Abstract: An elongate deformable conduit and method of fabrication thereof adapted for the subterranean conveying of petroleum products and petrochemicals has an inner copper tube to which is bonded an outer layer of flexible polyvinyl chloride up to about one-third inch in radial wall thickness. In a preferred embodiment the polyvinyl chloride contains an ultraviolet stabilizer and is extruded in a wall thickness up to about one-tenth inch about the copper tube, and the copper tube has an outside diameter ranging up to about two inches and is sized to convey heating oil substantially below ground.

Abstract: An irrigation machine distribution pipeline is protected against corrosion by a plastic liner within a steel pipeline. Access openings are spaced along the pipeline and aligned with apertures in the plastic liner. The liner extends the full length of the pipeline. The outside diameter of the liner is sufficiently less than the inside diameter of the pipeline to allow the liner to slide into the pipeline during installation of the liner. A plurality of plastic outlet fittings extend through each access opening and aperture. Each outlet fitting is in sealing engagement with the plastic liner and provides fluid communication from the interior of the plastic liner through the aperture to the exterior of the pipeline. With this construction none of the steel components of the pipeline comes in direct contact with the water.

Abstract: A form of folded thermoplastic pipe is disclosed for use in repairing a pipeline. Also disclosed are methods and apparatuses especially for installing the thermoplastic pipe in an existing underground pipeline, such as a service lateral, having access from only one end and a bend along its length. The thermoplastic pipe is manufactured in folded form so as to have a folded memory, and spooled for storage in such form. The folded pipe is reheated to make it pliable for installation, and is pulled into the lateral from the access opening using a cable-and-pulley arrangement anchored temporarily at the intersection of lateral and main pipelines. When the folded pipe is installed in the lateral, it is rounded and cured in its rounded shape by passing steam under pressure through passages along the folds of the pipe while its leading end is restricted.

Abstract: A metal surface is protected against corrosion, by adhesively bonding a flexible, vapor impermeable metal-plastic laminate to the metal surface, the laminate comprising a metal foil and a plastic film having one surface bonded to one surface of the metal foil. The metal foil is remote from the metal surface with the plastic film being disposed therebetween, and acts as a vapor barrier preventing corrosive vapor, water vapor or oxygen from reaching the metal surface. Such a laminate can also be used for preventing corrosion of metal reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete structures.

Abstract: A high shear adhesive tape having an adhesive layer containing a rubber mix and at least one tackifying resin, the rubber mix including an effective amount of a styrenic block copolymer or terpolymer, the adhesive layer further being characterized as being free of any crosslinking agent for rubber in the mix; and pipewrap systems employing this tape. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the rubber mix also includes crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber.

Abstract: A coated metal tubing arrangement comprises a metal tube. An inner layer of a first polymeric material is bonded to the tube to provide corrosion protection. The first polymeric material has a high crystallinity, a dampening factor of less than 0.05, and a flexural modulus of at least 100 MPa. An outer layer of a second polymeric material is extruded around the inner layer to absorb impact energies and to eliminate mechanical vibrations and acoustic noises. The second polymeric material has a dampening factor of at least 0.05 and a flexural modulus of less than 50 MPa. The second polymeric material is a multi-phase polymer having at least one polymer component with a glass-transition temperature below room temperature.

Abstract: A cast iron pipe surface-modified for preventing corrosion and a method of modifying the pipe surface for corrosion prevention. A corrosion preventive coating is formed on the surface of the iron material of the pipe. The corrosion preventive coating is made up of an aluminum alloy containing not less than 5 wt % but not more than 25 wt % of Mn, the remainder being Al, the aluminum alloy being such that the manganese is present as a supersaturated solid solution in an aluminum phase. The corrosion preventive coating is formed by thermally spraying a quenched aluminum alloy of the above noted composition onto the surface of the iron material of the pipe.

Abstract: Cast iron pipe and other elongated hollow articles are lined with a cementitious mortar for certain applications, such as the transmission of potable water or sewage. To improve the resistance to attack from acids and to provide a crack and holiday free cement lining, a calcium alumina cement is used to line the article. A plasticizer such as fireclay is added to the calcium alumina cement prior to its application. The cement lined article is then coated with an asphaltic based coating and then cured in a high humidity environment.

