Abstract: A system includes one or more sensors to detect unintended forward and reverse rotation of rotating machinery. The system also includes a monitoring system consisting of a processor, memory, display and communication interface. The processor receives signals from the sensors. The processor determines unintended rotation when the pattern of received signals match with the conditions defined in the processor. The processor generates a notification signal of “Unintended Rotation” on the display. The notification signal is also sent to the operator workstation to alert the operating personnel. The notification history is also stored in the system memory. The system is also configured to initiate automatic action to stop the unintended rotation and protect the machinery components from unintended rotation. The action may include closing the suction and discharge valve and starting the lubrication system to lube the bearings of the rotating machinery and the motor.

Abstract: When a travel mode in which an engine is not used as a drive power source for travel is switched to a travel mode in which the engine is used as a drive power source for travel in response to an acceleration request from a driver, it is determined whether an assist torque which is able to be output from a second rotary machine is sufficient for a required assist torque for compensating for an output shortage of the engine due to a supercharging response delay in a supercharger. When it is determined that the assist torque is not sufficient for the required assist torque, an engine rotation speed is increased to a predetermined target rotation speed by an MG1 torque of a first rotary machine.

Abstract: A driving apparatus has a problem in that during the maintenance operation, foreign matter moves from the tip end side of an input shaft into a hollow space. Therefore, a driving apparatus includes an input shaft with a hollow space formed therein, the hollow space penetrating therethrough in the axial direction, a motor that rotates the input shaft, a reduction gear that receives the power of the motor 1 from the input shaft, an output shaft inserted through the hollow space of the input shaft and adapted to rotate about the rotation axis with power output from the reduction gear, and a detector that detects information on the rotation of the input shaft and the output shaft. A limiting member, which limits the movement of foreign matter into the hollow space of the input shaft from one side to the other side of the motor, is arranged in the hollow space between the input shaft and the output shaft.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for using an electric machine as a generator to control boost during an engine cold start. In one example, a method may include receiving a request to increase an engine load during the engine cold start, determining an available capacity of a battery, operating the electric machine as a generator to increase the engine load with an electrical load, and responsive to the available capacity of the battery being less than a charge threshold, charging the battery with the electrical load while generating an increased boost pressure with an electric boosting device by powering the electric boosting device via the battery, and coordinating an amount of the increased boost pressure to compensate the electrical load. By increasing the engine load during the engine cold start, an exhaust gas temperature may be increased to achieve catalyst light-off.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for controlling boost pressure and exhaust gas recirculation in a split exhaust system. In one example, a first portion of exhaust may be routed from a cylinder to an exhaust turbine via a first exhaust valve and a second, remaining portion of exhaust may be routed as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) via a second exhaust valve, the timing and lift of each of the first valve profile and the second valve profile adjusted based on boost error and EGR error. Further, motor torque from an electric motor may be supplied to the turbocharger to attain a desired boost pressure and a desired EGR flow.

Abstract: A charging apparatus (20) for a combustion engine, having a compressor (1) which has a compressor housing (2) in which a compressor wheel (3) is arranged, the compressor wheel being mounted on one end (4) of a rotor shaft (5), and which has a compressor housing rear wall (6); and having an electric motor (7) which has a stator winding (12) which surrounds a magnet (11), which is arranged on the rotor shaft (5), on the outside. The stator winding (12) is an iron-free stator winding, and the electric motor (7) is a brushless DC motor.

Abstract: An electric device includes a partition wall configured to partition between a motor chamber having a relatively high pressure and an inverter chamber having a relatively low pressure; an inverter, which is provided in the inverter chamber, and is configured to supply power; a motor, which is provided in the motor chamber, and is configured to operate with supply of power from the inverter; and a bus-bar device, which is mounted to the partition wall by being inserted into a partition wall through hole formed in the partition wall, and is configured to connect the inverter and the motor to each other. The bus-bar device includes a bus bar configured to connect the inverter and the motor to each other; a plate portion into which the bus bar is inserted; and a resin portion.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for coordinated control of a compound boosting system, including a first compressor staged upstream of a second compressor in an engine intake. In one example, a method may include operating the second, downstream compressor in steady-state to achieve an overall pressure ratio across the compound boosting system while operating the first, upstream compressor transiently, based on an airflow shortfall at the downstream compressor. A timing and amount of electric assistance provided to transiently operate the first, upstream compressor may be adjusted dynamically as the pressure ratio across the second compressor changes.

