Abstract: A throttle operating device includes a fixing member, a throttle lever, the throttle lever, a magnet which is configured to rotate in response to a rotational operation of the throttle lever, and a detection sensor. A drive source of the vehicle is configured to be controlled based on the rotational operation angle of the throttle lever detected by the detection sensor. A magnetic shielding unit is disposed in the fixing member and configured to cover a periphery of the magnet and the detection sensor to shield magnetism from the outside.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for detecting flow in a mass flow controller (MFC). The position of a gate in the MFC is sensed or otherwise determined to monitor flow through the MFC and to immediately or nearly immediately detect a flow failure. In one embodiment of the present invention, a novel MFC is provided. The MFC includes an orifice, a mass flow control gate, an actuator and a gate position sensor. The actuator moves the control gate to control flow through the orifice. The gate position sensor determines the gate position and/or gate movement to monitor flow and immediately or nearly immediately detect a flow failure. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the gate position sensor includes a transmitter for transmitting a signal and a receiver for receiving the signal such that the receiver provides an indication of the position of the gate based on the signal received.

Abstract: A system incorporated with an internal combustion engine for recycling engine exhaust fumes back into the engine for a more thorough burning before final discharge; the system including a one way valve unit installed along a line between the muffler and the engine intake manifold.