Abstract: A refrigerator appliance or sanitizer assembly may include a heating plate and a storage container. The heating plate may be mounted on a door of the refrigerator appliance. The storage container may be disposed on the heating plate and extend between a bottom end and a top end. The storage container may define a sanitization chamber above the heating plate and a container opening at the top end to permit access to the sanitization chamber.

Abstract: A ventilation device for ventilating a motor vehicle tank. The ventilation device includes a filler pipe, a ventilation line, a degassing line, and a guide arc member. The ventilation line is to be fluidically connected at a first ventilation line end to the motor vehicle tank, and at a second ventilation line end to the filler pipe via a ventilation inlet. The degassing line is to be fluidically connected at a first degassing line end to the filler pipe via a degassing outlet. The guide arc member is arranged in the filler pipe to define a guide path for incoming vapor passing through the ventilation inlet into the filler pipe. The guide arc member is to facilitate flow of the incoming vapor between an inner wall of the filler pipe and the guide arc member along a periphery of the filler pipe along a periphery of the filler pipe such that a gaseous component of the incoming vapor escapes through the degassing outlet and a liquid component of the incoming vapor flows off through the filler pipe.

Abstract: According to one embodiment a gas pressure regulator valve is provided that includes a valve body with an inlet gas conduit and an outlet gas conduit, a pressurized gas chamber into which the inlet gas flows after passing through a regulation valve and which is in fluid communication with the outlet gas conduit. The valve also includes a diaphragm having a central protuberance which houses a valve member. A closure cap closes the valve body. Adjusting means is provided for adjusting the regulated nominal pressure of the gas output from the regulator valve. An air chamber and the pressurized gas chamber are delimited in part by the diaphragm which is assembled and fixed between the valve body and the closure cap having the possibility of being axially displaced. The regulator valve further includes a rigid cover which covers the central protuberance, cooperating the cover with the closure cap in the event of an unexpected high pressure of the inlet gas to limit the displacement of the diaphragm.

Abstract: An aircraft engine having an oil circuit and a transmission that can be supplied with oil via the oil circuit. Oil fed to the transmission can be directed out of the transmission into an oil reservoir, from which oil can be introduced directly back into the transmission via a hydraulic line path. According to the invention, the oil fed to the oil reservoir can only be fed to the hydraulic line path below a defined filling level of the oil reservoir. When the defined filling level of the oil reservoir is reached, oil can also be introduced into a further hydraulic line path.

Abstract: A method for removing condensate from a steam line during a cold startup is provided, including introducing a dip tube in a substantially vertical orientation within a substantially vertical section of a steam line, wherein the dip tube includes a proximal end and a distil end, immersing the distil end within a volume of condensate, connecting the proximal end to a removal conduit external to the steam line, and removing at least a portion of the condensate through the removal conduit.

Abstract: The present invention includes a threshold value calculation unit that calculates a normal range that is a range of values that are taken when a steam trap is in a normal state, by using a predetermined calculation reference, based at least on state values with normal determination results, from among state values that have been stored in the storage unit during a predetermined period. A determination unit can perform predictive determination to determine whether the steam trap is in a normal state or a state that indicates an inclination toward a bad state and is highly likely to change to a bad state, by determining whether or not the state values are in the normal range, and the threshold value calculation unit performs accuracy determination to determine the accuracy of the predictive determination based on the results of the predictive determination regarding the state values stored in the storage unit, and adjusts the calculation reference based on the result of accuracy determination.

Abstract: Techniques for generating a graphical representation that depicts topological relationships among computer system resources are described herein. After receiving system information specifying a set of computer system resources, a dependency between a pair of the set of resources, the set of resources can be filtered by a tag comprising a key and a value to create a subset of resources. A graphical representation depicts the subset of resources and topological relationships among computer system resources.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for gravity separation, which comprises a plurality of gravity separation modules. Each of the gravity separation modules comprises an inlet, a first outlet, a first conduit connecting the inlet and the first outlet, a second outlet located vertically different from the first outlet, a second conduit in communication with the second outlet, and a plurality of third conduits connecting the first conduits and the second conduits. The present disclosure also relates to a corresponding method for gravity separation.

