Abstract: A system of breathing arrangements for delivering breathable gas to a patient includes at least first and second cushion components, e.g., full-face, nasal, nasal prongs, nose tip, and/or a combination of any of the above, including a nasal or full-face cushion and nasal prongs/nozzles combination, etc., that are different from one another in at least one aspect, and a common frame assembly configured to support each of the first and second cushion components. Various embodiments are directed to a full-face or nasal mask used with a frame having lateral connector portions having a stiffening member. The mask assembly may include a nose height adjustment device for the height of the cushion, or a cushion adjustment member by which the position of the cushion may be adjusted relative to the frame. The mask assembly may include a chin strap assembly.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are provided for a tunable wicking structure. In one example, the tunable wicking structure comprises a micro wicking element comprising a plurality of powder particles, each powder particle of the micro wicking element being partially joined to at least one other powder particle of the micro wicking element, and wherein a plurality of channels are formed between partially joined powder particles of the micro wicking element for drawing liquid through the micro wicking element via capillary action. The tunable wicking structure may also include a macro wicking element including a lattice structure formed by a grid of lines of material, the lattice structure including pores formed between the lines of material, in which the powder particles are disposed.

Abstract: A system and process for intermittently venting combustible gas (c-gas) from a continuous source to the atmosphere are presented. The system may include a c-gas storage tank, an admission valve located upstream of the c-gas storage tank for regulating the flow of c-gas from the continuous source to the storage tank; an inert gas storage tank and an inert gas valve for regulating flow of inert gas to the c-gas storage tank, the inert gas diluting the c-gas within the c-gas storage tank below a flammable level; a vent valve for atmospheric venting located downstream of the c-gas storage tank, and a PIC that opens the vent valve when pressure in the c-gas storage tank reaches a pre-determined PIC vent point. The system may also include an auxiliary system to receive and vent c-gas diluted below the flammable level while the primary admission valve is closed.

Abstract: A vaporizer for delivery of a volatile medium to a gas flow, the vaporizer comprising: a gas delivery unit (3) which receives a flow of gas and provides a flow of gas containing a metered amount of a vaporized medium; a reservoir unit (5) which contains a volatile medium and maintains a supply of the vaporized medium, wherein the reservoir unit is selectively fluidly connected to the gas delivery unit; a gas sensing unit (7) for sensing a flow rate and/or composition of the gas flow; a vaporized medium sensing unit (9) for sensing a flow rate of the vaporized medium; a manifold (10) which includes flow paths for the vaporized medium and fluidly connects the reservoir unit and the vaporized medium sensing unit; and a control unit (11) for controlling a flow rate of the gas flow and an amount of the vaporized medium which is metered into the gas flow.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjusting the partial pressure of gaseous mixtures comprises a housing and piston. The housing defines a chamber coupled to an oxygen metering orifice, diluent metering orifice, vent port and gas outlet. The oxygen metering orifice provides oxygen to the chamber and the diluent metering orifice provides diluent gas to the chamber. The piston is movably positioned in the chamber and includes first and second sealing devices. The chamber is sectioned into a mixing chamber, a diluent chamber and a reference chamber located between the mixing chamber and diluent chamber. The diluent chamber receives a diluent gas referenced at ambient pressure and the reference chamber is charged with a gas having a reference pressure. The piston changes positions within the chamber depending on a force balance created by a pressure differential between the reference pressure and ambient pressure.

Abstract: A method of controlling aerosol production in an aerosol-generating device is provided, the device including a powered aerosol generating element, a flow channel to allow a flow of gas past the element, and a flow sensor to detect air flow in the flow channel, the method including: determining a value of a first parameter related to a change in flow rate; and reducing a supply of power to the element depending on a comparison result between the first parameter value and a threshold value, the first parameter being derived from a combination of a second parameter that is a measure of a flow rate detected by the flow sensor and a third parameter related to the flow rate. Also provided is a method of reducing or suspending aerosol production, based not simply on a detected flow rate, but on another measure indicative of the evolution of the flow characteristics.

Abstract: A loop flushing valve includes a valve body, a fluid passage plug, and a poppet. The valve body includes an internal shoulder and a bore. The fluid passage plug is disposed in the bore and includes a fluid passage in fluid communication with the bore and a system fluid passage. The poppet is captured between the internal shoulder and the fluid passage plug and extends through the valve body.

