Abstract: A nicotine lozenge provided herein includes a body that is partially or wholly receivable in an oral cavity. The body includes a soluble-fiber matrix and nicotine or a derivative thereof dispersed in the soluble-fiber matrix. In some cases, a nicotine lozenge provided herein includes at least 40 weight percent of soluble fiber. In some cases, soluble fiber in a nicotine lozenge provided herein can include maltodextrin. The nicotine lozenge is adapted to release the nicotine or a derivative thereof from the body when the body is received within the oral cavity of an adult consumer and exposed to saliva. A method of making nicotine lozenges provided herein includes forming a molten mixture of at least 40 weight percent soluble fiber, nicotine, and less than 15 weight percent water while maintaining a mixture temperature of less than 150° C. and portioning the molten mixture into a plurality of nicotine lozenges. In some cases, the ingredients can be mixed to form the molten mixture in an extruder.

Abstract: A procedure and machine for reconstituting powders of vegetal origin by lamination process, in which the machine includes a lamination device, a set of frontal and posterior drag rolls, a hot air insufflator, a thermal chamber and a conveyor, so that the vegetal mass is pressed by laminating rolls to obtain a pellicle of vegetal material that is deposited over the conveyor circulating inside a terminal chamber for drying the formed pellicle of vegetal material, which can be reinserted in industrial process.

Abstract: An method for imparting an organoleptic quality to a tobacco industry product using a sensate substance obtained from a donor product, the method comprising repeatedly circulating a fluid in a closed loop through a donor product storage chamber containing a donor product and a recipient product storage chamber containing a batch of tobacco industry product so that at least one sensate substance obtained from the donor product is conveyed from the donor product storage chamber into the recipient product storage chamber and into contact with the tobacco industry product to impart an organoleptic quality thereto.

Abstract: The method for harvesting a blueberry field comprises the steps of carrying a number of empty blueberry containers on a first pair of lower arms of four-arm lift assembly of a blueberry harvester; transferring a first empty blueberry container onto a second pair of lower arms of the lift assembly; filling the first blueberry container with blueberries, and depositing the first blueberry container on the ground as soon as it is full. The steps of transferring, filling and depositing are repeated with each of the empty blueberry containers carried on the lift assembly of the harvester.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tobacco shred feeding treatment device and a method for improving the heat energy and feed liquid absorption efficiency of tobacco shred, comprising: a tobacco shred feeding machine, said tobacco shred feeding machine mainly comprises a roller, a process warm-air pipe, a power blower, a heater, a steam nozzle, a feed liquid nozzle and an air inlet pipe; the process warm-air is blown into said roller from said air inlet pipe via said steam nozzle and said heater under the action of said power blower, and mixed with the tobacco shred; said air inlet pipe is provided directly under the central axis of said roller; the opening of said air inlet pipe faces up obliquely, and the opening direction of which could be adjusted into any position within the roller according to the requirements; said steam nozzle is mounted between the power blower and the heater, to achieve heating the condensed water in the steam, and to avoid directly injecting the steam to burn the tobacco shred.

Abstract: A method of enrobing a product portion in polymer strands includes mounting at least one product portion on a holding device and passing the at least one product portion through a polymer enrobing zone. The polymer enrobing zone can include a flow of polymeric fibers produced by a polymer spray head. The polymer fibers can wraparound the at least one product portion to produce an enrobed product portion. The holding device can hold the at least one product portion by passing at least partially through the body of the product portion. At least a portion of the holding device is removed from the enrobed product portion. In some cases, the at least one product portion includes smokeless tobacco.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing smokeless tobacco and/or snuff compositions using steam alone in an open vessel or in combination with pressure and venting to alter organoleptic properties of the smokeless tobacco and/or snuff compositions.

Abstract: A system of applying liquid flavor to cut tobacco material includes a first tank of concentrated liquid flavor and a second tank of water. A venturi device is constructed and arranged to receive and meter concentrated liquid flavor and water from the first and second tanks and to discharge mixed flavor and water from an outlet end. A first line is connected between the first tank and a suction port on the venturi device, and a second line is connected between the second tank and an intake port on the venturi device. A spray assembly is in fluid communication with the discharge outlet of the venturi device for applying mixed flavor and water to cut tobacco.

