Abstract: A method and assembly for mounting a conduit on a mounting surface utilizing a conduit mounting assembly. The conduit mounting assembly includes a first clamp portion, a second clamp portion, a connecting screw and a conduit securement screw. The method includes providing the conduit mounting assembly, mounting the first clamp portion on a tile, mounting the second clamp portion opposite to the first clamp portion on the tile, connecting the first clamp portion with the second clamp portion utilizing the connecting screw and mounting the conduit on the second clamp portion utilizing the conduit securement screw and a conduit fastening member.

Abstract: A photovoltaic (PV) module having bi-directional couplings is described. The bi-directional couplings include a first coupling mounted on a support frame under a first edge of the PV module and a second coupling mounted on the support frame under a second edge of the PV module. The PV module can be a keystone module and the bi-directional couplings of the keystone module can connect to respective couplings of several adjacent PV modules. The bi-directional couplings can form male-to-female connections with the respective couplings to quickly combine the PV modules into a PV module assembly. The PV module assembly includes the bi-directionally connected PV modules supporting each other in both an x-direction and a y-direction.

Abstract: Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems provide for solar panel arrays with improved aesthetics and efficiency that can replace conventional roof structures. BIPV mounting systems described herein allow for improved versatility and ease of installation as compared to conventional approaches. Such BIPV mounting systems can include photovoltaic (PV) roof tiles with separate mechanical coupling features and electrical contact portions for use with tile connectors having both mechanical and electrical coupling features. Such PV tiles can be mechanically and electrically coupled in series through the tile connectors without requiring wire bussing between adjacent PV roof tiles and the tile connectors can be slidable within a batten bracket to easily accommodate PV roof tiles of differing dimensions.

Abstract: Snap-in mounting systems for laminate solar panels are provided. The laminate solar panels can include laminate strips that can be snapped into mounting rails. The mounting rails may be coupled to racking rails for structural support and may include locking mechanisms for additional support and theft deterrence. An entire system may include a number of racking rails, mounting rails, and solar panels.

Abstract: A roof tile system and a method for installing the roof tile system is disclosed. The roof tile system comprises a first roof tile and a tile-holding device. The first roof tile comprises a first attaching means, the first attaching means for attaching the first roof tile to a second roof tile when the first roof tile and the second roof tile are arranged together on a roof. The first roof tile further comprises a flange extending from a first end portion. The tile holding device for fixing tiles to the roof comprises a channel for receiving the flange so as to inhibit lifting of the first end portion away from the roof.

Abstract: A roof reflector system that is used to reflect solar radiation away from a rooftop. The system uses lines of flags that are strung across the rooftop in parallel rows. Each line of flags contains a plurality of flags that are aligned side-by-side. The flags are reflective to solar radiation. A common ribbon joins the flags into a line of flags. The base of each flag is coupled to the ribbon so that the flags hang away from the bottom edge of the ribbon. Brackets are provided that that can be selectively mounted to the roof. Each of the brackets has a connector that receives and retains the ribbon, therein supporting the ribbon at a first elevation above the roof. The length of each of the flags is greater than that first elevation. As a result, the flags touch the roof and fold along the roof, therein shielding the roof from the heat of the sun.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for assessing a physical structure. The method includes receiving information indicative of an infrared image. The infrared image includes a portion of the physical structure. The method includes determining one or more indicators within the infrared image. The one or more indicators exceed a heat threshold. The method includes determining a plurality of characteristics of the one or more indicators. The method includes classifying the one or more indicators according to the determined plurality of characteristics. The method includes determining a condition of the physical structure based on the classification of the one or more indicators.