Abstract: The application relates to an apparatus for providing a gas for the introduction thereof into an incubation chamber, comprising an inlet port (1) for introducing a gas, an outlet port (2) for discharging a gas, a first gas path (3) connecting the inlet port (1) to the outlet port (2), a second gas path (4) branching off from the first gas path (3) and running back into the first gas path (3); a distributing element (5), configured to allow a portion of the gas introduced through the inlet port (1) to be conducted via the second gas path (4), and an enriching element (6) arranged in the second gas path for enriching the gas flow with a liquid.

Abstract: A method and apparatus that provides a continuous source of medical grade air. A substantially tubular housing includes a first end, an aperture extending through the housing, and a second end, opposite the first end. A valve extends from the first end of the housing for dispensing medical grade air to a patient.

Abstract: A personal airway humidification apparatus includes means for generating a heated air laden with gaseous (molecular) water. The personal airway humidification apparatus further includes an accumulator coupled to the generating means for retaining a volume of the gaseous water-laden heated air prior to being delivered by natural breathing to a user and a delivery tube coupled to the accumulator. The delivery tube has a sufficiently large diameter bore to enable the user's natural breathing to draw the gaseous water-laden heated air from the accumulator and through the delivery tube. The personal airway humidification apparatus also includes a one-way valve coupled to the delivery tube for venting exhalations of the user to atmosphere and preventing the exhalations from being exhaled back into the delivery tube and an interface device by which the gaseous water-laden heated air enters the user's mouth from the delivery tube.

Abstract: An active inhaler for delivery of an inhalation formulation has an overall flow resistance of at least 60,000 Pa1/2 s/m3 for ambient air drawn into a mouthpiece of the inhaler. This flow resistance when air and the aerosol are sucked via the mouthpiece is produced by the sizing of at least on air supply opening and/or an insert within the mouthpiece.

Abstract: Apparatus for randomly varying the breathing resistance applied to human and animal subjects to improve their performance.

Abstract: An open system provides breath-synchronized, flow-targeted ventilation to augment respiration by a self-breathing patient. A sensor detects a physical property of a patient's respiratory cycle. A processor monitors the sensor and controls a gas source to deliver oxygen-containing gas through a tube extending into the patient's airway with the flow rate varying over each respiratory cycle in a predetermined non-constant waveform synchronized with the respiratory cycle to augment the patient's spontaneous respiration. Gas is delivered at a flow rate sufficient to significantly mitigate the airway pressure the patient must generate during spontaneous breathing and thereby reduce the patient's work of breathing.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling the end tidal partial pressure of a gas X in a subject's lung, and to the use of such an apparatus and method for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, wherein the method consists of: obtaining input of a series of logistically attainable PetX values for a series of respective breaths: determining an amount of gas X required to be inspired by the subject in an inspired gas to target the PetX for each of said respective breaths: and controlling a gas delivery device to deliver the amount of gas in a volume of gas delivered to the subject in each of said respective breaths to target the respective PetX for that breath.

Abstract: An anesthetic breathing apparatus has a first gas analyzer arranged to provide gas measurement data related to a first sample point to a control unit that is arranged in a servo or feedback control system configured to adjust delivery of a vaporized anesthetic agent from an anesthetic vaporizer to a delivery point in an inspiratory branch of a breathing circuit of the anesthetic breathing apparatus, The first sampling point is arranged in the breathing circuit downstream and close to the delivery point. A second gas analyzer arranged to be operated in a first mode of operation to provide gas measurement data for patient monitoring, and arranged to be operated in a second mode of operation to provide gas measurement data to the control unit. A switch over unit is fluidly connected to the second gas analyzer, and arranged to switch fluid communication of said second gas analyzer between the first sample point for the second mode of operation and a second sample point for the first mode of operation.

Abstract: Anaesthesia machine arrangement and a method in connection with an anaesthesia machine arrangement comprising a gas dispenser of an anaesthesia machine connected to a patient circuit that comprises a monitor device, a control device and an interface unit. The gas dispenser is configured to deliver a desired concentration of fresh gas to the patient circuit, the desired concentration being set by using the interface unit. The monitor device is configured by using a sample line to monitor gas concentration in the patient circuit and the control device is configured to control the gas dispenser from the basis of the data received from the monitor device to keep the desired fresh gas concentration.