Abstract: This invention relates to a nozzle and a nozzle mix gunning system incorporating the nozzle for pneumatically propelling dry or wetted particulate gunning material toward a substrate a distance removed from the nozzle and at an angle to the line of sight of the operator. The nozzle comprises a plurality of substantially straight tubular sections. Each section is lined with an abrasion resistant material, and joined to the other sections in a manner that produces a curvature in the nozzle. The cross-section of the jacket sections and the bore of the abrasion resistant liner may be independently circular or polygonal, where a jacket or liner having a polygonal cross-section has at least three substantially flat sides.

Abstract: An elongate deformable conduit and method of fabrication thereof adapted for the subterranean conveying of petroleum products and petrochemicals has an inner copper tube to which is bonded an outer layer of flexible polyvinyl chloride up to about one-third inch in radial wall thickness. In a preferred embodiment the polyvinyl chloride contains an ultraviolet stabilizer and is extruded in a wall thickness up to about one-tenth inch about the copper tube, and the copper tube has an outside diameter ranging up to about two inches and is sized to convey heating oil substantially below ground.

Abstract: A high shear adhesive tape having an adhesive layer containing a rubber mix and at least one tackifier agent, the rubber mix including an effective amount of a crosslinked halogenated butyl rubber, the remaining rubber in the mix being non-crosslinked, the non-crosslinked rubber preferably being butyl rubber, the adhesive layer further being characterized as being free of any crosslinking agent for the remaining rubber in the mix; and pipewrap systems employing this tape.

Abstract: An anti-seizure protection for a threaded joint or sleeve, particularly suitable for the petroleum sector, comprises a first film layer of a copper-zinc alloy anchored to the threads of the joint and a second film layer of lead anchored to the first layer. The anchoring is preferably achieved by ionic deposition.

Abstract: A corrugated pipe formed by electric welding of a thin-walled hoop material made of ferrite type stainless steel containing not less than 1% by weight but not more than 3% by weight of Si. A Ni-type plating may be formed to at least one surface of the pipe. The corrugated pipe is free from crystal grain growth in the vicinity of the bead area of electric welding and excellent in the mechanical strength and further has excellent corrosion resistance.

Abstract: A method for minimizing localized corrosion of fluid containers that occurs as a consequence of most non-chemical procedures for removing scale deposits is described. It counteracts the unavoidable side-effect of the lowering of the local pH in the vicinity of the bubbles of CO.sub.2 that are generated during an electromagnetically-induced controlled precipitation procedure. The method is a simple and facile procedure for curbing the localized corrosion occurring as a result of most non-chemical procedures for removing scales. The method is desirably performed by an induction coil wrapped around a fluid container such as a pipe encrusted with scale through which hard water is flowing. A pulsing electrical current is successively applied through the coil and halted, preferably for 3 to 10 minutes each. When the current is applied, a transitory induced magnetic field is generated in the solution, and scale encrusted on the fluid container dissolves in the solution.

Abstract: A low corrosion resistant pipe 1 is jointed with a high corrosion resistant pipe 2 directly or via a coupling 3. An insulating ceramic film having a thickness of 0.4 .mu.m and a resistivity of 10.sup.8 .OMEGA. cm or more is formed on the outer and inner surfaces of the pipes 1 and 2 at a length L of 60 mm or more from the end of the pipe and on the surface which forms a space when the pipes 1 and 2 are jointed at a coverage ratio of 90% or more to less than 100%.

Abstract: Conduits having cement-containing liners for the inner and outer surfaces of metal pipes include a fibrous material, such as glass fibers, to prevent cracking and/or inhibit crack propagation.

Abstract: This invention relates to a nozzle and a nozzle mix gunning system incorporating the nozzle for pneumatically propelling dry or wetted particulate gunning material toward a substrate a distance removed from the nozzle and at an angle to the line of sight of the operator. The nozzle comprises a plurality of substantially straight tubular sections. Each section is lined with an abrasion resistant material, and joined to the other sections in a manner that produces a curvature in the nozzle.

Abstract: A method for reforming hydrocarbons comprising coating portions of a reactor system with a material more resistant to carburization, reacting the material with metal oxides existing in the portions of the reactor system prior to coating, fixating or removing at least a portion of the oxide in the metal oxides, and reforming hydrocarbons in the reactor system under conditions of low sulfur.