Abstract: A method is provided for curing tobacco. The method includes steps of wilting, bruising, aerating, and drying tobacco, where each of the steps is measured in hours or days rather than months. In some aspects, aeration may take two to twelve hours or less. In some aspects, the entire curing method may be completed in 24 hours or less.

Abstract: Methods of processing tobacco for the production of an oral tobacco product and apparatuses for carrying out such methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises transporting tobacco though a duct of a tobacco processing machine with a stream of compressed air, introducing liquid mist into the air stream to lubricate the duct walls to prevent the tobacco sticking thereto, and introducing an additive into the air stream to combine with the tobacco as it passes through the duct.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention a method for tobacco delivery is provided comprising: providing tobacco; providing a first solution; contacting the tobacco with the first solution to form a tobacco solution comprising tobacco constituents; and vaporizing the tobacco solution. In other aspects of this embodiment the step of vaporizing the tobacco solution comprises using a low temperature vaporization element to vaporize the tobacco and the tobacco constituents comprise nicotine and at least one monoamine oxidase inhibitor derived from tobacco.

Abstract: A method of expanding tobacco involves introducing a steam flow and a tobacco material into a duct having an inlet and an outlet and defining an arcuate flow path. The tobacco is entrained in the steam flow and conveyed along the arcuate flow path and toward the outlet. The presence of the steam results in volumetric expansion of the tobacco as the steam and entrained tobacco travel along the flow path. The steam and entrained tobacco are then collected and separated. As such, an expanded tobacco is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous method for pressure-conditioning material for food and/or semi-luxury consumables, wherein said material (12) is introduced through an entrance (4) into a hyperbarically pressurized conditioning chamber (2), where it is treated with a conditioning agent, and extracted again from said conditioning chamber (2) at an exit (8), wherein the material (12) is conveyed continuously from said entrance (4) to said exit (8) in a conditioning chamber (2) inclined obliquely upwards, by means of a mixing conveyor, in particular a conveying screw (3).

Abstract: A process reorders tobacco that has been expanded by impregnating the tobacco under pressure with liquid carbon dioxide, forming a frozen mass of the tobacco and carbon dioxide, and heating the frozen mass in an expansion zone to sublimate the carbon dioxide and thereby expand the tobacco. The expanded tobacco is discharged from the expansion zone and before the temperature of the expanded tobacco is below about 80° F. and preferably when the expanded tobacco is at an elevated temperature of between about 180° F. and about 212° F., the tobacco is contacted with humidifying air having a temperature of about 80° F. to about 91° F. and a relative humidity of about 58% to about 88%.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material by heating and moistening with water vapor, wherein the comminuted tobacco material free-falls down through a chamber operating in a continuous process and is treated during free-fall with water vapor via nozzles; a hyperbaric pressure is maintained in said chamber.

Abstract: A humidifying cylinder includes a first rotatable cylinder having an inlet end and an outlet end and a plurality of first blades extending substantially radially outwardly from an exterior surface of the first cylinder. The humidifying cylinder further includes a second rotatable cylinder having an inlet end and an outlet end and a plurality of second blades extending substantially radially inwardly from an interior surface of the second cylinder, the second cylinder being substantially coaxial with the first cylinder and the first cylinder being disposed inside of the second cylinder such that the exterior surface of the first cylinder and the interior surface of the second cylinder define an annular space. At least one drive is provided for rotating the first cylinder and the second cylinder. At least one conduit is disposed in the annular space for introducing moisture into the annular space. A method of humidifying material is also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention describes a pressurized drying process particularly useful for changing the aroma of Burley tobacco, and the taste and flavor of cigarettes comprising such processed tobacco. Burley tobacco is treated in a pressurized dryer at temperatures of 120° C. or more in a pressure range of 0.25-7 Bar absolute to provide a processed Burley tobacco with a more toasted character.