Abstract: A portable medical device for sedating a patient includes a first vessel with a first substance contained under pressure and a second vessel with a second substance contained under pressure. A Y-valve may be provided with a first inlet, a second inlet, an outlet, a first pressure control valve between the first inlet and the outlet, and a second pressure control valve between the second inlet and the outlet. Tubes may connect the first and second vessels and a face mask to the Y-valve. The first pressure control valve may be opened to permit a fluid flow of the first substance from the first vessel to the face mask, and the second pressure control valve may be opened to permit a fluid flow of the second substance from the second vessel to the face mask.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for application of a transitory corrective modification to a hot-wire anemometer flow voltage and/or calculated flow rate to compensate for transient thermal response of the anemometer during a change in mixture of a mixed gas being measured. According to one embodiment a method of applying the transitory corrective modification is provided. An output signal of an exhalation flow sensor of a medical ventilator is received. The flow sensor includes a hot-wire anemometer. The output signal is indicative of a rate of flow of expired gas by a patient. Transient thermal response of the hot-wire anemometer is compensated for by applying a corrective modification to the output signal or a value based thereon. The corrective modification is based at least in part on a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) being supplied by the medical ventilator to the patient.

Abstract: An automated drug delivery and monitoring system for use on mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit is presented. Medication in the form of respirable particles is transported through ventilator circuitry by a delivery unit. Multiple medications may be delivered into the gas flow of the ventilator, with each medication delivered in a defined dose for a frequency and interval as specified by an operator. The particles mixed into the gas flow of the ventilator are inhaled and ingested by the patient's lungs.

Abstract: A flowmeter comprises a lower valve body (1), a throttle assembly, a flow tube assembly, an upper valve body (2), and a pressure fluctuation suppression assembly. An air inlet, an air outlet and an air flow channel connecting the air inlet and the air outlet are arranged in the lower valve body (1); a throttle assembly for adjusting the degree of opening of the air flow channel in the lower valve body (1) is further disposed on the lower valve body (1).

Abstract: A specified concentration of oxygen in a medical gas delivered to a patient by a gas delivery system can be achieved through the use of pulse width modulation control of the flows of one or more component medical gases. The flow of component medical gases can be controlled to improve the resolution and concentration range of medical gas delivered at low flow rates. A first flow of a first medical gas is provided and a second flow of a second medical gas is introduced to achieve a desired average medical gas concentration. When the second flow of the second medical gas is introduced, the first flow of the first medical gas is reduced to maintain a desired total medical gas flow rate.

Abstract: This invention provides an improved respiratory care system for patients. This system uses vapor generated by a humidifier device to provide a humidified vapor mist directly to a trachea patient via a tubing element. A vapor controller attaches to a conventional humidifier device and controls the flow rate of vapor mist from the humidifier to the patient. A tubing element attaches to the outlet of the vapor controller and channels to humidified vapor directly to the patient. In one embodiment of the present invention, the tubing element can attach directly to the trachea of the patient through a trachea mask.

Abstract: A patient ventilation system has a flow regulating and gas mixing arrangement connected to an inspiratory channel of the system from which a gas mixture containing oxygen and at least a second gas is delivered to the system's proximal tubing. The proximal tubing further is connected to an expiratory channel and is connectable to a patient. The system further has at least two gas inlets connected to the flow regulating and mixing arrangement, and a gas identification unit in which the at least second gas supplied to the system via one of the gas inlets can be identified. By actively measuring a value that is dependent on the characteristics of the delivered gas, and by correcting the calibration of the flow regulating and gas mixing arrangement and/or the flow meter(s) based on this value, both safety and flow regulation in the system are enhanced.

Abstract: The present application includes an independent and redundant measurement of anesthetic concentration, based on acoustic time-of-flight measurements, added to an anesthetic vaporizer. The redundant anesthetic concentration measurement is used to make the vaporizer inherently safe by design and monitor true vaporizer empty. Further, using an acoustic wave splitting technique and the time-of-flight measurements, the flows at the vaporizer inlet and outlet are computed. The flow measurements are used to monitor carrier gas loss, anesthetic consumption, and anesthetic delivery time remaining and provide such information to the vaporizer operator.

Abstract: Various systems generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, the system includes a first gas source providing nitrogen dioxide mixed in air or oxygen, and a second gas source supplying compressed air and/or compressed oxygen. The system also includes a ventilator coupled to the first and second gas sources, wherein the ventilator is resistant to nitrogen dioxide. The ventilator regulates gas flow and allows for the adjustment of nitrogen dioxide concentration in the gas flow. The system further includes one or more conversion devices operably coupled to the ventilator where the conversion devices convert nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide. A patient interface delivers nitric oxide to the patient and is operably coupled to the conversion devices. The system allows oxygen and nitric oxide levels to be varied independently.