Abstract: A multi-layer metal tube consists of a flat steel band having a soldering layer connected to at least one side of the steel band. The soldering layer consists of a copper alloy having a melting point below 1020.degree.. The tube is produced by deforming the flat steel band into a tubular shape by winding or cylindrically rolling and by subsequently soldering the steel band to form the multi-layer metal tube. The soldering step prevents leaks as well as corrosion. In the corresponding method for manufacturing the multi-layer tubes the steel band in a first step is electrolytically degreased and activated in a nickel flash bath or in a copper pickling bath. Subsequently, the steel band is coated with the copper alloy which contains tin, zinc, or silver in order to reduce the melting point. After completion of the winding step or rolling step, the multi-layer tube can be coated with an additional corrosion-preventing layer.

Abstract: Welded steel pipe having wear resistance properties, corrosion resistance and low-temperature toughness is provided by preparing welded steel pipe formed of composite steel material comprised of an outer layer of high-carbon, low-alloy steel and an inner layer having a relatively low carbon content, heating the pipe to a temperature that is not less than 800.degree. C. and not more than 900.degree. C. and then quenching the pipe so as to harden just the high-carbon outer layer, and if necessary this can be followed by reheating at a temperature of not less than 200.degree. C. and not more than 600.degree. C. to thereby produce a pipe with an inner layer having high corrosion resistance and low temperature toughness and an outer layer having high hardness.

Abstract: Disclosed is a welded tube with an excellent corrosion-resistant inner surface, in which the inner surface including the bead part has a first plate layer of one metal material selected from Sn, Sn-Zn, Sn-Ni, Ni-P and Ni-B and the first plate layer is overcoated with a second plate layer of one metal material selected from Ni, Co and alloys based on the metals. The welded tube is free from exposure of the steel base out of the plate layer and is also free from cracks, pin holes, overplated spots and peeling of the plate layer. It has excellent corrosion resistance and good workability for working the terminals. The welded tube is produced by forming a first plate layer of Sn, Sn-Zn, Sn-Ni, Ni-P or Ni-B on at least one surface of a steel strip, then forming a second plate layer of Ni, Co or an alloy based on the metals over the first plate layer, shaping the thus plated steel strip into a tube by welding with the plated surface being inside and then heat-treating the tube.

Abstract: Improved thermoplastic adhesive liquid coatings adapted for use as a primer coating for inground pipelines, which coatings include an amphipathic metal complexing reagent in an amount effective to provide protection against cathodic disbondment, the improvement being the bonding to the thermoplastic moiety of an anhydride in an amount sufficient to provide still further protection against degradative environmental forces; and novel protective pipewrap systems including same.

Abstract: A multifold pipe made by multiple rolling up and turning of a copper coated steel sheet into a multifold pipe, characterized in that said steel sheet is a cold rolled sheet of a super soft austenitic stainless steel comprising by weight: up to 0.05% of C, up to 1.0% of Si, up to 5.0% of Mn, from 9.0% to 15.0% of Ni, from 15.0% to 20.0% of Cr, up to 0.04% of N, up to 5.0% of Cu, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein the alloying elements are further adjusted so that both the two relations (1) and (2) noted below are satisfied:K=20.5+13.0.times.C+0.99.times.Si-1.1.times.Mn-Ni-0.4.times.Cu +0.4.times.Cr+117.1.times.N.ltoreq.19.5 (1)H=27.1+60.9.times.C+0.26.times.Si-Ni-0.79.times.Cu+0.68 .times.Cr+52.6.times.N.ltoreq.29.0 (2)The multifold pipe according to the invention is excellent in fluid tightness of its fused part and in corrosion resistance.

Abstract: A method of making a bi-metal pipe section, and especially reclaiming a used or damaged pipe section by making it into a bi-metal pipe section which resists corrosion. The bi-metal pipe section is used in constructing a pipe line or production tubing that resists corrosion at the pipe coupling where corrosion is especially prevalent in fluid conduits. The bi-metal pipe section is fabricated by first removing an annular marginal end of a length of the pipe section of the prior art, to provide a long length of pipe having a partially threaded cut end opposed to an opposite end. Next, an annular short length of pipe is axially aligned and butt welded to the cut, end of the long length of pipe. The short length of pipe preferably is an annular metallic alloy having greater resistance to corrosion respective to the long length of pipe.