Abstract: There is provided an improved roof solar panel, embodying a photovoltaic panel mounted on a frame for easy installation onto a conventional sloped roof and integration with conventional roof coverings. Such panel includes a roof covering mounting surface on an outside support of the frame, a photovoltaic panel mounting surface on an inside support of the frame, and when installed on the roof, a retainer trim for securing the roof covering and photovoltaic panel mounted on said supports while mounting to the frame. The frame also serves to provide means for securing the panel onto roof trusses. Integration with the conventional roof covering provides, inter alia, an attractive low profile with improved water shedding, wind resistance, and thermal regulation properties. The invention also relates to a kit comprising, inter alia, said roof solar panel, and to a method of installing said roof solar panel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an educational solar cell module. According to the present invention, the electrodes of the solar cells can be easily and removably connected to each other in series or in parallel, and the variations in voltage and current according to the number of connected solar cells can be easily observed to thereby increase interest in solar energy. The educational solar cell module includes: a plurality of frames; a solar cell panel joined to the top surface of the frames; and a frame coupling member disposed on the frames to couple neighboring frames to each other so that the frames can be continuously joined and arrayed.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the photovoltaic generation of electrical energy. The present invention relates more particularly to photovoltaic arrays for use in photovoltaically generating electrical energy. Aspects of the present invention provide a variety of photovoltaic roofing elements and systems that include, for example, interlocking geometries to provide for water handling and integration with conventional roofing materials; and wire management features that can protect wiring and associated electrical components from physical and/or environmental damage.

Abstract: Provided are novel building integrable photovoltaic (BIP) assemblies and methods of installation thereof on building structures. The BIP assembly includes a base sheet or a sheath, which may be a plywood board or an oriented strand (OSB) board, and multiple electrically interconnected photovoltaic inserts, which are attached to and supported by the base sheet. The base sheet is configured to be positioned directly the building structures, such as roof rafters. Various electrical components may be positioned within cavities of the base sheet and/or at the back side of that sheet. Such components are configured to align in between the roof rafters during installation. The spacing between the rafters provides access to the components and allows the components to extend away from the base sheet and into the spacing. Various electrical components may be installed and removed from the BIP assembly during its fabrication and/or installation.

Abstract: In accordance with various exemplary embodiments, solar energy shade structures and methods of design and revenue generation are disclosed. These systems comprise structures capable of supporting solar panel at heights greater than 18 feet above their mounting surface. These systems may be installed in confined spaces. These systems also comprise structures that are customizable, allowing an installation to be configured with a desired lighting and environmental effect. The methods discussed herein describe processes for achieving desired design effects based on natural elements. Moreover, the methods discussed herein describe processes for reducing the costs of generating solar energy and/or reducing the costs of providing a solar structure.

Abstract: A photovoltaic tile for a roof includes a plurality of tiles, at least two adjacent tiles of which at least partially overlap each other, including a body (12) having overlapping edges constituting a top edge (20) and a bottom edge (22), the top edge (20) being formed so as to cover the bottom edge (22) of at least one of the adjacent tiles, a photovoltaic layer (40), and electrical connectors (52) which are connected to the photovoltaic layer (40) through electrical conductors (54). The electrical connectors (52) are provided in assembly elements (57, 58) by nesting, the assembly elements being provided on the overlapping edges (20, 22) to enable the overlapping edges to be mutually positioned during the placement of two of the adjacent tiles (10) and the electrical contact of the electrical connectors (52) with each other. The invention also relates a method for manufacturing such tile.

Abstract: Roof tile systems for structures are provided. A representative system (100) includes a solar panel tile (102) having a top side (121) for facing away from a structure, a bottom side (122) for facing lower side (126) for facing the downslope direction, the solar panel (150), the solar panel tile (102) having a first rib (131, 132, 133, 134) extending across the cavity (128); and a solar panel (150) mounted within the cavity (128) and supported by the first rib (131, 132, 133, 134) such that the solar panel tile (102) being a first of multiple solar panel tiles (102), with the multiple tiles being operative to engage in a side-by- side arrangement to form at least a partial course of tiles of the system (100).

Abstract: A four component roofing system uses three reflective subsystems and one radiant subsystem to provide passive temperature control of a building comprising: (1) Shingles that reflect high angle summer sun light back to the sky, but absorb low angle winter sunlight; (2) A temperature sensitive attic insulator placed under a sunlit roof that reflects radiation and blocks convection from the roof to the attic at hot temperatures, permits radiation and convection at warm temperatures, and blocks radiation and convection from the attic at cold temperatures; (3) A temperature sensitive attic insulator placed under a shaded roof that permits radiation and convection at warm or hot temperatures, and blocks radiation and convection from the attic at cold temperatures; (4) Non-reflective shingles on a shaded roof that emit radiation continuously, but that are heated by air and radiation from the attic only when the second temperature sensitive attic insulator permits convection, so that radiant heat loss is reduced at c

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat collection system for a roof, the system including a roof deck, a membrane upwardly adjacent of the roof deck; a fluid channel disposed between the membrane and the roof deck, the fluid channel having a defined entry port and a defined exit port, the entry port and the exit port being disposed in fluid communication via the fluid channel.