Abstract: The breathing assistance apparatus of the present invention includes a manifold that is provided with or retrofittable to gases supply and humidifying devices. The manifold allows gases from an oxygen concentrator to be combined with the flow through a gases supply and humidifying device, most usually air. The combined output of oxygen and other breathing gases (air) is then humidified. The breathing assistance apparatus and manifold of the present invention provides a safe method to add oxygen to the input air stream of a gases supply and humidifying device and reduces the amount of accumulation of oxygen within the gases supply device, reducing fire risk should sparking occur within the device.

Abstract: A demand valve is fixedly and rigidly mounted on an anesthetic gas mixer stand in close proximity to the gas mixer. A single-patient-use disposable breathing and scavenging circuit is adapted to be removably connected to the demand valve output for permitting a patient to breath gas, or a mixture gases, supplied by the gas mixer through a remotely located disposable face mask included as a portion of the breathing circuit. The breathing circuit further includes a scavenger portion for collecting exhaled waste gas from the face mask. The scavenger portion of the circuit also is disposable.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a flow selector of a fluid flow control system may be used to select a flow rate of a fluid. When the system is in an electronic mode, an encoder may electronically encode the fluid flow selection. A controller may receive the electronically encoded flow selection and transmit a corresponding control signal to an electronic valve to allow the fluid to flow at the selected flow rate. An engagement device, such as a clutch, may disengage the flow selector from a mechanical valve when the fluid flow control system enters a manual mode. When the system is in a manual mode, the engagement device may engage the flow selector with the mechanical valve, allowing the flow selector to directly control the flow rate of the fluid through the mechanical valve. Applications to gases and anesthesia delivery are disclosed herein. Various alternative components and embodiments are described herein.

Abstract: A nitric oxide delivery system, which includes a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide in air, converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. A nitric oxide delivery system may be used to generate therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal.

Abstract: An emergency oxygen supply system for use on aircraft in the event of a loss in cabin pressure is configured for delivering allotments of oxygen and timing the delivery such allotments to each passenger so as maximize the efficiency of the transfer of such oxygen into the passenger's bloodstream. The delivery of each allotment is selected so that the entire allotment is available for inhalation into the region of the lung most efficient at oxygen transfer while the volume of the allotment is selected to substantially coincide with the volume of such region of the lung.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a gas blender for blending at least two different gases, the gas blender comprising a first gas control valve (10) for supplying a first gas, a second gas control valve (20) for supplying a second gas, a pressure vessel (40) in fluid communication with the first and second gas control valves (10, 20) to receive and store the first and second gases at above atmospheric pressure, and an output gas control valve (50) in fluid communication with an output of the pressure vessel for supplying the blended gas from the pressure vessel.

Abstract: In a first aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for inducing or maintaining a target end tidal concentration of a gas in a subject comprising a breathing circuit, a source of gas flow into the circuit, means for controlling the rate of the source of gas flow into the circuit and means for controlling the concentration of gases in the source gas flow independently from each other. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of preparing an apparatus for inducing or maintaining a target end tidal concentration of a gas X in a subject comprising selecting a rate of a source gas flow into a breathing circuit, selecting the concentration of at least one constituent gas of a component gas making up the source gas to a level corresponding to the end tidal concentration of the gas X, whereby the apparatus is adapted to administer a source gas having a first gas composition.

Abstract: A headgear for use with a patient interface for delivering a flow of breathable gas to a patient includes at least a strap (741) adapted to position the patient interface in sealing engagement with the patient's airways. The strap is constructed from an elastomer and a first side of the strap includes a first region (215) on a portion of its surface that is textured to reduce friction with objects contacting the strap. A textured surface coating for a portion of an elastomer strap included in a headgear system is adapted to contact the skin of a patient, when in use, and the coating has a Ra value greater than zero. A vent (500) for use with a patient interface for delivering a flow of breathable gas to a patient includes a plurality of rises (580) and runs (570) in a stepped arrangement; and a plurality of holes (510) in the stepped arrangement for the venting of gas.