Abstract: An electric supercharger system for a hybrid vehicle is disclosed. The electric supercharger system includes a turbocharger for compressing external air using energy of exhaust gas from an exhaust manifold of a combustion engine, an intercooler cooling the compressed air supplied from the turbocharger; and an electric supercharger for further compressing the compressed air from the intercooler. The electric supercharger system is configured to re-circulate at least a part of the exhaust gas the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold and to convert energy of the exhaust gas to generate electricity for charging a battery of the hybrid vehicle.

Abstract: A charger device may include a variable turbine geometry having guide vanes mounted rotatably in a van bearing ring. Each guide vane may have a top side that runs in convex fashion from a profile nose to a profile end. A concave recess may be arranged on a bottom side of each guide vane at the profile nose.

Abstract: A supercharging device for an internal combustion engine, in particular for a vehicle, with a compressor having a compressor housing and having a compressor space in which a compressor wheel is arranged, an electric motor having a rotor and a stator, a motor housing having a motor space for accommodating the rotor and the stator, and a fluid-conducting connection from the compressor space into the motor space in order to permit pressure equalization between the compressor space and the motor space.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for reliable starting an engine during cold start. In one example, a method may include in response to an engine start request, warming up an intake manifold by compressing intake air via an electric supercharger, and adjusting an intake manifold pressure before starting a first combustion of the engine.

Abstract: A method for operating a boost pressure control in an engine system having a supercharged internal combustion engine, including the following: performing a boost pressure control based on a setpoint controller variable and an actual controller variable, ascertaining a setpoint controller variable from a provided setpoint boost pressure with a first and a second model, ascertaining an intermediate variable from a provided actual boost pressure with the first model, correcting the intermediate variable with a provided dynamic variable, which represents a dynamic change in the state of the engine system using a higher dynamics than the actual boost pressure, and ascertaining the actual controller variable from the corrected intermediate variable with the second model.

Abstract: Artificial aspiration methods and systems for increasing engine efficiency and or power. The methods include determining an engine operation status, determining an artificial aspiration goal value based on the engine operating status, determining an artificial aspiration system configuration based on the artificial aspiration goal value and the engine operating status, and configuring the artificial aspiration system to obtain the determined artificial aspiration system configuration. The system includes a plurality of sensors for sensing characteristics of an operating engine, and an artificial aspiration control unit comprising a processor connected to receive the sensed characteristics of the engine.

Abstract: Teeth-shaped portions 11b of a magnet 11 are formed in such a way that a part of the plane of projection of each of the teeth-shaped portions protrudes in a circumferential direction with respect to that of one of teeth 8b and 9b which is viewed from an axial direction of a first stator core 8 and a second stator core 9.

Abstract: A vehicle includes an internal-combustion engine for driving a drive train of the vehicle, at least one charger for increasing the pressure of the air supplied to the internal-combustion engine and an electrical machine which can be or is coupled to the charger in a torque-transmitting manner and is provided for driving or supporting the drive of the charger. The drive train can be or is coupled with the electrical machine in a torque-transmitting manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a self-propelling construction machine which has a chassis 1 which has wheels or crawler track units 1A, 1B. The construction machine according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that the gear mechanism system 6 for transmitting the drive power from the drive unit 5, which comprises at least one internal combustion engine 5A, to the working unit 4, which comprises at least one working assembly 4A, does not have a conventional clutch with which the working unit can be activated but instead has a hydrodynamic gear mechanism 10 which has a drive shaft 10A and an output shaft 10B.

Abstract: A procedure for startup and shutdown of an internal combustion engine with an electronically-controlled turbocharger (ECT) is disclosed. The startup and shutdown procedures are determined to provide the desired lubrication to engine and ECT components and sufficient cooling of the engine and ECT. In one embodiment, the system includes an electric oil pump that can supply oil to the oil circuit in the engine and ECT independently of an engine-driven mechanical oil pump. In another embodiment, the oil circuit is provided with an oil accumulator to provide oil for cooling after engine rotation has stopped.

