Abstract: Methods of forming a material layer according to some embodiments of the inventive concept may include a deposition cycle including providing an adsorption inhibitor on a substrate, purging an excess amount of the adsorption inhibitor, providing a metal precursor on the substrate, purging an excess amount of the metal precursor, and supplying a reactant to form a material layer on the substrate. The adsorption inhibitor may include a group 15 element or a group 16 element.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a galvannealed steel sheet including the provision of a specific steel sheet, a recrystallization annealing with specific heating, soaking and cooling sub-steps using an inert gas, a hot-dip galvanizing and an alloying treatment; the galvannealed steel sheet and the use of the galvannealed steel sheet.

Abstract: A seal system includes a ceramic component, a metallic component, a silicon-containing layer, and a barrier layer. The ceramic component has a first surface region that defines a first surface roughness. The metallic component is situated adjacent to the first surface region and has a second surface region facing the first surface region. The silicon-containing layer is on the first surface region of the ceramic component and has a contact surface that defines a second surface roughness which is less than the first surface roughness. The barrier layer is on the metallic component and in contact with the silicon-containing layer and serves to limit interaction between silicon of the silicon-containing layer and the metallic component. The barrier layer includes at least one of alumina or MCrAlY.

Abstract: An electrode for use in an electrical energy storage apparatus includes: a carrier structure including a plurality of vacancies thereon; and an active material arranged to undergo chemical reaction during charging and/or discharging of the electrical energy storage apparatus; wherein the active material occupies the plurality of vacancies on the carrier structure.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, a magnetic alloy powder is constituted by magnetic grains 100 whose alloy phase 1 is coated with an oxide film 2, wherein: the alloy phase 1 has a Fe content of 98 percent by mass or higher and also contains Si and at least one type of non-Si element that oxidizes more easily than Fe (element M); and the oxide film 2 is such that, at the location where the content of Si as expressed in percentage by mass is the highest according to the element distributions in the direction of film thickness, this content of Si is higher than the content of Fe, and also higher than the content of element M, at this location. The magnetic alloy powder has a high Fe content and also offers excellent insulating property.

Abstract: A composite can include a substrate and a conversion coating overlying the substrate and comprising at least one of a zirconium oxide, a hafnium oxide, or a combination thereof. The conversion coating can be formed from a zirconia or hafnia-based complex obtained by reacting at least one of a zirconium ion source, a hafnium ion source, or a combination thereof, with a chelating compound in a reaction and another chelating compound in another reaction.

Abstract: A thermal management system includes a sublimator that has a porous plate, a water feed line connected with the sublimator for delivering feed water to the porous plate, and an adsorbent bed in the water feed line. The sublimator is operable to freeze and sublime the feed water using the porous plate. The adsorbent bed is configured to substantially remove organic compounds from the feed water.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a printed circuit board, comprising in order steps (i) providing a non-conductive substrate having on a surface copper circuitry with a copper surface, wherein said surface is chemically treated by (a) oxidation and subsequent reduction reaction and/or (b) organic compound attached to said surface, a permanent, non-conductive, not fully polymerized cover layer covering at least partially said surface, (ii) thermally treating the substrate with the cover layer at temperature from 140° C. to 250° C. in atmosphere containing molecular oxygen at 100000 ppm or less, based on the total volume of the atmosphere, wherein a substrate with a permanent, non-conductive cover layer is obtained, with the provisos that (ii) is after (i) but before any metal or metal alloy is deposited onto the cover layer, and that in (ii) the cover layer is fully polymerized in one thermal treating step, if the cover layer is a solder mask.

Abstract: An article comprises a body having a coating. The coating comprises a Y—O—F coating or other yttrium-based oxy-fluoride coating generated either by performing a fluorination process on a yttrium-based oxide coating or an oxidation process on a yttrium-based fluorine coating.

Abstract: A process of remanufacturing a component such as an attachment flange used in turbochargers is provided and includes using a steam oxidation process to form an adhesion layer on top of a sealing surface of the component. The adhesion layer is an oxidation layer that a thermal metal spray coating can be applied on top of in order to prevent spalling that can occur at high heat. Once the process is completed, the component can be inspected to ensure that it meets or exceeds the manufacturer's original specifications.