Abstract: An ambient or room air vacuum attachment or nozzle is provided proximal to the connection between a breathing circuit and the protruding inlet port of a respiratory face mask, and a tubular passageway is sealingly connected between the vacuum attachment or nozzle and a source of vacuum. By virtue of such structure, any gas escaping from the periphery of the respiratory face mask through accident or otherwise is immediately and automatically “vacuumed-up” by the proximally located vacuum attachment or nozzle and evacuated from the surrounding room environment through the vacuum source to which the ambient air vacuum nozzle and tubular passageway are connected.

Abstract: There is provided a medicament dispenser for use with plural elongate form medicament carriers, each having multiple distinct medicament dose portions carried thereby, the dispenser having a dispensing mechanism for dispensing the distinct medicament dose portions carried by each of the plural medicament carriers. The mechanism comprises a receiving station for receiving each of the plural medicament carriers; a release for releasing a distinct medicament dose portion from each of the plural medicament carriers on receipt thereof by the receiving station; an outlet, positioned to be in communication with the distinct medicament dose portions releasable by said a release; and an indexer for individually indexing the distinct medicament dose portions of each of the plural medicament carriers.

Abstract: In a first aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for inducing or maintaining a target end tidal concentration of a gas in a subject comprising a breathing circuit, a source of gas flow into the circuit, means for controlling the rate of the source of gas flow into the circuit and means for controlling the concentration of gases in the source gas flow independently from each other. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of preparing an apparatus for inducing or maintaining a target end tidal concentration of a gas X in a subject comprising selecting a rate of a source gas flow into a breathing circuit, selecting the concentration of at least one constituent gas of a component gas making up the source gas to a level corresponding to the end tidal concentration of the gas X, whereby the apparatus is adapted to administer a source gas having a first gas composition.

Abstract: An anesthetic vaporizer is disclosed herein which comprises a fresh gas inlet, a mixed gas outlet, a first gas branch circuit, a second gas branch circuit and a vaporizing chamber. The vaporizing chamber has a reservoir for containing an anesthetic agent. The first gas branch circuit connects the fresh gas inlet and the mixed gas outlet. The second gas branch circuit comprises a first pneumatic circuit, a pressure compensation unit, a second pneumatic circuit, a wick unit and a third pneumatic circuit. The pressure compensation unit has a curved, continuous and sealed vent slot. The wick unit has an immersion portion which is directly contacted with the anesthetic agent in the reservoir. The fresh gas inlet, the first pneumatic circuit, the vent slot, the second pneumatic circuit, the wick unit, the third pneumatic circuit and the mixed gas outlet are sequentially connected with one another.

Abstract: A reaction and distribution system may include a distributor securable near or in a path correspond to a breathing passage such as the nostrils or the mouth of a user for delivering nitric oxide therapy thereto. The distributor may contain an internal reactor for creating the nitric oxide from reactants. Alternative embodiments may rely on a line delivering nitric oxide to the distributor from a remote generator such as a cannister carried in a pocket or placed/at the bedside of a user.

Abstract: An open-circuit liquid ventilation system includes a reservoir containing a breathable liquid, a patient interface receiving breathable liquid from the reservoir, a pump directing breathable liquid from the reservoir to the patient, a controller for the pump, and a tank for storing used breathable liquid. The system may be passive regarding expired liquid. Alternatively, the system may be active and include a bypass line connected to the pump such that used breathable liquid is drawn from the patient. The patient interface may be adapted to interface a gas ventilation system to facilitate a rapid conversion from gas to liquid ventilation. The system may include sensors monitoring pressure and volume parameters and may include an output displaying information including schematics and real time tracings regarding a ventilation procedure.

Abstract: A gas blender with auxiliary mixed gas outlet for mixing a primary gas, generally air, and a secondary gas, generally oxygen, to obtain a mixed gas having several controlled characteristics. The gas blender may be incorporated into a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) device. The gas blender controls the mixing to produce the mixed gas having a predetermined mixture setpoint, generally an oxygen percentage, and a predetermined control setpoint, generally a pressure setpoint or flow rate setpoint. The gas blender provides an auxiliary mixed gas source for use by an auxiliary piece of equipment such as a nebulizer or resuscitation bag. The gas blender includes a primary gas inlet passageway, a secondary gas inlet passageway, a gas mixing apparatus, a mixed gas distribution passageway with an auxiliary mixed gas outlet, a gas sensor, a delivery sensor, a mixed gas delivery control valve, a mixed gas controlled passageway, and a controller.