Abstract: A roof of a building is provided. The roof comprises a roof frame, a layer of curved roof cover elements (e.g., tiles) above the roof frame, and a solar panel secured to one or more of the roof cover elements. The solar panel substantially conforms to one or more curved surfaces of the one or more roof cover elements. Another aspect provides a roof comprising a roof frame, a layer of curved roof cover elements (e.g., tiles) above the roof frame, a vent member within the roof cover element layer, and a solar panel. The vent member has a curved surface and is sized and shaped to mimic the appearance of one or more of the roof cover elements. The vent member also has an opening allowing a ventilation airflow from the building interior toward an airspace above the vent member and the roof cover element layer. The solar panel is secured to and substantially conforms to the curved surface of the vent member.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, devices and methods of using and mounting solar collectors and photovoltaic collectors in gutters or directly along fascia and eaves and on architectural ledges on buildings, along building walls at various heights above the ground, as well as in ground engaged collectors for providing heated water, power and/or lighting. The collectors can have a pair of conduits/tubes for passing water therethrough. Each of the collectors can be attached to one another by mateably interlocking male and female connectors on the sides of each collector to one another.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide systems, devices, and methods for mounting a photovoltaic module to a structure, such as a roof. An embodiment of a method for mounting a photovoltaic module to a structure may include providing a photovoltaic module, a first mounting device, and a second mounting device. The first mounting device and the second mounting device may be coupled with the structure, such as a roofing membrane, so that opposing mounting channels of the respective devices face one another. The method may further include inserting a first edge of the photovoltaic module within the mounting channel of the first mounting device and inserting a second edge of the photovoltaic module within the mounting channel of the second mounting device so that the photovoltaic module is disposed between the first mounting device and the second mounting device.

Abstract: A roofing installation system for optimally capturing solar thermal energy comprises a plurality of metal battens mounted horizontally onto a plurality of horizontal wooden battens, a plurality of slate modules mounted on the plurality of metal battens and connected in series to form a string, an inverter connected to each string, a thermal tubing containing liquid mounted on the plurality of metal battens, a heat exchanger connected to the thermal tubing, a heat pump connected to the thermal tubing and a circulation pump connected between the thermal tubing and the heat exchanger. The plurality of slate modules generates DC electricity from solar energy and the inverter converts the DC electricity to AC electricity to feed to a utility grid. The plurality of metal battens transfers thermal energy by running liquid in the thermal tubing which is extracted by the heat exchanger thereby producing domestic hot water.

Abstract: An energy generating system for placement on a roof structure is disclosed including one or more solar panels (10) being secured to roof system components. The solar panels are secured thereto with hook and loop fasteners (16, 78) that may be integral with the roof system components (86).

Abstract: A roof integrated photovoltaic roofing panel and flashing system that allows photovoltaic roof panels to be installed into standard asphalt roofing. Without re-engineering rafters for extra roof loads. Providing all structural strengths, fire prevention and weather proofing required by building codes. The panels are easily removed for maintaining PV system. The PV roof panel is a structural roof panel.

Abstract: An assembly for mounting solar panels to structural surfaces includes a frame member adapted to receive and retain a first end portion of a solar panel, and a mounting foot adapted for attachment to the structural surface, wherein the frame member and the mounting foot are adapted for interlocking engagement with each other to mount an end of a solar panel on the structural surface.

Abstract: An energy transmitting solar panel (12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62) intended for invisible incorporation into a building, a part or component thereof, behind and in thermal contact with a climate shield (12, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61) on said building, a part or component thereof, is made of a heat-conducting material and has a substantial heat transmitting surface area and at least one through-going fluid impervious channel or duct (15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65) embedded in or integrally connected with said panel for the flow of an energy carrying-capable fluid therein. The solar panel is mounted below and close up to a climate shield of a building so that good thermal contact is established there between providing excellent transmission of converted sun radiation to an energy carrying-capable fluid in the fluid impervious channel or duct.