Abstract: A steam using facility in which a generated condensate amount changes in association with a change in an environmental state value, based on a correlation between the environmental state value and the generated condensate amount. An environmental state value when the generated condensate amount becomes a set alarm amount is set as an alarm state value. An alarm is issued when an actual environmental state value by a measuring instrument changes in an increasing direction of the generated condensate amount to reach the set alarm state value.

Abstract: The degassing system can include a degassing vessel and can utilize a vacuum pump and a fluid pump located downstream of the degassing vessel to control the pressure within the degassing vessel in order to control the concentration of gases in fluid exiting the degassing system. The degassing system can further comprise sensors in communication with the pumps to control the rate of flow and pressure through the degassing system. The degassing system may be placed in a dialysate flow path to remove dissolved gases including carbon dioxide from the dialysate.

Abstract: A relief valve assembly including a main relief valve and a pilot relief valve. The main relief valve is positioned adjacent a valve seat of a pressure vessel containing a sour gas. The main relief valve includes a main valve diaphragm selectively sealable against the valve seat of the pressure vessel and enclosing a valve dome containing an inert clean gas and includes a hollow valve tube in pressure communication with the valve dome. The pilot relief valve is in pressure communication with the pressure vessel and the valve dome, and includes a pilot seat selectively sealable against the hollow valve tube. The pilot relief valve includes a biasing mechanism in communication with the pilot seat to urge the pilot seat toward sealed engagement with the hollow valve tube and a sense diaphragm attached to the pilot seat and enclosing a sense cavity in pressure communication with the valve dome.

Abstract: A separator for an oil well produced fluid comprises a housing and a tube group arranged within the housing. The tube group includes a plurality of horizontal pipes in a layered arrangement along a vertical direction, and a plurality of vertical pipes which allows adjacent layers of the horizontal pipes to be in fluid communication with each other. The plurality of horizontal pipes shares an inlet pipe in communication with the outside of the housing, and each of the horizontal pipes has a respective outlet. The separator is configured in such a manner that the horizontal pipes in an upper layer, a middle layer, and a lower layer are respectively used as oil pipes, water pipes, and sediment pipes.

Abstract: A valve 10, for relieving ground water pressure on a swimming pool for containing pool water. A body 30 defines a flow path. An element 20 is mounted to be moved in a direction from a position, in which at least one feature 22 of the element co-operates with at least one feature 33 of the body to form a sealing arrangement to block the flow path to retain the pool water, to a position in which the flow path is open to allow ground water into the swimming pool. The sealing arrangement defines an effective area over which the ground water pressure acts to drive the element in the direction, and an effective area over which pool water pressure acts to drive the element opposite the direction. The co-operable features are configured such that a ratio, of the effective area over which the ground water pressure acts to the effective area over which pool water pressure acts, has a value of at least 0.9.

Abstract: A gas compression system and a method of flow conditioning by a gas compression system are provided. A gas compression system includes a compact flow conditioner in a form of a flow conditioner tank and a combined multi-phase pump and compressor unit comprising an impeller configured to compress a mixture of gas and liquid, wherein the gas compression system is configured such that the gas and the liquid are separated in the flow conditioner tank, the separated gas and liquid are sucked up through the separate gas and liquid pipes and re-mixed again upstream of the impeller, and the liquid is distributed in a gas flow by Venturi effect, and wherein the Venturi effect is obtained by a constriction in the outlet pipe to the impeller, just upstream of the impeller.

Abstract: A cold charge duct, a system and method are provided for removing and controlling the reintroduction of a condensate in diesel or gasoline engine intake air. The duct may include an exterior wall which may define a passage configured to pass air from a turbocharger to an engine. The exterior wall may have one or more openings, and a separator formed to be substantially flush with an inner surface of the external wall. In this way, it is possible to utilize an edge-based separator to generate a sudden decrease in the flow rate thereby causing a water condensate to drop into the openings for later reintroduction into the engine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a wet gas compression system comprising a compact flow conditioner (21), intended to be placed below sea level in close vicinity to a well head or on a dry installation, said flow conditioner (21) being intended to receive a multi-phase flow through a supply pipe (11) from a sub sea well for further transport of such hydrocarbons to a multi-phase receiving plant, and where preferably avoid sand accumulation or remove as much sand as possible from the multi-phase flow, the gas (G) and the liquid (L) being separated in the flow conditioner (21) whereupon the separated gas (G) and liquid (L) are re-assembled and enters a multi-phase meter (46) prior to boosting by means of a compressor (22). In the combined multi-phase pump and compressor unit (22), as an integrated unit, comprises a combined multi-phase pump and compressor unit (22) functioning on the centrifugal principle, used for trans-porting liquid and gas from a flow conditioner (21) to a remote multi-phase receiving plant.