Abstract: The present invention includes a transient method of delivering a biological agent in a breathable liquid to a lung of a patient. The present invention includes a steady state method of delivering a biological agent in a breathable liquid to a lung of a patient. The steps of both the transient delivery method and the steady state delivery method can be controlled by a servo-control unit. A supplementary biological agent delivery step can be performed in both the transient method of delivering a biological agent and the steady state method of delivering a biological agent.

Abstract: An anesthetic vaporizer and a method of control thereof includes measuring a composition of the carrier gas with a first sensor and measuring a composition of a combined gas with a second sensor, and using these values with a controller to operate a flow valve for the regulation of the flow of an anesthetic agent into the combined gas.

Abstract: A device for supplying a respirator with breathing gas is designed in a modular design. To accomplish the object, a cover plate (9), a distributor plate (20) and a half shell body (11) are provided in a sandwich-like design, wherein said distributor plate (20) has walls (3, 5) projecting on both sides, which are connected to the cover plate (9) and to the half shell body (11) and define gas ducts (7) as well as a buffer volume (12).

Abstract: A device (10) for dispensing oxygen for an anesthesia device includes a switching element (15) that diverts oxygen between a first gas path (153) and a second gas path (154). The first gas path (153) leads to a patient (27) via a connection and port element. The second gas path (154) leads to a gas tapping port (20) for oxygen or gas insufflation.

Abstract: A system and method for displaying a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics drug model for a patient is provided. A monitor is arranged to detect a quantity of anesthetic agent provided to a patient by an anesthesia machine. A display is provided for displaying real-time pharmacokinetics data associated with the quantity of anesthetic agent provided to the patient. Safety control means are provided to initiate the display of real-time pharmacokinetics data for the anesthetic agent only when a predetermined threshold value for the anesthetic agent is detected by the monitor. Alternately, control means are adapted to terminate display of real-time pharmacokinetics data for the anesthetic agent when a predetermined threshold value for the anesthetic agent is detected by the monitor.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for respirating patients, with means for circulating gas in a conduit system, for varying the pressure in the line system, for measuring the gas flow, with connecting means for the patient and supplies for the components of the gas and for withdrawing carbon dioxide, with a first closing device to a discharge line of breathing gas, with in the line system, behind the connecting means to the discharge line a second closing means, and behind that and at a distance there from a third closing means, whilst means are provided by means of which the second and third closing means can be controlled such, that the part of the line system between the second and the third closing means can be closed off, whilst the line system further is provided with means for the generating of a gas flow.

Abstract: The invention provides an inhaler for dispensing medicament. The inhaler comprises auxiliary energy provision means for providing auxiliary energy for aerosolizing medicament; energy release means for releasing auxiliary energy from the auxiliary energy provision means; feed means for feeding a dose of medicament, characterized in that the inhaler comprises control means for controlling a time interval between aerosolization of the medicament and a user's inhalation. The inhaler is operable, in use, to aerosolize medicament using the auxiliary energy, and harness the user's inhalation to deliver the aerosolized medicament to the user.

Abstract: A method and corresponding device are described for combating microbes and infections by delivering intermittent high doses of nitric oxide to a mammal for a period of time and which cycles between high and low concentration of nitric oxide gas. The high concentration of nitric oxide is preferably delivered intermittently for brief periods of time that are interspersed with periods of time with either no nitric oxide delivery or lower concentrations of nitric oxide. The method is advantageous because at higher concentration, nitric oxide gas overwhelms the defense mechanism of pathogens that use the mammalian body to replenish their thiol defense system. A lower dose or concentration of nitric oxide gas delivered in between the bursts of high concentration nitric oxide maintains nitrosative stress pressure on the pathogens and also reduces the risk of toxicity of nitric oxide gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates a modular respiratory system to which different parts can be added in a convenient way enabling such upgraded respiratory system to deliver the most comfortable respiratory conditions at an acceptable cost of ownership.

Abstract: An emergency oxygen supply system for use on aircraft in the event of a loss in cabin pressure is configured for delivering allotments of oxygen and timing the delivery such allotments to each passenger so as maximize the efficiency of the transfer of such oxygen into the passenger's bloodstream. The delivery of each allotment is selected so that the entire allotment is available for inhalation into the region of the lung most efficient at oxygen transfer while the volume of the allotment is selected to substantially coincide with the volume of such region of the lung.