Abstract: The present invention is related to polymeric materials, in particular thermoplastic or resins, with antifouling, biocidal, antiviral and antimicrobial properties. In particular, the present invention comprises a polymeric material with antimicrobial properties, wherein said antimicrobial property is given by the controlled and maintained in time release of elements or compounds with antimicrobial properties. The present invention also relates to the preparation method and products generated from said polymeric materials with antimicrobial properties.

Abstract: There are provided a ferrite stainless steel for a polymer fuel cell separator having excellent corrosion resistance and interfacial contact resistance under an operating environment of a polymer fuel cell, and a preparation method of the stainless steel. A stainless steel includes C: 0.02 wt % or less, N: 0.02 wt % or less, Si: 0.4 wt % or less, Mn: 0.2 wt % or less, P: 0.04 wt % or less, S: 0.02 wt % or less, Cr: 25.0 to 32.0 wt %, Cu: 0 to 2.0 wt %, Ni: 0.8 wt % or less, Ti: 0.5 wt % or less, Nb: 0.5 wt % or less, waste Fe and inevitably contained elements. A preparation method of the stainless steel having a second passive film formed on a surface thereof includes forming a first passive film on the surface of the stainless steel by bright-annealing or annealing-pickling the stainless steel; removing the first passive film by pickling the stainless steel in a 10 to 20 wt % sulfuric acid solution at a temperature of 50 to 75° C.

Abstract: The sublimation capability of a porous metal plate used in a sublimator is maintained by heating the porous metal plate at an elevated temperature in a flowing stream of oxygen for an extended period of time to form an oxidized surface. A short chain molecule, such as citric acid, is attached to the oxidized surface having multiple functional carboxylate groups and no hydrophobic tail.

Abstract: A forming method of a laminated structure by internal oxidation is provided. An alloy coating layer is formed. The alloy coating layer has a columnar grain structure and includes a first metal element and a second metal element, and the first metal element is oxidized more easily than the second metal element. Thereafter, a thermal oxidation treatment process is performed to the alloy coating layer, so as to form a plurality of oxide layers and a plurality of metal layers stacked alternately with each other from a surface portion of the alloy coating layer. A material of the oxide layers includes an oxide of the first metal element, and a material of the metal layers includes the second metal element.

Abstract: A pre-coated plate of steel is heated in a furnace to form an intermetallic alloying layer on the plate at least in an area thereof. Air is pretreated through drying to produce dried air which is fed into the furnace to control the atmosphere within the furnace while the pre-coated plate is in the furnace.

Abstract: A razor cartridge includes razor blade assemblies having an inter-blade guard attached to a side of a razor blade. The razor blade is formed from strip that is manufactured including a thermal oxidation process to form a chromium oxide layer on the side surface of the razor blade. This oxide film prevents electrochemical corrosion of the razor blade that may be visible to a user and prevents real or perceived premature failure of the razor blade and thus the razor cartridge during its extended life. The razor blade assembly may also have an array of closely spaced droplets of a liquid adapted to inhibit corrosion of the razor blade applied to the side of the razor blade visible to a user.

Abstract: passivation layer by oxidation of the surface of the metal substrate; incorporating inorganic luminescent particles within the metal substrate passivation layer, the average particle size being in the range from 4 to 1,000 nm; and clogging the passivation layer.

Abstract: A method of bonding a metal to a substrate involves forming a plurality of nano-features in a surface of the substrate, where each nano-feature is chosen from a nano-pore and/or a nano-crevice. In a molten state, the metal is over-cast onto the substrate surface, and penetrates the nano-features. Upon cooling, the metal is solidified inside the nano-features, where the solidification of the metal forms a mechanical interlock between the over-cast metal and the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method for producing a black-plated steel sheet capable of being blackened in a short amount of time, and exhibiting an excellent ability to maintain a black appearance after processing. As an original sheet, the sheet used is a Zn-plating steel sheet which contains molten Al and Mg and has a Zn-plating layer containing molten Al and Mg, containing Al in the amount of 1.0-22.0 mass %, inclusive, and containing Mg in the amount of 1.5-10.0 mass %, inclusive. The plating layer is blackened by causing the molten-plating steel sheet to contact water vapor inside a tightly sealed container. When doing so, the concentration of oxygen inside the tightly sealed container is 13% or less.