Abstract: An object is to provide an electric supercharging device that has a high degree of freedom in layout and can suppress the generation of heat from an electric motor. The electric supercharging device 1 includes an electric motor 2, a compressor 3 that supercharges intake air for a vehicle engine, a hydraulic accelerator 10 that accelerates the rotation of the electric motor 2 and transmits the rotation to the compressor 3, and rotation speed adjustment means 4 that controls the rotation speed of the electric motor 2 and an acceleration ratio of the hydraulic accelerator 10 and adjusts the rotation speed of the compressor 3.

Abstract: An electronic car supercharger includes a housing, an air inlet pipe connected with the housing and an engine chamber, a filtering net connected with the housing, a motor cabinet mounted in the housing, a brushless motor mounted on the motor cabinet, an air inlet fan connected with the brushless motor, a circuit board electrically connected with the brushless motor, a battery electrically connected with the circuit board, and a control switch electrically connected with the circuit board and an accelerator pedal. Thus, when the accelerator pedal is released from a driver's foot, the control switch is detached from the accelerator pedal, and the brushless motor stops operating by control of the control switch to stop operation of the air inlet fan to prevent the air inlet fan from producing noise under the idling operation of the car engine.

Abstract: A brake negative pressure generating device of a vehicle includes: an electrically-driven supercharger for drawing in, compressing, and supplying outside air; a vacuum chamber connected to an inlet opening of the electrically-driven supercharger and supplying negative pressure for brake force boosting; a negative pressure supply passage for connecting the inlet opening of the electrically-driven supercharger and the vacuum chamber; and a first negative pressure control valve for opening and closing an inlet passage. Accordingly, the electrically-driven supercharger is run to supplement brake negative force if the brake negative force is not sufficient.

Abstract: A variable-input driving system includes first and second rotatable components rotating at different speeds. First and second sensors measure the rotation of the first and second components, and provide signals to an electronic controller. A drive selector has an input connected to each of the first and second components and an output connected to a driven component. The drive selector is responsive to a command signal from the electronic controller to selectively engage the first or second input with the output such that rotation of the first or second input is transmitted to the driven component based on the first and second signals.

Abstract: There is provided a turbocharging apparatus and vehicles using the same. The turbocharging apparatus comprises a wind collecting device, a first turbine and a second turbine. The wind collecting device comprises a first opening and a second opening and an air flow channel for connecting the two openings. A cross-sectional area of the air flow channel decreases as the air flow channel extends from the first opening towards the second opening. The first turbine comprises a first turbine housing, a first impeller rotatably located in the first turbine housing, a wind inlet communicated with the second opening, and a wind outlet. The second turbine comprises a second turbine housing, a second impeller rotatably located in the second turbine housing, an air suction inlet and an air outlet communicated with a throttle valve of the internal combustion engine. The second impeller can, driven by the first impeller, rotate along with the first impeller.

Abstract: Artificial aspiration methods and systems for increasing engine efficiency and or power. The methods include determining an engine operation status, determining an artificial aspiration goal value based on the engine operating status, determining an artificial aspiration system configuration based on the artificial aspiration goal value and the engine operating status, and configuring the artificial aspiration system to obtain the determined artificial aspiration system configuration. The system includes a plurality of sensors for sensing characteristics of an operating engine, and an artificial aspiration control unit comprising a processor connected to receive the sensed characteristics of the engine.

Abstract: It is intended to implement an electric supercharger that has a simplified architecture, is easy to assemble, produces reduced vibration and noise, and has a motor inverter, making it possible to minimize losses in motor output and rotary-shaft output. The electric supercharger is provided with the following: an integrated housing with a built-in electric motor and motor inverter; and a ball bearing and damper-sleeve structure arranged on both sides of the electric motor. The damper-sleeve structure comprises a large-diameter sleeve, a spring guide, a coil spring, and a ball bearing. A gap is formed between the ball bearings and a sleeve and the large-diameter sleeve. The inner ring or outer ring of the ball bearings are supported by various support members disposed on both sides. An elastic O-ring that elastically supports the sleeve and large-diameter sleeve is provided on the outside of the sleeves.

Abstract: A variable speed compressor system (A) incorporating an electric power generation capability by combining a variable-speed compressor assembly (70) with an electric motor assembly (50) via a drive subassembly (30) in a compact unit regulated by a control system (400). The control system (400) facilitates fully controllable boost-on-demand forced-air induction operation across an entire engine speed range, and offers intelligent electric power generation.