Abstract: A hydraulic system primary fluid reservoir in fluid communication with an auxiliary reservoir having a cartridge and an elastic fluid impervious chamber and apparatus for sealing the elastic fluid impervious chamber with the interior thereof in fluid communication with the inside air of an associated primary fluid reservoir. Said cartridge contains an oxygen absorber that removes oxygen molecules from the reservoir air. The cartridge includes a desiccant to dry the reservoir air. A metallic heat conduction rod is partially exposed to internal air and partly exposed to ambient air. The conduction rod is in close proximity to the oxygen absorber and desiccant in the cartridge. A cool portion on the conduction rod attracts hot humid internal air causing condensation of water near the surface of the conduction rod.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a valve providing air ventilation in and out of ballast tanks in ships, and especially to an air vent head providing free flow of air in and out of ballast tanks while at the same time prevents seawater to enter uncontrollably into the ballast tanks via the air inlet.

Abstract: A drop separator for the bleeding line of a fuel container, comprising a drop separator housing that is connected to a space surrounded by the filler tube of the fuel container, preferably directly to the refueling channel of the filler tube, and at least two bleeding line connections, wherein the housing is divided by at least one partition into at least two separate gas paths, wherein a first gas path is designed as a gas inlet channel and a second gas path as a gas outlet channel. The gas inlet channel is closed on the end face by a lid and communicates via a passage of a surrounding wall of the drop separator housing with the filler tube.

Abstract: A hydraulic control system for an automatic transmission. The hydraulic control system is applied to an automatic transmission adapted to vary a torque capacity of a transmission member by an actuator. The hydraulic control system includes: a discharging device configured to discharge compressible gas entrained in the hydraulic fluid in the actuator; an interrupting device that interrupts power transmission; and a controller configured to determine an entrainment of the compressible gas in the hydraulic fluid, disconnect the power transmission via the interrupting device in a case that an entrained compressible gas is determined, and cause the entrained compressible gas to be removed from the hydraulic fluid by rotating the actuator while interrupting the power transmission.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for removing condensate and unwanted gas from vapor/liquid systems while preventing steam loss are provided. The steam trap apparatus replaces the automatic valve type steam trap with an efficient, controllable, and programmable steam trap. In addition, the improved steam trap apparatus allows for real-time data collection during sterilization and other operations.

Abstract: An oil tank has return oil from a hydraulic circuit diffused onto a surface of oil stored in a tank body, and thereby the return oil is prevented from going deep in the oil, so that a hydraulic pump is prevented from sucking oil containing air bubbles. The oil tank includes: an intake port provided in the vicinity of a bottom of the tank body and connected to the hydraulic pump of a hydraulic circuit; and an return oil inlet connected to a return pipe of the hydraulic circuit through which the return oil enters the tank body. In the tank body, a container adapted to hold the return oil is provided. The container is configured so that the return oil inlet opens in the vicinity of the bottom of the container.

Abstract: The invention relates to a condenser, having a process gas side and a heat transfer medium side said condenser being configured for feeding a hot process gas containing a condensable component to an inlet of the condensing side, and being further configured for withdrawing a cooled process gas from an outlet of the condensing side, and being even further configured for with-drawing a condensate in a position proximate to one end of the condenser, and said condenser having the process gas side divided in a process gas cooling zone configured for having a cool heat transfer medium inlet and a heated heat transfer medium outlet, and a process gas re-heating zone downstream the process gas cooling section, configured for re-heating of the process gas, as well as a processes for condensation and production of sulphuric acid employing such a condenser.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for removing condensate and unwanted gas from vapor/liquid systems while preventing steam loss are provided. The steam trap apparatus replaces the automatic valve type, non-sanitary steam trap with an efficient, controllable, and sanitary steam trap. In addition, the improved steam trap apparatus allows for real-time data collection and eliminates the need for additional piping and actuated valves for sterilization and cleaning purposes.