Abstract: A surface treatment method of a magnesium alloy article includes, instead of forming a primer on a magnesium alloy based composite first, directly performing a hairline finish process on the magnesium alloy based composite, to form a hairline structure on a surface of the magnesium alloy based composite, and performing a chemical oxidation process on the magnesium alloy based composite, to form a glossy film covering the hairline structure on the magnesium alloy based composite, thereby forming a magnesium alloy article structure. Alternatively, another chemical oxidation process is performed before the hairline finish process, to form an oxide film on the surface of the magnesium alloy based composite.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the manufacture of double-sided metallized ceramic substrates according to the direct-bonding process. The method enables a ceramic substrate to be bonded to a metal plate or foil on the upper side and the underside in only one process sequence. The composite to be bonded is located on a specially designed carrier structured on the upper side with a plurality of contact points. After the bonding process the composite of metal plates and ceramic substrate can be detached from the carrier free of any residue.

Abstract: A method of bonding a metal to a substrate involves forming an oxide layer on a surface of the substrate, and in a molten state, over-casting the metal on the substrate surface. The over-casting drives a reaction at an interface between the over-cast metal and the oxide layer to form another oxide. The other oxide binds the metal to the substrate surface upon solidification of the over-cast metal.

Abstract: There is provided a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet and the like excellent in mechanical cutting property, which are capable of obtaining high ductility while ensuring high strength with maximum tensile strength of 900 MPa or more. The high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet has a sheet thickness of 0.6 to 5.0 mm and has a plating layer on a surface of a steel sheet with component compositions being set in appropriate ranges, in which the steel sheet structure contains a 40 to 90% ferrite phase and a 3% or more retained austenite phase by volume fraction. In the retained austenite phase, a solid solution carbon amount is 0.70 to 1.00%, an average grain diameter is 2.0 ?m or less, an average distance between grains is 0.1 to 5.0 ?m, a thickness of a decarburized layer in a steel sheet surface layer portion is 0.01 to 10.0 ?m, an average grain diameter of oxides contained in the steel, sheet surface layer portion is 30 to 120 nm and an average density thereof is 1.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to methods of treating metal surfaces to enhance adhesion or binding to substrates, and devices formed thereby. In some embodiments of the present invention, methods of achieving improved bonding strength without roughening the topography of a metal surface are provided. The metal surface obtained by this method provides strong bonding to resin layers. The bonding interface between the treated metal and the resin layer exhibits resistance to heat, moisture, and chemicals involved in post-lamination process steps, and therefore can suitably be used in the production of PCB's. Methods according to some embodiments of the present invention are especially useful in the fabrication of high density multilayer PCB's, in particular for PCB's having circuits with line/spacing of equal to and less than 10 microns.

Abstract: Disclosed is an easily handleable composition for metal surface treatment which enables to achieve foundation surface concealment, coating adhesion and corrosion resistance equal to or higher than those obtained by the conventional metal surface treatment compositions. This composition for metal surface treatment places no burden on the environment. Also disclosed are a method for treating the surface of a metal material wherein such a composition for metal surface treatment is used, and a metal material treated by such a metal surface treatment method. Specifically disclosed is a metal surface treatment composition used for a treatment of a metal surface, which composition contains a zirconium compound and/or titanium compound substantially not containing fluorine, and an inorganic acid and/or a salt thereof. This metal surface treatment composition has a pH of not less than 1.5 but not more than 6.5.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing a titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy composition having an improved wear resistance, the method comprising heating a titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy material in an oxygen-containing environment at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce a top oxide layer and underlying oxygen-diffused layer, followed by removal of the top oxide layer such that the oxygen-diffused layer is exposed. The invention is also directed to the resulting oxygen-diffused titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy, as well as mechanical components or devices containing the improved alloy composition.