Abstract: A solar energy-powered heating and cooling system for buildings, including solar energy tiles attached to a roof or an outside surface of walls of a building, an energy collector used to concentrate energy collected by the solar energy tiles, an energy converter activating solar energy into another form of energy, supply pipes hidden inside cavity floor and/or hollow walls and containing a flow medium, and an intelligent control unit. The solar energy collected by the solar energy tiles is brought to the energy collector and then converted via the energy converter. The energy is instilled into the flow medium that is subsequently transferred to the cavity floor and/or hollow walls via the supply pipes so as to either heat up or cool down the building. The process is controlled by the intelligent control unit.

Abstract: A solar panel overlay for mounting on an underlying roof deck comprises a substrate and at least one row of photovoltaic cells on the substrate. The photovoltaic cells define a solar collecting surface having an appearance mimicking that of the underlying roof deck. A solar panel overlay assembly comprising a plurality of interconnect solar panel overlays is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solar element with solar cell carrier, frame and temperature control device, in which, in order to be simply producible, the temperature control device is an integral part of the frame. The invention relates furthermore to a method for the production of such solar element as well as the use of same.

Abstract: A system and method of arranging a solar cell and reflector to replace a typical solar cell oriented normal to the incoming sunlight inside a module (i.e. parallel to a module's transparent cover plate or opening). The present invention in a preferred embodiment uses a solar cell oriented at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight, and a reflective surface oriented perpendicular to the cell and at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight. The solar cell and the mirror are the same length/size and form a V shape where the angle between the sloped sides is 90 degrees. Any light falling normally on the arrangement will hit the solar cell either directly or after reflection. In another embodiment, two adjacent reflectors can be used making angles of around 60 degrees and around 30 degrees with respect to the cover or opening. An alternate embodiment can include a second reflector added to the base of the cell and reflector pairings also at an approximate 45 degree angle with the cover or opening.

Abstract: A method and a related device for providing heat for heating buildings and optionally for heating tap water via a solar collector, in which the solar collector is filled and permeated with a thermal carrier medium in the event of incident solar radiation, in order to heat the thermal carrier medium, and in which the solar collector is otherwise emptied, the thermal carrier medium being collected in a storage reservoir.

Abstract: In a roof structure having an arrangement of solar panels, horizontally running fixing profiles are in each case arranged between adjacent solar panels. Each fixing profile extends underneath the frame of the respective upper solar panel and over the frame of the respective lower solar panel and both the upper and the lower solar panel are fixed to the fixing profile. In this way, a laying in a tile-like sealing manner is ensured by the fixing profiles, and at the same time the fixing profiles are used to install the solar panels.

Abstract: Net zero energy building systems are disclosed. In some embodiments, the systems include the following: roofing panels positioned on a roof of a building, the roofing panels being made of an array of horizontal elliptic glass vacuum tube solar collectors attached upon a reinforced light weight concrete panel; electricity generators; an insulated fluid storage tank; and a fluid circulation sub-system joined with the panels, generators, and tank.

Abstract: Solar energy collector roofing panel, includes a metal sheet (1), a series of metal ducts (2) fixed to the sheet, and a layer of insulating material (4) covering the ducts. The set of ducts defines a continuous circuit connectable to the circuit of another adjacent panel or to ducts of an external circuit.

Abstract: The purpose of this invention is to indicate a solar panel element, wherein the solar panel element may constitute an integrated and aesthetically attractive covering element for covering a building envelope, where the solar panel element can be mounted without changing possibly existing underlying structures and follow the architecture in the surrounding covering of the building. Moreover, it is aimed at mounting a solar panel element which is completely or partially produced under quality-assuring conditions. This purpose is achieved by a solar panel element consisting of a transmission plate, an absorber housing and an absorber member. The solar panel element according to the invention is peculiar in that the transmission plate has greater extension than the absorber housing, and that the transmission plate, compared with the absorber housing, has a protruding part, preferably for overlapping on a roof or façade element.

