturi to produce a proportionally amplified vacuum which is derived from the intake manifold vacuum and is a function of the vacuum signal. The proportionally amplified vacuum serves to energize the vacuum motor to shift the axial position thereof in a direction and to an extent bringing about the desired fuel-to-air ratio.

Abstract: There is provided an air-fuel mixture ratio correcting system for a carburetor in which the air-fuel ratio of a mixture fed to an engine is detected whereby to control the amount of auxiliary fuel and/or the amount of auxiliary air to always control the air-fuel ratio of the mixtures at the correct value.

Abstract: A floatless variable venturi type carburetor in which the float chamber is substituted by a fuel pressure regulator. The carburetor has, in addition to the ordinary constituents such as variable orifice, fuel metering jet and air bleed, a fuel valve disposed in the fuel passage leading to the fuel metering jet and adapted to be opened and closed in relation to the turning on and off of the engine key switch, and a fuel pressure regulator adapted to regulate the pressure of the fuel introduced to the fuel metering jet through the fuel valve. The fuel pressure regulator has two regulating chambers, one of which being communicated with the inlet side of the fuel valve while the other being in communication with a venturi vacuum pickup port, so that the fuel pressure regulator maintains a constant pressure differential, by the action of a diaphragm separating two regulating chambers, between the fuel pressure at the inlet side of the fuel metering jet and the venturi vacuum.

Abstract: A variable venturi carburetor is disclosed which includes a mixture conduit having therein a throttle plate, a fixed venturi, and a vacuum sustaining plate for variably opening and closing the throat of the fixed venturi. A first fuel nozzle opens into the mixture conduit at a point on the downstream side of the vacuum sustaining plate. An electromagnetic valve is provided for controlling the amount of fuel drawn from the auxiliary fuel nozzle so that it can vary in accordance with the degree of opening of the vacuum sustaining plate but is held at a level when the degree of opening of the vacuum sustaining plate is over a predetermined level. A second fuel nozzle is provided which opens into the mixture conduit at a point on the upstream of the vacuum sustaining plate for allowing discharge of fuel in amounts proportional to vacuums appearing in the mixture conduit upstream of the vacuum sustaining plate.

Abstract: A variable venturi type carburetor of an internal combustion engine which includes a housing, a bore extending through the housing and having an inner wall defining an intake passage, a suction piston movably mounted in the housing and having a head portion projecting into the intake passage and a fuel injection valve arranged at the position opposite to the head portion of the suction piston with regard to the intake passage. The suction piston moves so as to change the cross-sectional area of the venturi portion defined between the head portion of the suction piston and an inner wall of the intake passage. The head portion of the suction piston is provided with a recess which extends along a line crossing with the central axis of the suction piston and is arranged in parallel to the direction of air flowing in the intake passage.

Abstract: An automatic control system for supplying a fuel-air mixture to an internal combustion engine through a Venturi structure conducting throttle-controlled incoming air to the intake manifold of the engine. Coaxially disposed in the casing of the structure is a cylindrical booster whose internal surface has a Venturi configuration to define a primary passage. Interposed between the booster and a ring having an external Venturi configuration mounted on the casing in an axially shiftable spool whose internal surface has a Venturi configuration to define a secondary passage having a variable throat between this surface and the spool. A tertiary passage is defined between the outer surface of the spool and the ring, incoming air passing through all three passages.

Abstract: An air-fuel ratio feedback control apparatus of an internal combustion engine in which an air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture is at first set on the lean side of the desired air-fuel ratio. Additional fuel is supplied from at least one fuel injection valve. The amount of injected fuel each time the injecting operation is carried out is increased or decreased by a certain quantity in accordance with an air-fuel ratio condition signal detected by an air-fuel ratio sensor. Only when the air-fuel ratio feedback, control operation is initiated, then is a large amount of fuel abruptly supplied to the engine by an auxiliary fuel control means. Thereafter, the normal injecting operation is carried out together with the operation for increasing or decreasing the amount of injected fuel by a certain quantity.

Abstract: A fluid jet type of carburetor, namely one in which a jet of fuel passes across the combustion air path and has some of the fuel entrained by the passing combustion air and the rest of the fuel recycled, includes means for concentrating the flow of combustion air at the zone of fuel/air mixing where the jet of fuel is exposed to the combustion air. Increasing the degree of concentration of the combustion air at the mixing zone enriches the mixture, and vice versa.