Abstract: A method for hot dip coating a flat stainless steel product with more than 5 wt. % Cr with a protective metallic coating by: heating the flat steel product under an oxygen-free heating atmosphere to 100° C.-600° C. within 1-30 seconds; continuing heating to a holding temperature of 750° C.-950° C., by heating to 550° C.-800° C. under an inert or reducing atmosphere, holding within this temperature window for 1 to 15 seconds under an oxidising atmosphere, and continuing heating under an inert or reducing atmosphere, until the holding temperature is reached; holding at the holding temperature for 10-120 seconds under a reducing atmosphere; and passing the flat steel product through a nozzle area under an inert or reducing atmosphere at 430°-780° C. and into a molten bath in which the flat steel product is coated with the metallic coating.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a composite soft magnetic powder core and a preparation method therefor, which belong to the technical fields of soft magnetic materials and preparation thereof. An Fe/Fe3O4 shell layer is generated in situ on surfaces of iron powder particles through a controlled oxidation process, to prepare Fe/Fe3O4 composite soft magnetic powder having a uniform structure. The Fe/Fe3O4 composite soft magnetic powder is mixed with suitable amount of silicone resin, and prepared into a high-performance Fe/Fe3O4 composite soft magnetic powder core by using a powder metallurgy compaction process. Such magnetic powder core has a high density, a high magnetic conductivity, a high magnetic flux density, a low loss, and a high breaking strength, and is useful in a large-power and low-loss application scenario. The present invention has the advantages of being rich in raw material resources, simple in process and environmentally friendly, and being suitable for industrial production.

Abstract: A method for protecting a surface of an article includes preparing or otherwise providing a reactive solution of a form of polyaniline and an acid, thereafter applying the reactive solution to the surface of the article to form an adherent conversion coating on the surface, thereafter oxidizing the adherent conversion coating to form an oxidized coating, and thereafter contacting a chromate-free, corrosion inhibiting organic compound such as a salt of a dithiocarbamate or a salt of a dimercaptothiadiazole to the oxidized coating to form a fixed conversion coating on the surface of the article. The resulting article has the fixed conversion coating adhered to the surface of the article. The fixed conversion coating has a mixture of a reduced polyaniline salt, and a fixed disulfur-linked dithiocarbamate polymer or dimer.

Abstract: A solar radiation absorber element for a thermal concentrating solar power plant is achieved by forming a selective coating on an outer surface of a substrate made from stainless steel, chosen from stainless steels presenting an aluminium content of more than 0.5% by weight. Formation of the selective coating includes a surface treatment step of the substrate, by polishing, and a heat treatment step of the substrate, in an oxidizing atmosphere, in a temperature range included between 550° C. and 650° C. The heat treatment in particular enables at least one intrinsically selective superficial thin layer to be formed on the outer surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for controlling microbial growth in potable water stored in a vessel having a metallic surface includes heating the metallic surface to a temperature between about 480° C. (900° F.) and about 870° C. (1600° F.), exposing the metallic surface to oxygen during heating to oxidize potential reduction sites on the metallic surface and charging potable water containing silver ions to the vessel. A vessel having a metallic surface is prepared for long-term storage of potable water containing silver ions by heating the metallic surface to a temperature between about 480° C. (900° F.) and about 870° C. (1600° F.) and exposing the metallic surface to oxygen during heating to oxidize electropositive metals on the metallic surface or by treating the metallic surface with an aqueous solution containing on oxidizing agent to oxidize potential reduction sites on the metallic surface.

Abstract: A laminated structure by internal oxidation includes an alloy coating layer structured as columnar grains. The alloy coating layer includes a first metal element and a second metal element, wherein the first metal element is oxidized more easily than the second metal element. The surface layer portion of the alloy coating layer has a plurality of oxide layers and a plurality of metal layers stacked alternately with each other. The material of the oxide layers includes the oxide of the first metal element and the material of the metal layers includes the second metal element.

Abstract: The sublimation capability of a porous metal plate used in a sublimator is maintained by heating the porous metal plate at an elevated temperature in a flowing stream of oxygen for an extended period of time to form an oxidized surface. A short chain molecule, such as citric acid, is attached to the oxidized surface having multiple functional carboxylate groups and no hydrophobic tail.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing damaging oxidation of metals. In particular, the present invention relates to nanoparticle surface treatments and use of nanoparticle surface treatments to reduce the damaging oxidation and corrosion of stainless steel and other alloy components in oxidating and corrosive conditions.