Abstract: A shower of tobacco particles is admitted into the inlet at the top of and descends by gravity and/or under the action of a driven cell wheel in a generally upright duct. The particles are moisturized prior to admission into the duct or due to contact with droplets of water in the inlet, and are thereupon caused to traverse an orbiting shower of steam, water and/or another conditioning medium in an intermediate portion of their path in the duct. Such treatment entails a swelling and thus increases the volume of the particles. The conditioning medium is discharged via orifices radially outwardly from at least one substantially horizontal conduit which is rotated about its axis and can be provided with external pins or analogous mechanical impellers serving to cause the particles of tobacco to orbit about the conduit prior to descending into the range of a dryer at a level below the intermediate portion of the path, e.g., at the outlet of the duct.

Abstract: A shower of tobacco particles is admitted into the inlet at the top of and descends by gravity and/or under the action of a driven cell wheel in a generally upright duct. The particles are moisturized prior to admission into the duct or due to contact with droplets of water in the inlet, and are thereupon caused to traverse an orbiting shower of steam, water and/or another conditioning medium in an intermediate portion of their path in the duct. Such treatment entails a swelling and thus increases the volume of the particles. The conditioning medium is discharged via orifices radially outwardly from at least one substantially horizontal conduit which is rotated about its axis and can be provided with external pins or analogous mechanical impellers serving to cause the particles of tobacco to orbit about the conduit prior to descending into the range of a dryer at a level below the intermediate portion of the path, e.g., at the outlet of the duct.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for regulating the output moisture content of tobacco conditioned by a loosening/conditioning and optionally casing (saucing) drum comprising injecting a throughflow of water into the infeed region of the drum by a first nozzle regulated depending on the target value for the tobacco output moisture content and the actual values for the tobacco mass flow, the steam throughflow and the tobacco input moisture content; and injecting a throughflow of water in the outlet region of the drum through a second nozzle, the target value of which is computed depending on the target value and actual value for the tobacco output moisture content.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material by heating and moistening with water vapor, wherein the comminuted tobacco material free-falls down through a chamber operating in a continuous process and is treated during free-fall with water vapor via nozzles; a hyperbaric pressure is maintained in said chamber.

Abstract: A humidifying cylinder includes a first rotatable cylinder having an inlet end and an outlet end and a plurality of first blades extending substantially radially outwardly from an exterior surface of the first cylinder. The humidifying cylinder further includes a second rotatable cylinder having an inlet end and an outlet end and a plurality of second blades extending substantially radially inwardly from an interior surface of the second cylinder, the second cylinder being substantially coaxial with the first cylinder and the first cylinder being disposed inside of the second cylinder such that the exterior surface of the first cylinder and the interior surface of the second cylinder define an annular space. At least one drive is provided for rotating the first cylinder and the second cylinder. At least one conduit is disposed in the annular space for introducing moisture into the annular space. A method of humidifying material is also disclosed.

Abstract: A humidifying cylinder includes a first rotatable cylinder having an inlet end and an outlet end and a plurality of first blades extending substantially radially outwardly from an exterior surface of the first cylinder. The humidifying cylinder further includes a second rotatable cylinder having an inlet end and an outlet end and a plurality of second blades extending substantially radially inwardly from an interior surface of the second cylinder, the second cylinder being substantially coaxial with the first cylinder and the first cylinder being disposed inside of the second cylinder such that the exterior surface of the first cylinder and the interior surface of the second cylinder define an annular space. At least one drive is provided for rotating the first cylinder and the second cylinder. At least one conduit is disposed in the annular space for introducing moisture into the annular space. A method of humidifying material is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of, and apparatus for, incorporating particulate smoke-modifying agent in a smoking material rod, wherein said agent is introduced into a flow of filamentary smoking material to the suction band of a rod making machine, the location of introduction being in the vicinity of the suction band of said machine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating tobacco fine cut in which the cut tobacco is preheating and moistening is moistened to a moisture content of a maximum of 18 to 18.5%, after which it is supplied without any further drying to a screening and cooling step resulting in a moisture content of a maximum of 17-17.5%.