Abstract: An aircraft fuel tank vent (100, 200, 300) having a first interface (102, 202, 302) for fluid communication with an aircraft fuel tank interior, and a second interface (104, 204, 304) for fluid communication with an aircraft fuel tank exterior, the vent comprising: a first flow path (118, 218, 326) between the first interface and the second interface, the fuel tank vent having a baffle (126, 226, 317) positioned in the first flow path, and, a second flow path (124, 224, 326) between the first interface and the second interface, the fuel tank vent having a overpressure device (120, 220, 322) positioned in the second flow path, wherein the first and second flow paths are common along at least a part of their length such that they are coincident at the second interface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pressure-relief valve of a housing for an electrical/electronic unit, particularly for a housing of a control unit of a motor vehicle, comprising a pressure equalization element, which comprises a membrane. It is provided that at least one hydrophobic layer (22) is located on the membrane (21). The invention further relates to a housing (1) for an electrical/electronic unit (2), particularly of a control unit (4) of a motor vehicle, comprising such a pressure-relief valve (11).

Abstract: A device and process for separating liquid and gas phases in a flowstream containing a liquefied gas or supercritical fluid under pressure mixed with a liquid. A splitter vessel separates the liquid from gas phases and transfers liquid to a collection container while conducting the gas phase out of the splitter. Separation of liquid phase out of the flowstream is provided without additional pressure schemes or solvent extractions imposed on the stream.

Abstract: A clothes treating apparatus is disclosed. The clothes treating apparatus includes a cabinet in which an accommodating space for receiving clothes is defined, a steam generator for generating steam to be supplied into the accommodating space, and a supply unit for supplying the steam, generated in the steam generator, into the receiving space and collecting water condensed from the steam.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and system for supplementing an aerobic-treated supply of water in an aerobic sewer pump tank using water from a separate source, the apparatus including an electronic controller device to control the occurrence of injection of water from a separate source at a first predetermined time and for a predetermined length of time. A valve member is in electrical controlling communication with the electronic controller device. An inlet connection member is disposed on one end of the control valve. A conduit member has one end disposed on the other opening end of the control valve. The conduit member further includes a flow redirection member. The flow redirection member injects the separate source water into the receiving orifice of a normally closed trap sealer. The trap sealer deposits the separate source water into the pump tank. A housing member positions the conduit member and the trap sealer.

Abstract: A bypass assembly is provided for preventing unwanted liquids from collecting within fuel gas risers, exiting such risers and contaminating fuel gas systems. A conduit extends from a riser vessel to a natural gas flow line. An insert extends from the bypass line into the natural gas flow line. As production flows through the flow line and insert, a suction force is created that draws liquids from the riser into the conduit and, ultimately, back into the flow line system.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a valve assembly for a fuel tank includes forming a valve housing with a recess that is sized to retain a component inserted into the recess. The component is detectable by a sensor located outside of the fuel tank when the valve assembly is mounted in the fuel tank. A valve assembly includes a valve housing having a recess. The component is retained in the recess by the valve housing.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a natural gas compression system, comprising a gas inlet component for the entrance of natural gas into the system, a booster component for increasing the pressure of the natural gas, a drying component for drying the natural gas, a compressor component including a reciprocating compressor for further increasing the pressure of the natural gas, a valve control panel and storage component, and a dispensing component.

Abstract: In a steam-water separator, a swirl vane (52) is provided inside a riser (51), an annular downcomer space (54) is formed by providing a downcomer barrel (53) outside the riser (51), a deck plate (55) is arranged above the riser (51) and the downcomer barrel (53) with a predetermined space therefrom, an orifice (56) and vents (57) are formed, and aperture ratios of plural slits (58a, 58b, 58c, and 58d) formed on the riser (51) are set at from 30% to 70%. Accordingly, the steam and the water is appropriately separated, and the separated steam is reliably discharged upward from the orifice while the separated water is allowed to reliably flow down through the downcomer space, thereby enhancing steam-water separating efficiency.