Abstract: This invention is of a Cr--Mo steel pipe of a wall thickness of 13 mm or less, containing C: 0.03-0.10 wt %, Si: 0.50-1.00 wt %, Mn: 0.30-0.60 wt %, P.ltoreq.0.007 wt %, S.ltoreq.0.020 wt %, Cr: 1.00-1.50 wt %, Mo: 0.45-0.65 wt %, Al: 0.002-0.010 wt % and N: 0.002-0.010 wt % and the remainder consisting of Fe and unavoidable impurities for which preheating and postheating treatments for the prevention of weld cracking and stress corrosion cracking can be effectively omitted, said steel pipe of this invention being suitable for steam piping applications such as STPA23 used in power generation plants, etc.

Abstract: An electric-resistance-welded steel pipe with high strength consists essentially of 0.05 to 0.30 wt. % C, 0.6 to 2.0 wt. % Mn, 0.03 to 0.70 wt. % Si, and 0.01 to 0.05 wt. % Nb. The balance is Fe and inevitable impurities, the steel pipe having a martensitic phase ratio of 60 to 100% and having a tensile strength of 120 to 170 kgf/mm.sup.2.

Abstract: A method for reforming hydrocarbons comprising coating portions of a reactor system with a material more resistant to carburization, reacting the material with metal oxides existing in the portions of the reactor system prior to coating, fixating or removing at least a portion of the oxide in the metal oxides, and reforming hydrocarbons in the reactor system under conditions of low sulfur.

Abstract: A method for reforming hydrocarbons comprising coating portions of a reactor system with a material more resistant to carburization, reacting the material with metal sulfides existing in the portions of the reactor system prior to coating, fixating and removing at least a portion of the sulfur in the metal sulfides, and reforming hydrocarbons in the reactor system under conditions of low sulfur.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a high-pressure fuel injection tube structure comprising: an injection tube body having a joint head at its one end; and a cap collar having a through hole generally at its center and such a sectional shape as to cover the joint head of the injection tube and made of a highly strong and corrosion-resistant metal material. Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing the high-pressure fuel injection tube structure. The cap collar is formed at the circumferential edge of the through hole thereof with a raised pawl wall retained on the circumferential of the communication hole of the injection tube body. The cap collar is formed with an inward flange at the end of its outer circumference. The highly corrosion-resistant metal material is one selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, inconel, hastelloy and titanium. The injection tube body has a double tube structure composed of a thicker outer tube member of steel and a thinner inner tube member of stainless steel or inconel.

Abstract: A metallic sleeve for bridging a leakage point on a pipe has a predetermined wall thickness and requires relatively large expansion forces. In order to reduce spring-back after expansion has been completed, the sleeve is of multi-layer construction. The individual layers may be applied one after the other, and the wall thicknesses of all of the layers together correspond to the predetermined wall thickness of the metallic sleeve. The outer surface of each layer has a surface roughness with a profile depth of up to 0.1 mm and the surface hardness of the outer surfaces is greater than the surface hardness of the pipe and of the inner peripheral surfaces of the individual layers.

Abstract: A non-corrosive double-wall tubing in which an unbrazed, unsealed continuous double-wall tube of a given circumference is formed from a metal sheet composed of a first non-ferritic metal having a first defined region of exposed non-ferritic metal and a second region of a second metal in overlying relationship thereto, said exposed region having a width essentially equal to the circumference of the finished tube.

Abstract: A composite plastic duct structure comprised of an outer layer of fabric material impregnated with a fire-resistant resin material and an inner liner layer of chemically corrosion resistant resin material impregnated with a fabric material. The invention includes a method wherein multiple wrappings of resin impregnated material are wound on a mandrel to form the inner and outer layers.

Abstract: Disclosed are a welded pipe with an excellent corrosion resistance, having two plate layers on the inner surface thereof, and a method of manufacturing it. The inner surface is coated with the plate layers even on the bead part and other steel foundation-exposed parts. A first plate layer of at least one of Ni, Co and Ni- or Co-base alloys is formed on at least one surface of a steel strip, then a second plate layer made of a metal or alloy having a lower melting point than the metal or alloy of forming the first plate layer is formed over the first plate layer. The thus plated steel strip is formed into a pipe and then heat-treated to give a welded pipe having no exposed steel foundation. The welded pipe has excellent corrosion resistance and workability.