Abstract: An engine system comprising: an exhaust gas system for removing exhaust gas from the engine; a turbocharger comprising a compressor for inducing air towards the engine and a turbine provided along the exhaust gas system and driven by removed exhaust gas for powering the compressor; a hydrogen delivery apparatus adapted to deliver hydrogen to the exhaust gas system such that the hydrogen can combust and expand, thereby increasing the speed of the turbine. The increased speed of the turbine operation decreases turbo lag and increases engine responsiveness.

Abstract: A four-cycle engine (1) structured to introduce fresh air into a cylinder (1a) via an intake port (1d) opened/closed by intake valves (IN1, IN2) and suck exhaust gas back into the cylinder (1a) via an exhaust port opened/closed by exhaust valves (EX1, EX2), wherein the exhaust port has a first exhaust port (1p) and a second exhaust port (1e), and the exhaust gas is sucked in back from the first exhaust port (1p) and secondary air is sucked in from the second exhaust port (1e) to form, in the cylinder (1a), a first temperature layer (T1) at a high temperature mainly composed of the exhaust gas and a second temperature layer (T2) at a temperature lower than that of the first temperature layer (T1) mainly composed of the secondary air.

Abstract: A rotation shaft supporting structure for an electric supercharger is provided with: a rotation shaft to which a compressor wheel is attached, the compressor wheel being a wheel of a supercharging side; an electric motor including a motor rotator securely installed to the rotation shaft, and a stator for applying torque to the motor rotator; a bearing provided on a bearing side closer to the compressor wheel than the motor rotator so as to support the rotation shaft; and a damper unit for absorbing shaft vibration of the rotation shaft, the damper unit being provided at a shaft end on an opposite side to the bearing side.

Abstract: An aircraft having a user region therein within which pressurized air at selected pressures can be maintained using an environmental control system provided in the aircraft, and a utility region outside a utility boundary wall of the user region within which selected equipment for the aircraft is located. An internal combustion engine, provided as an intermittent combustion engine, is provided in the utility region having an air intake coupled to combustion chambers therein and a rotatable output shaft also coupled to those combustion chambers for generating force with an air transfer duct extends between the user region and the air intake so as to be capable of conveying pressurized air to that air intake.

Abstract: A miller cycle engine system is provided, which includes a motorized supercharger, and a miller cycle engine (having low compression and high explosion) having the motorized supercharger mounted thereon to improve a low-revolution performance of an engine using a scavenging phenomenon due to an operation of a variable valve device (variable valve timing, variable valve lift and variable valve duration) during an operation of the motorized supercharger and to improve a fuel efficiency through down-speeding of a gear ratio of a vehicle.

Abstract: A system for controlling the temperature of a charge air stream flowing through an air-cooled intercooler of a turbocharged internal combustion engine, with a fan for producing a cooling air stream acting on the intercooler and with an actuation unit for controlling the flow of cooling air as a function of charge pressure present at the intercooler.

Abstract: A power supply of equipment onboard a motor vehicle equipped with a micro-hybrid system that can operate in a regenerative braking mode during which the energy recovered by a reversible rotary machine (1) of the micro-hybrid system is stored in an auxiliary energy storage unit (4). The micro-hybrid system provides a dual-voltage network including, on the one hand, a low voltage (Vb) for supplying a battery (3) of the vehicle and, on the other hand and at the terminals of said auxiliary energy-storage unit, a floating voltage (Vb+X) higher than the low voltage. The floating voltage (Vb+X) is used for powering the onboard equipment of the vehicle that may require high currents during short periods of time for the dynamic operation thereof. The power supply is particularly useful for powering an electric-assistance turbocharger.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine is provided. The method includes ascertaining an actual value of an operating temperature of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A hydraulic drive assists to increase the acceleration rate of a turbocharger impeller/turbine shaft assembly and provide a secondary means of driving the compressor impeller at lower engine speeds where exhaust gases alone does not generate adequate shaft speeds to create significant induction boost. The hydraulic circuit includes a dual displacement motor, which provides high torque for acceleration yet converts to a single motor for high-speed operation. When the exhaust driven turbine function allows compressor speeds, beyond which the hydraulic system can contribute, a slip clutch allows disengagement of the hydraulic drive. The hydraulic circuit is integrated with the power steering circuit to conserve energy and supportive components such as lines and reservoir. In an alternative embodiment, there is no turbocharger and the hydraulic drive provides means of forced induction air alone.