Abstract: A tobacco enhancement apparatus and a method of enhancing tobacco using the apparatus comprising a tunnel (12) having a vibratory conveyor floor (18), and an inlet (14) for receiving unexpanded tobacco shreds. A steaming and swirling station (32) is located downstream of the inlet and comprises an array of overhead steam nozzles arranged above the floor for steaming and expanding the shreds. The steam nozzles are positioned and angled to create vortices amongst the shreds. A conditioning venturi station (50) is located downstream of the steaming station for prolonging the exposure of the expanded tobacco shreds to conditions of increased vapor pressure. A set point controller (198) is provided for automatically monitoring and adjusting the downward angle of the steam nozzles, the steam pressure, the height of the nozzles, the height of the venturi station and the temperature of the expanded tobacco.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that comprises a self-stacking spiral conveyor that traverses through a circulating atmosphere. The atmosphere is manipulated by one or more chambers having an open side adjacent to the perforated sides of the spiral conveyor. Additional control over the circulating atmosphere may be achieved by injection or ejection of gas into one or more chambers.

Abstract: In a drying process for increasing the filling power of tobacco material, the cut and moistened tobacco material is conveyed in a drying gas flow, dried within a tubular drying section and subsequently separated from the drying gas. The drying gas has at a feed point into the drying section a temperature of at least 200.degree. C. and a flow velocity of at least 30 m/sec. The flow velocity of the drying gas is reduced in the drying section. The flow velocity of the drying gas at the charge point into the drying section is at the most 100 m/sec. Within the drying section, to reduce the local heat transfer coefficient and the local mass transfer coefficient between the surface of the tobacco material and the surrounding drying gas, along with the reduction of the flow velocity of the drying gas, the flow velocity of the tobacco material is also reduced. At the end of the drying section the drying gas has a flow velocity of at the most 15 m/sec and a temperature of at the most 130.degree. C.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that comprises a self-stacking spiral conveyor that traverses through a circulating atmosphere. The atmosphere is manipulated by one or more chambers having an open side adjacent to the perforated sides of the spiral conveyor. Additional control over the circulating atmosphere may be achieved by injection or ejection of gas into one or more chambers.

Abstract: A mixture of unsatisfactory fragments of tobacco ribs and shreds of tobacco leaf laminae and/or tobacco ribs which are bonded to each other and/or are clumped together and/or crimped is treated to loosen the coherent and/or clumped shreds and/or uncrimp individual shreds and to thereupon separate the fragments of ribs from the thus liberated and/or straightened shreds. The treatment involves heating the mixture with steam, thereafter cooling (if necessary) the mixture, and thereupon pneumatically separating the shreds from the fragments of tobacco ribs. The heating operation can take place simultaneously with moisturizing of the mixture and can be carried out in a rotary or vibratory conveyor.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for manufacturing reconstituted tobacco sheet in which a tobacco containing slurry is metered on to the outer surface of a rotating heated cylindrical dryer and then, after sufficient drying, is removed from the cylindrical dryer.

Abstract: A method of conditioning tobacco including the steps of: a) vibrating tobacco particles by means of a vibratory conveyor to produce a continuous stream to be transferred along a predetermined path, the conveyor being vibrated in such a manner that the stream of tobacco particles remains in contact with the supporting surface of the conveyor during transportation; b) contacting substantially all of the particles of tobacco with steam by continuously passing steam upwardly through perforations in said conveyor; and c) maintaining said steam at a pressure sufficient to enable the steam to diffuse into the interstices between the particles without causing said stream of tobacco particles to be lifted out of contact with the supporting surface of the conveyor, wherein the steam passing by way of the perforations includes a component of flow parallel with the supporting surface of the conveyor.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for automatically taking a cored sample of tobacco from a bale of tobacco and pneumatically transferring the sample to a remotely located receiving station, such as a stem content analyzer, are disclosed. A sample canister with vacuum-operated end closures for use in the pneumatic transfer of the tobacco sample is also disclosed. A compacted, cored sample of tobacco is delaminated and then deposited into an open sample canister which is closed and pneumatically transported to a stem content analyzer where it is opened, upended to deposit the sample into the stem content analyzer, reclosed and pneumatically returned for another sample of tobacco.