Abstract: A dry cleaning method of a substrate processing apparatus includes forming a metal oxide by oxidizing a metal film adhered to the inside of a processing chamber of the substrate processing apparatus; forming a complex by reacting the metal oxide with ?-diketone; and sublimating the complex to be removed. A cleaning gas containing oxygen and ?-diketone is supplied into the processing chamber while heating the inside of the processing chamber. A flow rate ratio of oxygen to ?-diketone in the cleaning gas is set such that a formation rate of the metal oxide is lower than a formation rate of the complex.

Abstract: A radiowave absorber of an embodiment includes: core-shell particles each including: a core portion that contains at least one magnetic metal element selected from a first group including Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one metal element selected from a second group including Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Zr, Ti, Hf, Zn, Mn, rare-earth elements, Ba, and Sr; and a shell layer that coats at least part of the core portion, and includes an oxide layer containing at least one metal element selected from the second group and contained in the core portion; and a binding layer that binds the core-shell particles, and has a higher resistance than the resistance of the core-shell particles. The volume filling rate of the core-shell particles in the radiowave absorber is not lower than 10% and not higher than 55%.

Abstract: Condensation can he an important process in both emerging and traditional power generation and water desalination technologies. Superhydrophobic nanostructures can promise enhanced condensation heat transfer by reducing the characteristic size of departing droplets via a surface-tension-driven mechanism. A superhydrophobic surface can include nanostructures of a metal oxide having further surface modification.

Abstract: A method of reducing the formation of electrically resistive scale on a an article comprising a silicon-containing ferritic stainless subjected to oxidizing conditions in service includes, prior to placing the article in service, subjecting the article to conditions under which silica, which includes silicon derived from the steel, forms on a surface of the steel. Optionally, at least a portion of the silica is removed from the surface to placing the article in service. A ferritic stainless steel alloy having a reduced tendency to form silica on at least a surface thereof also is provided. The steel includes a near-surface region that has been depleted of silicon relative to a remainder of the steel.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a casing of a handheld electronic device includes following steps. A casing body and an oxidation metal layer are provided. The casing body is made of metal; the oxidation metal layer is located on a surface of the casing body. The oxidation metal layer is dyed by at least one dye and has an appearance with a color gradient through controlling the velocity of dyeing the oxidation metal layer by the dye. A casing of a handheld electronic device including a casing body and an oxidation metal layer is also provided. The casing body is made of metal. The oxidation metal layer is located on a surface of the casing body and dyed by at least one dye, so that an appearance of the oxidation metal layer has a color gradient.

Abstract: Reliability is improved by improving adhesiveness, crack resistance, and moisture resistance of a metal member-resin jointed body by enhancing adhesiveness between the metal member and the resin. A jointed body of a metal member and a resin including: an intermediate layer and a silane coupling agent layer formed on the metal member at an interface between the metal member and the resin, wherein the silane coupling agent layer and the resin are contacted; the intermediate layer is any one of an oxide layer of the metal, a chelating agent layer, a composite layer made of the oxide layer and the chelating agent layer, and a mixed layer made of the oxide and the chelating agent; and the intermediate layer has an electrically non-insulating characteristic, and a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: The invention deals with a process for manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized or galvannealed steel sheet having a TRIP microstructure, said process comprising the steps consisting in: -providing a steel sheet whose composition comprises, by weight: 0.01?C?0.22%, 0.50?Mn?2.0%, 0.2?Si?2.0%, 0.005?Al?2.0%, Mo<1.0%, Cr?1.0%, P<0.02%, Ti?0.20%, V?0.40%, Ni?1.0%, Nb?0.20%, the balance of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, -oxidizing said steel sheet in a direct flame furnace where the atmosphere comprises air and fuel with an air-to-fuel ratio between 0.80 and 0.95, so that a layer of iron oxide having a thickness from 0.05 to 0.2 ?m is formed on the surface of the steel sheet, and an internal oxide of Si and/or Mn and/or Al is formed, -reducing said oxidized steel sheet, at a reduction rate from 0.001 to 0.