Abstract: A sacrificial anode assembly is insertable into a metal water storage tank to inhibit corrosion thereof and includes a cylindrical metal anode member having an end retained within a cylindrical plastic insulating sleeve which, in turn, is captively retained within a metal cap portion of the assembly. To regulate the amount of electrical current generated by the assembly during use thereof, a barrel-shaped resistor is supported within the assembly and interconnected between its anode and cap portions. The insulating sleeve has a generally U-shaped groove formed in a closed end thereof, with one leg of the groove extending diametrically across a central opening in the sleeve end that receives a core wire portion of the anode member, and the other groove leg extending generally chordwise relative to the sleeve end.

Abstract: In a pipe coated with a resin layer on the inner surface thereof and a method for manufacturing the same, resin mixture including thermal melting fluoro resin and fluorine elastomer is applied to the inner surface of a pipe member. The resin mixture is thermally treated on the inner surface of the pipe member to be of a mesh like pattern so that a resin layer of a predetermined stripping strength is obtained thereon.

Abstract: Method for producing a composite pipe made of material which is resistant to an internal and/or external environment at a specific internal and/or external temperature and a specific internal and/or external pressure, the pipe being provided with a reinforcement made of material which at very high temperatures is resistant to compressive and tensile forces occurring during the use of the composite pipe, which reinforcement is provided with a diffusion barrier, wherein the reinforcement provided with a diffusion barrier is applied by welding or fusing to the outside of the pipe.

Abstract: An alloy exhibiting corrosion resistance in a combustion environment where V, Na, S and Cl are present comprises, in weight percent, not more than 0.05% C, 0.02-0.5% Si, 0.02-0.5% Mn, 15-35% Cr, 0.5-4% Mo, 10-40% Co, 5-15% Fe, 0.5-5% W, 0.0003-0.005% Ca and the remainder of Ni at a content of not less than 4% and unavoidable impurities, provided that Cr (%)+0.5Ni (%)+3Mo (%).gtoreq.30 (%) and Ni (%)+0.5Co (%).gtoreq.Cr (%)+Mo (%)+W (%). A composite steel tube exhibiting corrosion resistance in a combustion environment where V, Na, S and Cl are present comprises an inner tube constituted of Cr-containing boiler tube and an outer tube constituted of the alloy.

Abstract: An alloy exhibiting corrosion resistance in a combustion environment where V, Na, S and Cl are present comprises, in weight percent, not more than 0.05% C, 0.02-0.5% Si, 0.02-0.5% Mn, 15-35% Cr, 0.5-4% Mo, more than 40% but not more than 60% Co, 5-15% Fe, 0.5-5% W, 0.0003-0.005% Ca and the remainder of Ni at a content of not less than 4% and unavoidable impurities, provided that Cr (%)+0.5Ni (%)+3Mo (%).gtoreq.30 (%). A composite steel tube exhibiting corrosion resistance in a combustion environment where V, Na, S and Cl are present comprises an inner tube constituted of Cr-containing boiler tube and an outer tube constituted of the alloy.

Abstract: A concrete structure is lined with a statically self-supporting glass shell composed of shell segments which are themselves joined together by sealing strips. In a pipe embodiment of the invention, the shell segments form a ring spaced from the concrete body with the spacing being filled by a backfill mass so that a compressive prestress is provided to the arch shape. When used in a container, the shell may be a laminate of two or more glass layers bonded full surface together.

Abstract: An oil well tubing joint coated with a carbide blast coating provides an elongated, hollow tubing section having an open ended continuous cylindrical internal bore and a continuous carbide coating over substantially all of the tubing section outer surface. An internally threaded connection portion of the bore at a first end of the tubing section is provided with an externally threaded connection member being positioned at the second end of the tool bore. The tubing section has a larger constant external diameter that extends over a majority of its length and three reduced external diameter portions that extend a distance from each end of the tubing, including one reduced diameter portion adjacent one end of the tubing joint and two of the reduced diameter portions being adjacent the second end of the tubing joint.

Abstract: Novel synthetic elastomer and/or natural rubber-based adhesive liquid coatings adapted for use as a primer coating for pipelines, which coatings include an amphipathic metal complexing reagent in an amount effective to provide protection against cathodic disbondment; and novel protective pipewrap systems including same.

Abstract: A pipe section of an outer metallic pipe and a nonmetallic inner lining is provided so that the lining can be removed. To this end, the lining consists of lining segments, the terminal members of which are braced against the ends of the pipe in a form fitting manner and the successive lining segments can interfit with, for example, complementary frustoconical formations.