Abstract: An apparatus for conditioning tobacco which includes a cylinder conditioner mounted for rotation about a generally horizontal axis, and an opening unit mounted at the inlet end of the cylinder for rotation therewith, and wherein the opening unit has pins projecting towards the axis of rotation for supporting portions of unopened layers of tobacco within the unit on initial entry thereof, and for effecting opening of the tobacco on rotation of the unit with the distal ends of the pins defining a frustoconical section which narrows in the direction of tobacco feed.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the treatment of tobacco material and other biological materials includes a mechanism comprising a dynamic seal having components having cooperating movable surfaces for sealing a treatment chamber that substantially prevents the passage of fluid at the treatment chamber pressure during movement of the components for introducing material into and removing material from the chamber. The seal components preferably comprise advanced structural ceramic components having a hardness of at least 900 kg/mm.sup.2 and a flatness of at least 70 microinches. The process is preferably conducted at supercritical gaseous conditions.

Abstract: Bales or portions of bales of relatively dry compressed tobacco leaf laminae or ribs are heated microwaves, or in an to a temperature not less than 50.degree. C., and are immediately admitted into a shredding machine without previous cooling and/or breaking up. The moisture content of the shreds is raised to between 12 and 13.5% for admission into a cigarette maker, or such moisture content is raised well above the optimum value for further processing in order to increase the filling power of the shreds. The shreds are thereupon dried to reduce their moisture content to between 12 and 13.5% prior to conversion into the filler of a cigarette rod. Two or more different types of shreds can be mixed prior to admission into the cigarette maker.

Abstract: A slicing machine comprises a frame having a support surface (10) onto which the block of material to be sliced is placed, a cutter assembly (14) for moving in a cutting plane transversely of said support surface, said cutter assembly being movable between upper and lower positions (K, K1) and a pusher (11) for moving the block of material in stepwise fashion towards said cutting plane, said pusher being movable from a rearmost position (A) in a forward direction during successive slicing operations to a forwardmost position (A1) close to the cutting plane. A pivoted retainer (22) is pivotally connected to the frame and movable between a non-retaining position and a retaining position for retaining and supporting the last slide of the block. The retainer is actuated by a pneumatic rotary actuator. The pusher moves toward its rearmost position as soon as the last slice is in a retained and supported situation.

Abstract: An apparatus for feeding and conditioning tobacco which includes a housing into which steam is supplied to treat tobacco being uniformly conveyed therethrough and wherein the inlet and outlet to the housing include rotating vanes for allowing for the passage of tobacco while restricting the discharge of steam.

Abstract: Apparatus for the expansion of tobacco includes a substantially cylindrical container (10), conveyors for feeding tobacco into the container and jet nozzles or slits for introducing a heating medium in the form of steam and/or humid air into the container. The jet nozzles or slits (12) are arranged substantially longitudinally of the container axis serving to direct high pressure steam and/or humid air substantially tangentially to the interior surface of the container (10) to engage the tobacco being fed into the container causing a turbulent mixture of steam, and/or humid air, and tobacco to travel along a helical path and to be maintained by centrifugal force in close proximity to the interior surface of the container as the stream moves axially therein and to maintain the circulation and to provide a succession of repeated high relative velocity, highly turbulent and dispersive contacts between the heating medium and the tobacco.

Abstract: A tobacco feeder assembly utilizes a column of tobacco and a rotary conveyor to feed tobacco particles to a treatment zone which is maintained at above atmospheric pressure. The column of tobacco is maintained in the feed tube by control of the rotational speed of the rotary conveyor and provides an effective vapor barrier which prevents egress of the impregnating or treatment medium into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for curing tobacco is provided wherein each leaf is conveyed through a dual chamber curer. The stem of the tobacco leaf is disposed within the upper chamber while the leaf is disposed within the lower chamber. A pre-determined temperature difference is maintained between upper and lower chambers so that the stem and leaf are cured in approximately the same time period thereby preventing overcuring of the leaf.