Abstract: A method of providing sulfidation corrosion resistance and corrosion induced fouling resistance to a heat transfer component surface includes providing a silicon containing steel composition including an alloy and a Si-partitioned non-metallic film formed on a surface of the alloy. The alloy is formed from the composition ?, ?,and ?, in which ? is a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, and mixtures thereof, ? is Si, and ? is at least one alloying element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Al, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, B, C, N, P, O, S and mixtures thereof. The Si-partitioned non-metallic film comprises at least one of sulfide, oxysulfide and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method of providing sulfidation corrosion resistance and corrosion induced fouling resistance for a heat transfer component is disclosed. The heat transfer component includes a heat exchange surface formed from a chromium-enriched oxide containing material formed from the composition ?, ?, and ?, wherein ? is a steel containing at least about 5 to about 40 wt. % chromium, ? is a chromium enriched oxide (M3O4 or M2O3 or mixtures thereof) formed on the surface of the steel ?, wherein M is a metal containing at least 5 wt. % Cr based on the total weight of the metal M, and ? is a top layer formed on the surface of the chromium-enriched oxide ?, comprising sulfide, oxide, oxysulfide, and mixtures thereof. The top layer ? comprises iron sulfide (Fe1-xS), iron oxide (Fe3O4), iron oxysulfide, iron-chromium sulfide, iron-chromium oxide, iron-chromium oxysulfide, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A novel method of manufacturing a transition metal oxide having a spinel structure is provided. A mixture of powdery metals of metal elements constituting the transition metal oxide is heated in an oxidizing atmosphere to generate the transition metal oxide.

Abstract: A method for producing a soft magnetic metal powder coated with a Mg-containing oxide film, comprising the steps of adding and mixing a Mg powder with a soft magnetic metal powder which has been subjected to heating treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of 40 to 500° C. to obtain a mixed powder, and heating the mixed powder at a temperature of 150 to 1,100° C. in an inert gas or vacuum atmosphere under a pressure of 1×10?12 to 1×10?1 MPa, while optionally tumbling; and a method for producing a composite soft magnetic material from the soft magnetic metal powder coated with a Mg-containing oxide film.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device comprising a substrate based essentially on nitinol and, arranged thereon at least partially, a covering or a coating based on at least one polyphosphazene derivative having the general formula (I), a process for its production, and the use of the device as an artificial implant, vascular or nonvascular stent, catheter, thrombolectomy or embolectomy catheter, fragmentation spindle or catheter, filter, vascular connector, hernia patch, oral, dental or throat implant or urether.

Abstract: A process for forming a magnetite coating on a ferrous metal surface and for chemical reagents used to implement the coating process. The process comprises the step of making the ferrous metal surface more reactive by contacting the surface with an activating reagent and then contacting the activated surface with an oxidizing reagent to form the coating at a relatively low temperature range. The surface is activated by contact with an acid solution to form a surface rich in reactive iron. The activated surface is then oxidized by contact with an aqueous reagent of alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal nitrate, alkali metal nitrite, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for producing colored layers on zinc, aluminum, magnesium or alloy surfaces. The surfaces are brought into contact with an aqueous treatment solution which is devoid of chrome, said solution containing, in total, 3-35 g/l persulfate ions and/or peroxodisulfate ions and not more than 10 g/l ammonia or ammonium ions, it has a pH value in the region of between 10-12 and a temperature in the range of between 30-80° C. The surfaces are brought into contact with the treatment solution for a period in the region of 0.5-5 minutes and optionally, they are covered with a coating based on organic polymers. The invention further relates to metal parts treated according to said method.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a hot dip galvannealed steel sheet, including the steps of: subjecting a steel sheet to hot dip galvanizing to manufacture a hot dip galvanized steel sheet; heating the hot dip galvanized steel sheet for alloying; subjecting the hot dip galvanized steel sheet to temper rolling; bringing the temper-rolled hot dip galvanized steel sheet into contact with an acid solution containing at least one ion selected from the group consisting of Zr ions, Ti ions, and Sn ions to thereby form an acid solution film on the surface of the steel sheet; after completion of the contact, a state where the acid solution film is formed on the surface of the steel sheet is held for at least 1 second; and washing with water the hot dip galvanized steel sheet after holding, to thereby form a Zn oxide layer having a thickness of 10 nm or more on the surface of the galvanized steel sheet.

Abstract: A process for providing a niobium wire and its use for connection to niobium or niobium oxide capacitors. The wire is enriched with oxygen and preferably has oxygen concentrations of about 3,000 to 30,000 ?g/g.