Abstract: In a moisture separator, a manifold that communicates with a steam inlet is disposed in a shell. A plurality of blowout outlets for steam is provided on a side of the manifold. A first support plate and a lower support frame are fixed to a lower part in the shell to compart a steam drift space and a drain path. A moisture separating element is provided corresponding to the manifold, and steam from which moisture is removed by the moisture separating element is heated by a group of heating tubes to flow as high-temperature reheat steam to the steam outlet. The moisture is led from the drain opening through the drain path to the drain outlet. A blocking plate blocks a part of the drain opening.

Abstract: A device and process for separating liquid and gas phases in a flowstream containing a liquefied gas or supercritical fluid under pressure mixed with a liquid. A splitter vessel separates the liquid from gas phases and transfers liquid to a collection container while conducting the gas phase out of the splitter. Separation of liquid phase out of the flowstream is provided without additional pressure schemes or solvent extractions imposed on the stream.

Abstract: A vehicle drain hole structure includes an enclosure (e.g., an air intake tube, an intake enclosure, a resonator, a cleaner, etc.) defined by at least one wall. The at least one wall has an inner surface and an outer surface. A drain hole is defined in the at least one wall for providing drainage from the enclosure. The drain hole extends from a first end defined in the inner surface to a second end defined in the outer surface. The first end of the drain hole at the inner surface has a larger cross-sectional area than the second end of the drain hole at the exterior surface to reduce the likelihood of a liquid film forming across the drain hole.

Abstract: An accumulator is provided which is installed between a compressor and an evaporator of a refrigeration cycle system. The accumulator includes an inlet pipe through which refrigerant is introduced from the evaporator, an outlet pipe through which the evaporated refrigerant is delivered to the compressor, and a chamber which is connected to the inlet and outlet pipes and formed with a floor surface at a lower level than connecting portions of the chamber connected to the inlet and outlet pipes. Further, the inlet and outlet pipes are horizontally connected to the chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and systems are provided for venting gases and removing sediment from a liquid comprising a body containing a flow through passageway running from a top end of the body to a bottom end of the body, adapted to sealably attach to an opening of a liquid container at a top end; a substantially annular secondary valve positioned within the flow through passageway adapted to selectively seal flow around the outside of the secondary valve; a primary valve contained within the secondary valve configured to selectively seal flow through a tubular shaft formed down an axis of the primary valve; an air breather valve attached to the body adapted to selectively seal an air vent formed in the body, wherein the air breather valve is attached to the body such that liquid leakage from the air vent is minimized; and a reservoir adapted to sealably engage to the bottom end of the body; wherein the reservoir is configured to cause the primary valve to unseal flow through the tubular shaft when the reservoir

Abstract: A relief vent including a vent body having an opening configured to be in communication with the internal volume of a tank. The relief vent further includes a movable portion that is movable relative to the vent body. The movable portion or the vent body includes a base and a sealing member coupled thereto. At least part of the sealing member is elastically deformed to press at least a portion the sealing member against the base. The portion of the sealing member pressed against the base is positioned to sealingly engage the other one of the movable portion or the vent body.

Abstract: There is provided a pressure-equalizing housing device, including a rigid housing having a coupling end and configured to contain at least one instrument. The coupling end of the housing is adapted to be sealable to a radiation transmittable surface. An opening made in a wall of the housing enables fluid to pass therethrough, and the housing and surface delimit an interior space communicating with the exterior of the housing via the opening. There is also provided a pressure-influenced member forming an expandable and retractable volume body, a portion of which member is located adjacent to, or the interior of which member communicates with, the opening, for equalizing the pressure inside and outside the housing.

Abstract: Provided is a throttle valve device for an internal combustion engine which is favorably protected from icing, and enables a favorable control of the intake flow rate by avoiding an abrupt increase in the flow rate particularly in a small opening angle range. An upstream recess (21) and a downstream recess (22) are formed in a lower part of the throttle bore (11) of the throttle valve device. Moisture that may deposit on the inner wall of the throttle bore is allowed to be drained to the recesses. A cross sectional area of one of the recesses over which the lower edge of the throttle valve member sweeps as the throttle valve member (30) opens from the fully closed position is smaller than that of the other recess so that an abrupt change in the intake flow rate can be avoided in a small opening angle region.