Abstract: Apparatus for slicing tobacco bales for conditioning in which the bales are moved from a conveyor (2) onto an adjacent lift device (16) by a first pusher (6), and are then sliced by a slicing blade (20) which is moved horizontally into engagement with the top of the bale and slices the bale while the lift device is dropped slightly to assist in cleaving the bale. The lift is then actuated to raise the bale ready for the next slicing operation, after the previous slice has been ejected by a second pusher (22).

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for treating particulate material with a liquid additive in a rotatable cylinder involves the use of a pressurized fluid such as steam directed obliquely against the inner wall of the cylinder to effect a cleaning action on the inner wall as the cylinder is rotated and to augment agitation action produced by the rotational movement of the cylinder and gravitational forces acting on the particulate material. Strategically located spray nozzles apply controlled amounts of liquid additive to the particulate material as it is undergoing agitation by the combined effects of the applied forces. The method and apparatus disclosed are particularly suited to the treatment of tobacco with casing materials.

Abstract: For the moistening of comminuted, more particularly overdried, smoking materials, the requisite quantity of water is applied in at least two spraying sections situated one in succession to the other, in which the water is divided into tiny droplets by means of ultrasonic atomizers. Cooling sections are arranged between the individual spraying sections.

Abstract: An arrangement for transporting, storing, and blending tobacco employs a plurality of ventilated containers, each containing bales of a designated grade of tobacco. Containers are stored side-by-side and stacked several containers high, and rows of stacked containers are placed back-to-back so that all of the doors face outwardly. Following storage, the containers with various grades of tobacco are moved to a blending conveyor belt, and bales from the various containers are combined on the belt to form moxules of tobacco of a desired blend.

Abstract: An apparatus for drying and conditioning tobacco leaves, including a heater for heating conditioning air for conditioning tobacco leaves after drying, a temperature controller for controlling the heater so that the temperature of the conditioning air becomes a preset temperature, an atomized water sprayer for cooling the conditioning air fed to the heater, a humidifier for humidifying the conditioning air, and a humidity controller for detecting the moisture content of the tobacco leaves after drying and conditioning and controlling the humidifier so that the moisture content of the tobacco leaves becomes a target moisture content. The humidity controller is so constructed as to control the humidifier on the basis of a wet-bulb temperature. Saving of heat energy can be attained, and because a cooling chamber is not needed, the apparatus can be made compact and it becomes easier to stabilize a target moisture content.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method is proposed according to which a tobacco mass is proportioned for primary processing. The system and method provide for a controlled selection handling and proportioning of the tobacco mass, and for conditioning of the tobacco mass before further primary processing. The apparatus provides for conditioning an entire tobacco mass or for selected proportioning of the tobacco mass into smaller predetermined portions prior to conditioning. The system and method allow for blending different types of tobacco masses while utilizing the proportioning apparatus on selected tobacco masses.

Abstract: A method and preferred apparatus for expanding moisture containing tobacco. Tobacco is very rapidly heated by a stream of heated gas, by contacting a high speed downdraft flow of said gas with said tobacco while said tobacco is in transit on a gas porous conveyer. The conveyer is preferably configured as a cylindrical drum with a gas porous cylindrical surface, rotating about its axis.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reordering hot, dry expanded tobacco comprises a first reordering step in which the tobacco moisture content is raised to a first value, an intermediate cooling stage in which the tobacco is cooled to about ambient temperature (20.degree.-25.degree. C.) followed by a final reordering step in which the tobacco moisture content is raised to a final desired value.

Abstract: A charging device for opening and delivering leaf-type material which includes a conveyor having an upper surface along which leaf-type material moves in a downstream direction of travel toward a discharge end, an opening mechanism adjacent the discharge end for establishing an arcuate path of travel along which a plurality of members move for intermittently successively underengagingly contacting and opening the leaf-type material during the movement thereof beyond the discharge end, and at least one mechanism downstream of the opening mechanism for establishing an arcuate path of travel along which a plurality of elements move for intermittently successively contacting and stripping, in opposition to the downstream direction of travel, the leaf-type material, and both the opening and stripping mechanisms being formed by a plurality of arcuately spaced elongated bars carried by end plates rotatable about associated axes in identical directions.