Abstract: An air inlet system of an engine includes a throttle, a fan, a motor, and a throttle sensor. The fan is connected to the throttle. The motor is for driving the fan to force air into at least one intake manifold of the engine through the throttle. The throttle sensor is for controlling the rotational speed of the fan according to the motion of a throttle pedal.

Abstract: A vehicle includes an internal-combustion engine for driving a drive train of the vehicle, at least one charger for increasing the pressure of the air supplied to the internal-combustion engine and an electrical machine which can be or is coupled to the charger in a torque-transmitting manner and is provided for driving or supporting the drive of the charger. The drive train can be or is coupled with the electrical machine in a torque-transmitting manner.

Abstract: A supercharger for boosting intake manifold pressure in an internal combustion engine and producing electrical energy comprises an input shaft (3), a electric machine (50) including a stator (51) and a rotor (53), a compressor (70) including an impeller (71), and a planetary transmission (30) located between the input shaft (3) and the rotor (53) of the electric machine (50) and the impeller (71) of the compressor (70), all such that the input shaft 3 can drive both the impeller (71) and the rotor (53), or the rotor (53) and input shaft (3) can drive the impeller (71). The planetary transmission (30) includes an outer ring (31) operatively coupled to the input shaft (3), a sun member (39) operatively coupled to the impeller (71), planetary clusters (38) located between the outer ring (31) and sun member (39), and a carrier (37) operatively coupled to the planet clusters (38) and the rotor (53). Each planetary cluster (38) comprises an inner roller (35) and an outer roller (33).

Abstract: An internal combustion engine for an automotive vehicle includes a belt, alternator, supercharger (BASC) power system having a positive displacement supercharger with coacting rotors, a belt drive from the engine to the supercharger, an overrunning clutch allowing the supercharger to overrun the belt drive, and a motor-generator connected to charge a battery when the motor-generator is overrunning the belt drive. The system allows electric overrun of the supercharger to increase engine charge air and power at low engine speeds, to electrically offset some parasitic losses and increase power at high engine speeds, to use supercharger inertia to drive the motor-generator and charge the battery during engine decelerations, and to electrically reduce belt drive loads by supplementing supercharger drive power during transmission downshifts that increase engine speed, and thus minimize “chirping” sounds due to belt slipping.

Abstract: A powertrain for a vehicle having an air intake includes an engine and an electric machine. The engine includes a manifold configured to receive intake air entering through the vehicle air intake, and a throttle disposed between the air intake and the manifold. The powertrain also includes a compressor disposed between the air intake and the manifold, and operable to compress the intake air before it enters the engine. A pressure sensor disposed downstream of the compressor and upstream of the throttle provides air pressure signals to a control system that determines a driver demand and operates the electric machine to boost torque output of the powertrain when the driver demand requires operation of the compressor and the driver demand is not met by the engine. The torque boost of the electric machine is based at least in part on signals output from the pressure sensor.

Abstract: There is provided a method of controlling an engine system having an internal combustion engine, a supercharger arranged in an intake air passage of said internal combustion engine and a motor capable of driving the supercharger. The method comprises, driving the motor to operate the supercharger to boost airflow inducted into the internal combustion engine when the internal combustion engine is in operation. The method further comprises driving the motor to determine a state of the supercharger when the internal combustion engine is stopped and indicating the determined state of the supercharger. According to the method, by driving the motor of the supercharger to detect a state of the supercharger when the internal combustion engine is stopped, the state of the supercharger can be more accurately detected because the condition is most stable.

Abstract: An air inlet system of an engine includes a throttle, a fan, a motor, and a throttle sensor. The fan is connected to the throttle. The motor is for driving the fan to force air into at least one intake manifold of the engine through the throttle. The throttle sensor is for controlling the rotational speed of the fan according to the motion of a throttle pedal.