Abstract: A bypass assembly is provided for preventing unwanted liquids from collecting within fuel gas risers, exiting such risers and contaminating fuel gas systems. A conduit extends from a riser vessel to a natural gas flow line. An insert extends from the bypass line into the natural gas flow line. As production flows through the flow line and insert, a suction force is created that draws liquids from the riser into the conduit and, ultimately, back into the flow line system.

Abstract: Apparatus and systems serve to collapse steam in effluent released from steam sterilizers and sterilizer systems. These systems include tanks or containers configured for receiving and holding fluids, for example, water, and include a fluid outlet and a port that receives the released effluent. A conduit extending into the tank from the effluent receiving port provides a path for the steam to the fluid in the tank, to collapse the steam.

Abstract: A system for storing an ammonia precursor, comprising a tank, a filler pipe equipped With an obturator and a ventilation line establishing a direct connection between the filler pipe and a gas discharge duct and also a device designed to specifically open this connection once the obturator starts to be opened.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for removing condensate and unwanted gas from vapor/liquid systems while preventing steam loss are provided. The steam trap apparatus replaces the automatic valve type, non-sanitary steam trap with an efficient, controllable, and sanitary steam trap. In addition, the improved steam trap apparatus allows for real-time data collection and eliminates the need for additional piping and actuated valves for sterilization and cleaning purposes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system for controlling the formation of liquid or gas slugs along a pipeline. In embodiments, an injection unit injects a liquid surface tension reducing agent, such as a foamant, into the pipeline upstream of the high point. A control unit can be used to control the injection unit. In certain arrangements, the control unit adjusts the injection of the agent based on measured parameters of interest. In embodiments where the control unit utilizes temperature measurements, one or more temperature sensors are positioned along the pipeline. The control unit utilizes the temperature measurements to determine whether a predetermined condition exists or a liquid or gas slug is present.

Abstract: A water trap suitable for use in a mechanical ventilation circuit comprising a cap with an inlet and an outlet, a fluid collection vessel engageable with the cap, and a rotatable closure with at least one aperture interposed between the cap and the vessel. The vessel is operably linked to the closure such that engagement or disengagement of the vessel from the cap causes the closure to be rotated. The cap is formed with an internal partition extending into abutment with the closure to define a chamber via which the inlet and outlet are in fluid communication and the closure forming a base of the chamber. When the vessel is engaged with the cap, the closure has a first orientation in which the at least one aperture is located within the periphery of the skirt in the base of the chamber and the vessel is in communication with the chamber via the at least one aperture.

Abstract: A pipe trap comprising a body, a disc filter, a pipe and a plurality of mesh filter suitable for filtering gases is provided. The pipe trap body has a gas inlet and a gas outlet. The disc filter and the mesh filters are enclosed inside the pipe trap body. One end of the pipe connects with the disc filter and the other end of the pipe connects with the gas outlet. The mesh filters are enclosed inside the pipe. Using a multi-stage filtering method, liquid matter separates out first and then gaseous particles are filtered according to the particle size so that the pipe trap has a high filtering efficiency.

Abstract: A pumping apparatus (1) adapted for delivering fluid against pressure. The pumping apparatus has a plurality of metering devices (3,5) adapted for metering a plurality of different fluids, and has a booster device (7) adapted for increasing the pressure of the fluids metered by the plurality of metering devices (3,5) to said high pressure, and has a damping device (9) adapted for compensating fluctuations of the fluids metered by the plurality of metering devices (3,5). Each device (3,5,7,9) has an inlet (41) and an outlet (43). The outlets of the metering devices are coupled to the inlet (41) of the booster device (7), and the outlet of the booster device (7) is coupled to the inlet of the damping device (9).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for delivering repetitive, precision, low volume liquid dispensing from a dispensing orifice of a non-contact liquid dispensing apparatus. An elongated communication passageway of the dispensing apparatus is defined by interior walls having one end in fluid communication with a system fluid reservoir and an opposite end terminating at the dispensing orifice. A system fluid is placed in the communication passageway extending substantially continuously from the system fluid reservoir to the dispensing orifice. A relatively small volume of gaseous fluid is aspirated through the dispensing orifice, and into the communication passageway in a manner such that the gaseous fluid extends substantially continuously across the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the communication passageway.