Abstract: A solar tile structure includes a solar panel and a base. The solar panel is supported on an upper surface of the base. A protruding portion is formed on a lateral surface of a first short side of the base, a sunken portion is formed on a lateral surface of a second short side of the base, and the protruding portion of the first short side can be engaged with the sunken portion of the second short side tightly. The second short side of the base and a lateral side of the protruding portion substantially align with two lateral sides of the solar panel.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a fluid displacement system are disclosed. The system may include a reservoir containing a fluid in a liquid state and a first chamber hydraulically connected to the reservoir to receive the fluid from the reservoir. The first chamber may be configured to receive solar energy and configured to convert the received solar energy to vaporize the fluid. The system may also include a second chamber hydraulically connected to the first chamber to receive the vaporized fluid from the first chamber. The second chamber may be configured to condense the vaporized fluid, causing depressurization in the second chamber. The system may also include a hydraulic connection between the second chamber and a source of fluid to be displaced. The system may be configured such that the depressurization of the second chamber may cause fluid in the source of fluid to be displaced through the hydraulic connection.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for installing a solar array on the roof of a residence or the like which uses a pan in the installation of the solar modules that make up the array. The pan may also be used as part of the packaging of the solar modules. The pan is comprised of a length of material having a trough-like cross-section. For packaging, shipping inserts are fitted into the trough of each pan. Opposite edges of a solar module are fitted into respective slots in the inserts of two facing pans and a protector is fitted over each end thereof to form a package for shipping. Once on site, the packages are disassembled, the pans are mounted on the roof, and the modules are connected to the pans to form the array.

Abstract: A solar collector is constructed on a support structure (such as a roof (14)) that has a plurality of side-by-side channels (16) (for example formed between roof battens (20)), using a length of an elongate web (26) of flexible material that is formed with a plurality of generally parallel passageways for a thermal transfer fluid extending in the longitudinal direction of the web and spaced apart across the width of the web. A first run (26c) of the web is laid along a first of the channels of the support structure so that one face of the web faces out of said first channel. The web is split longitudinally between at least one adjacent pair of the passageways adjacent and beyond the end of said first run and is curved so that the web enters a second of the channels of the support structure. A second run (26d) of the web can then be laid along the second channel so that said one face of the web faces into said second channel.

Abstract: The energy supply device having a plurality of energy panels in the form of roof tiles, with which a part of a building is covered and which have an energy module serving to absorb solar energy, which energy module is connected to a power supply line. According to the invention at least one metal pipeline is provided on an outer side of the building, which pipeline carries the energy panels that are mechanically and thermally connected to the pipeline, in which a cable channel, serving to receive the power supply line, and at least one fluid channel are provided, through which a fluid heat transport medium can be conveyed, with which thermal energy can be transferred from the energy panel to a thermal energy sink.

Abstract: The present invention relates to A roof-covering element (10), with an upper surface (11) and a lower surface (12), whereby for roof covering a plurality of elements (10) is juxtaposed in a particular way such that neighbouring elements (10) are interconnected by means of an interlocking arrangement (13, 14, 15), and whereby the roof-covering element (10) comprises means for exchanging heat with the environment, where at least one of the surfaces (11, 12) of the element (10) is at least partially made of a metal alloy. The particular roof-covering element (10) can in particular be made of an alloy comprising any combination of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), i.e. the alloy CuZn40Mn2Fe1. The roof-covering element (10) according to the present invention can also comprise a cavity (16), provided inside the element (10), in which a fluid is circulable for heat exchange with the environment.

Abstract: According to various embodiments of the invention, systems and methods for attaching a solar panel to a roof are provided. A solar panel generally comprises a solar cell and a frame enclosing the solar cell. The frame may be configured to interface with a conventional roof shingle in an overlapping fashion. In some embodiments, the frame includes an integrated rain-rail configured to provide a conduit for rainwater and mate with a rain-rail on another solar panel providing a mechanical interconnection between the panels. The solar cell may also include a tack-down strip configured to connect the solar panel to a roof. This tack-down strip may be configured to overlap a shingle on a roof.

Abstract: A self-supporting heliothermal flat collector module includes a sheet metal panel; a register-type arrangement of capillary tubes separated from one another for the flow of a fluid medium that lies on the rear side of the sheet metal panel opposite that to be irradiated; and a thermally-insulating insulation core also positioned on the rear side. According to the invention, the capillary tubes of the register-type arrangement are placed into contact with the surface of the thermally-insulating insulation core, and the thermally-insulating insulation core is attached to the sheet metal panel by means of an elastic adhesive layer, whereby the capillary tubes are at least partially embedded into the adhesive layer between the sheet metal panel and the insulation core.