Abstract: An on-off switch is provided between a first battery acting to supply an electric power to on-vehicle electrical equipment and a second battery acting to supply an electric power to an electric supercharger. In the case that charge voltage of the first battery is smaller than a predetermined value and operating power of an electric supercharger 3 is larger than a predetermined value, the on-off switch is opened to suppress electrical effects on the on-vehicle electrical equipment. In other cases, the on-off switch is closed and the second battery is charged by a generator and the first battery. As a result, it is possible to suppress adverse effects on the on-vehicle electrical equipment due to voltage drop or voltage fluctuation of a power source occurring by driving the electric supercharger and thus to make a stable power supply.

Abstract: As one example, a vehicle propulsion system is provided. The system includes: an engine with an intake air compressor and an exhaust gas turbine. Further, a control is provided to operate the compressor at a different speed than the turbine, at least under an operating condition, and to adjust an amount of opening overlap between engine valves in response to a rotational speed of the compressor.

Abstract: Suitable for retrofitting conventional turbo charged engines, an electrically controlled turbocharger is installed in a Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) Engine and controlled to maintain a predetermined optimal air/fuel ratio throughout the operating range of the engine. Electrical energy is applied to the motor/generator of the turbocharger to boost its operation when the engine is being operated at relatively low speeds or under high torque loads and the engine exhaust gases applied to the turbine are insufficient to drive the turbocharger to maintain the predetermined air/fuel ratio. Electrical energy is produced by the motor/generator of the turbocharger when the engine is being operated at higher speeds and the engine exhaust gases applied to the turbine are excessive in driving the turbine to maintain the predetermined air/fuel ratio.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is providing a supercharging system which uses both of a mechanism such as VN or the like and an electric motor generating an assist force while making the supercharger operate smoothly when the assist by the electric motor is stopped. The system controls the electric motor in a feedback manner so that enough assist force is generated (FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B) while controlling the VN in an open manner (FIG. 2D) until status of the supercharger reaches target status (time t1) when an accelerator requirement arises in a low revolution region. The control of the electric motor is changed to an open control, and the control of the VN is changed to a feedback control, respectively, at time t1. The open control of the electric motor is continued so that necessary complement torque occurs until time t2. After time t2, the system maintains the target status only by the feedback control of the VN.

Abstract: A supercharged internal combustion engine system wherein the supercharger assembly includes an ejector pump driven by high-pressure air for pumping intake air into engine combustion chamber. Included are means for sensing engine power demand and controlling the supercharging action. A compressor and an air tank for providing high-pressure air for driving the ejector pump are also disclosed. During periods of natural aspiration the ejector pump can be by-passed to reduce flow impedance. The ejector pump can use a driving nozzle with a fixed throat or a variable throat, or a lobed nozzle. Effective supercharging is achieved even at low engine speeds. One of the objects of the invention is to obtain more power from small displacement ICE and thus providing automotive vehicles with sufficient acceleration in addition to good fuel economy.

Abstract: The present application relates to a means to control and provide variable intake boost levels to an internal combustion engine through the use of a computer, multiple sensors, a motor controller and an electric motor driving a supercharger. This system will operate on voltages of 120 volts or higher utilizing AC or DC current.

Abstract: A method of operating a vehicle including an engine is provided The engine may include at least one cylinder, a boosting device to boost intake air to the at least one cylinder, a fuel tank, a fuel vapor canister to store fuel vapors vented from the fuel tank, and an emission control device to treat exhaust gas from the engine. The boosting device includes a compressor at least partially driven by an electric motor. The method includes during an engine cold start condition, operating the electric motor of the boost device to boost intake air, directing the boosted intake air through the fuel vapor canister to release a fuel vapor stored in the fuel vapor canister, directing the fuel vapor from the fuel vapor canister to the engine, and performing combustion in the at least one cylinder using the fuel vapor during the engine starting.

Abstract: A two-stroke internal combustion engine which has an Inverted Cross-Scavenged operation forming a 180° air and exhaust gas loop and having two overhead valves [46, 47] in the cylinder head and optimized coils [43, 44] per spark plug [41, 42], the spark plugs being halo-disc type plugs, a central fuel-injector means [45], and the combustion chamber forming a Perfect Miller Cycle with an effective CR of approximately 10.5 to 1 and ER equal to approximately 18 to 1, and the valves opening at near bottom center (BC) and closing at approximately 75° after BC, and a quick response super-charger or turbo-charger located at the intake.