Abstract: A pipe section of an outer metallic pipe and a nonmetallic inner lining is provided so that the lining can be removed. To this end, the lining consists of lining segments, the terminal members of which are braced against the ends of the pipe in a form fitting manner and the successive lining segments can interfit with, for example, complementary frustoconical formations.

Abstract: A concrete-type composite pipe having a cylindrical concrete layer and a corrosion protective layer formed in an inner surface of the drum mold; in a boundary region between the concrete layer and the corrosion protective layer, an intermediate resin/concrete layer having properties intermediate the concrete layer and the corrosion protective layer.

Abstract: A shape retention hose construction and method of making the same are provided, the hose construction comprising a length of flexible tubular hose formed mainly of polymeric material and having opposite end portions and an intermediate body portion that defines internal and external peripheral surfaces of the hose, and a shape retention unit carried by the hose and being adapted to generally retain the shape of the hose construction when the hose and its carried shape retention structure are jointly bent into a particular shape, the shape retention unit comprising a deformable elongated member having opposed ends, the hose having a radially outwardly disposed and longitudinally extending projection on the external peripheral surface thereof, the elongated member being longitudinally disposed in the projection, the projection having opposed ends that respectively are disposed inboard of the opposite end portions of the hose, the opposed ends of the elongated member also being respectively disposed inboard of t

Abstract: Novel system for providing anti-corrosion protective coatings, e.g. for metal pipes and the like, comprising: (1) a rubber-based primer coating mixture; and (2) an adhesive tape comprising a backing carrying a rubber-based adhesive coating comprising a mixture of pre-crosslinked butyl rubber and virgin butyl rubber alone or in combination with reclaimed butyl rubber, the system further including a crosslinking agent and a crosslinking activator adapted to provide an incipient or in situ crosslinking of the system after the primer coating and tape are applied.Preferably, the crosslinking agent is contained initially in the adhesive coating; and the activator is contained initially in the primer.

Abstract: Composite pipe adapted for use, for example, in line pipes for crude oil or natural gas producing oil wells and having excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties to withstand high temperatures and high pressures, the composite pipe having an outer layer made of a material comprising in % by weight 0.05 to 0.20% of C, up to 1.0% of Si, up to 2.0% of Mn, up to 1.0% of Cr, 0.2 to 2.0% of Ni, up to 1.0% of Mo, 0.05 to 0.15% of V, up to 0.1% of Al, and the balance inevitable impurities and Fe, the material being up to 0.45 in carbon equivalent expressed by: ##EQU1## an inner layer made of stainless steel, high alloy steel or like corrosion resistant alloy, and an intermediate layer substantially intermediate between the outer layer and the inner layer in composition and having a thickness of 10 to 100 .mu.m, the intermediate layer providing a boundary between the outer and inner layers and being metallurgically joint to the outer layer and the inner layer integrally therewith.

Abstract: An inlet nipple and a housing having a water passage extending therethrough that have first, second and third water bore portions of progressively larger diameters in a downstream direction. A variable throttle point is formed by a fixed member and a movable member acting in conjunction with the bore portions that produce a turbulent flow causing cavitation downstream of the throttle point independently of the quantity of flow. In one embodiment the movable member includes a closure portion seatable against a seat formed at the intersection of the bore portion and an annular portion that in conjunction with a bore portion forms an annular water flow space downstream of the closure portion. In the second embodiment the fixed member has a closure portion converging toward an aperture in the movable member which is in the shape of a cup.

Abstract: Improved drill collars and their manufacture include the assembly of a body member formed of an appropriate high strength material, and a liner within the body. The body member will provide the majority of the strength and weight required of the drill collar, while the liner will be constructed of a material offering improved resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. The liner may be formed of a metal alloy, and may be retained within the body member by deforming the liner radially outwardly to establish an interference fit with the interior bore of the body member. A sealant may also be placed with the collar between the liner and the body member to seal any space between the two members.

Abstract: A gas-fired condensing furnace with a corrosion resistant condensing heat exchanger. The condensing heat exchanger is formed from a flat sheet of engineering metal with a layer of polypropylene sheet material laminated thereto. Each condensing heat exchanger has a condensing flow passage of serpentine shape formed in the laminated flat sheet of engineering metal such that the polypropylene layer will be exposed to the flue gas/condensate environment to provide corrosion resistance to the metal.