Abstract: A building roof tile system and integrated solar energy system is disclosed that includes a solar thermal collector which is intended to replace a standard flat concrete roof tile or an S-tile type clay roof tile so as to be integrated with the concrete tiles and photovoltaic (“PV”) solar panels that are also designed to look like common concrete roof tiles. The solar thermal collector includes mounting components that allow the collector to be mounted in a manner similar to that of the concrete and PV roof tiles, so as to be discretely integrated with the other roof tiles.

Abstract: The system contains a plurality of elongated conduit. A height dimension of the elongated conduit is substantially less than a width dimension of the elongated conduit. A plurality of connecting elements is connected between the elongated conduits establishing a fluid path through the elongated conduit. A fluid is captured within the elongated conduit.

Abstract: A solar panel frame assembly including a plurality of corner pieces and side extension pieces is disclosed. Each corner piece and side extension has an inner and outer side which terminate at their respective ends. The pieces interlock with each other at their ends to form a frame around the periphery of a solar panel. Adjacent corner pieces also interlock with each other along their outer sides so that a plurality of adjacent framed solar panels can be connected together to form an array of framed solar panels. A method for forming an array of connected and framed solar panels is also disclosed.

Abstract: The roof or facade cladding comprises panel-shaped construction elements (1) arranged in a scale-type pattern, and each construction element (1) comprises at least a panel part (2), a frame and at least one retaining element (6). Each construction element (1) is secured by the at least one retaining element (6) on an essentially horizontally disposed support element (27). Each retaining element (6) is disposed on the respective construction element (1) adjacent to a bottom, essentially horizontally oriented edge (5) of the construction element (1) and the point (20) of the retaining element (6) contacting the support element (27) lies closer to this bottom edge (5) than the top edge (11) of the construction element (1). Each construction element is protected from mechanical damage all the way round at the edges the frame.

Abstract: The electrically connectable tile module includes a porous substrate having a top side, a bottom side, and at least two side edges. At least one connector is integrated into the porous substrate allowing adjoining electrically connectable tile modules to be electrically connected to the porous substrate. At least one electrical element is disposed over the top side of the porous substrate and electrically connected to the at least one connector.

Abstract: The device part of the embodiment over the tiles (14) with wide openings(15) which mainly involves, openings (15) in which are houses both irregular bodies (1-13), of transparent glass, hermetically closed and vacuum filled, which establish surface continuity through the upper face with the rest of the tile (14) and in whose interior are established parabolic cylinder reflectors (2-3) which conduct solar radiation to a concentration funnel (5) which defines a semi-cylindrical channel and adapting to the heat transfer tube (6), which rests over a support cradle (7) which in turn is pressed against aforementioned tube (6) by a bellows lifting device (16), also keeping the support cradle (7) and irregular bodies (1) fixed using anchor elements (8). Thus simple mounting of the collection devices is achieved by a simple pressure coupling system, achieving close contact with the heat transfer tubes which remain hidden and protected below the tiles.

Abstract: A solar roofing kit for placing over a section of roof deck to generate electricity. The kit comprises at least one elongated strip of flexible photovoltaic material having a predetermined length and at least one panel supporting the strip. The panels have a riser or rib that extends generally perpendicularly away from the edge to engage and elevate a part of an adjacent panel. The kit also includes at least one side flashing for extending along and sealing at least one of the left and right edges of a panel; at least one splice plate for interconnecting adjacent left and right edges of two panels; at least one top flashing for extending along and sealing the top edge of a panel; and at least one bottom flashing for extending along and sealing the bottom edge of a panel.

Abstract: A frame system suitable for mounting a solar module on a roof, the frame system comprising at least one frame comprising an upper frame member, a lower frame member a right-side frame member, a left-side frame member, at least one projecting member that is attached to or is an integral part of at least one of the side frame members, and projecting in a direction toward or substantially toward the fewer frame member; and a batten comprising a recess for engaging the projecting member of the frame. The frame optionally comprises a means for affixing the frame to another frame.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling ventilation air for a building, includes a radiating panel having an emissive surface for use on the building such that the emissive surface of the panel is directed skyward and exposed to ambient air. The radiating panel defines an air collection space between itself and the building and has a plurality of air openings for the ambient air to pass through the openings to the air collection space. A passageway extends between the air collection space and an interior of the building and is located for passage of cooled ambient air from the air collection space into the interior of the building. A fan is located for moving the cooled ambient air from the air collection space through the passageway to the interior of the building.