Abstract: Disclosed herein are cylinder forming apparatuses for making nonwoven webs. In one embodiment, a cylinder forming apparatus has a first source configured to dispense a first fluid flow stream, and a second source configured to dispense a second fluid flow stream, wherein at least the first fluid flow stream comprises a fiber; an arcuate mixing partition downstream from the one or more sources, the arcuate mixing partition positioned between the first and second flow streams, the apparatus defining one or more openings that permit fluid communication between the two flow streams; and a cylindrical receiving region situated downstream from the sources and proximal to the first flow stream and designed to receive at least a combined flow stream and form a nonwoven web by collecting fiber from the combined flow stream. Methods of using the apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus in a paper or cardboard machine for confining the pulp flow coming from the headbox (1), said apparatus comprising at least one deckle system, which comprises a deckle part (2) and supporting elements supporting the deckle part, said deckle part being so arranged that in its service position it confines the pulp flow from the headbox in the sideways direction in the edge area of the wire (3). The deckle part (2) has been arranged to be supported so as to be movable in the longitudinal direction of the machine and that the deckle part (2) additionally comprises a mounting point (21) at which the deckle part is (2) secured so that, in the service position, it is substantially immovable at least in the longitudinal direction of the machine.

Abstract: A multi-ply web forming method and apparatus are disclosed for forming a top ply onto a base ply. A fiber suspension jet is by means of a secondary headbox (21; 21′, 26) delivered into a twin-wire roll nip created by two tensioned wires (16, 22; 16′, 22′; 22, 27) one of which (16; 16′, 22) carries the moist base ply.

Abstract: A suction breast roll former has a support surface with a plurality of apertures formed therein that are operatively connected to a vacuum source. A headbox has a flexible roof extending downstream from a slice opening and disposed adjacent to a support surface of the suction breast roll. The headbox permits the flexible roof to bend over a range of movement relative to the support surface to match the shape of a drainage curve suiting current operating conditions. A method of forming a paper web includes the steps of supplying an aqueous suspension of papermaking fibers to a forming zone created between the suction breast roll and the headbox. The headbox includes a slice body and an apron that define a slice opening therebetween and also has a flexible roof extending from the slice opening and spaced from the support surface to define a forming zone therebetween. A forming fabric is passed through the forming zone to receive the aqueous suspension of papermaking fibers.

Abstract: A former with a sieve, preferably with a cylinder mold, is provided with an adjustable discharge aperture for a fibrous material suspension exiting from a chamber that is formed between the sieve and an upper lip formed by a flow guide plate. The upper lip has a first end facing away from the chamber and is guided in a floating manner by a pressure medium in a direction toward the sieve, as well as in the opposite direction. The upper lip is supported in a floating manner also by a pressure medium at its second end facing toward the chamber. In this way, deflections of the upper lip in the region of the inlet aperture can be largely avoided.

Abstract: A process for thickening a fibrous pulp suspension by guiding the suspension between a rigid first face and a flexible second face that move in relation to each other and form a converging draining gap, where the first face and/or the second face is/are water permeable, and where the process includes providing the suspension to be drained, forming from the suspension a fibrous pulp layer with a solid matter content of at least about 4% on at least one of the first face and the second face, guiding the fibrous pulp layer into the draining gap, applying a pressure differential in the draining gap via the second face to thicken the fibrous pulp layer, the pressure differential being formed by stretching the second face and pressing the first face and the second face toward each other to drain water from the fibrous pulp layer, and transporting the thickened fibrous pulp from the draining gap.

Abstract: A twin-wire gap former in a paper machine in which an outer wire and an inner wire are guided by guide rolls and by web forming members. The wires form a twin-wire zone which starts from a forming gap into which a slice part of a headbox feeds a stock suspension jet. The forming gap is followed by a curved portion of the twin-wire zone which is guided by a first forming roll placed inside the loop of one of the wires. The forming-gap arrangement includes two opposite tip plates which define a slice channel between them. The lip plates extend deep into the forming gap so that the free ends of the lip plates are placed in direct vicinity of the forming wires or in contact with the wires. On the curve sector of the twin-wire zone, which starts after the forming gap and which is guided by the first forming roll, inside the loop of one of the wires, a water drainage box is provided, at which box the edges of the sides that are placed against the inner face to the wire are substantially sealed.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for dewatering or washing a suspension of paper pulp in which first and second rolls are rotatably mounted with an endless loop of wire tensioned around the rolls, and in which a headbox delivers a pulp suspension to be thickened or washed and positioned with an outlet to discharge the pulp suspension into or onto the wire as it approaches the first roll, and in which the washed or dewatered pulp is collected after it has passed between the wire and a second roll, in which the first roll has a central shaft, and screw flighting on the shaft formed in left and right-hand sections are terminated at cylindrical discs mounted at opposite ends of the shaft, and in which the screw flighting has a depth which is substantially greater than the maximum thickness of the pulp layer and in which the aggregate open area between the screw flights is substantially greater than the cross-sectional area of the headbox outlet to assure that the spaces between the flights can be no more than partially filled

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for uniformly distributing a flowing medium flowing in a first direction in a conduit onto a surface so as to form a uniformly distributed medium thereon having a width greater than that of the conduit, the method including deflecting the flow of the flowing medium and simultaneously spreading the flowing medium from the width of the conduit to the greater width in a direction transverse to the first direction, and again deflecting the flowing medium in a passage having a generally curvilinear shape transverse to the surface in order to provide a substantially uniformly distributed and parallel flow of the flowing medium onto the surface.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for thickening a suspension of solid particles in liquid employs three rolls ranged in spaced relation with their axes defining a triangle, and a single loop of wire is trained around and in wrapping relation with all three rolls. With one exception, each of the rolls has in combination therewith a headbox which delivers a flow of the suspension to be thickened in such manner that it is trapped between the wire and the portion of the roll wrapped by the wire so that the trapped suspension is dewatered and concentrated by expression of liquid through the wire. The pulp deposited on the inside of the wire at each of the stations comprising a roll and headbox is ultimately collected from the surface of the one roll having no headbox and is transported out from within the space within the wire loop.

Abstract: Embodiments of apparatus for thickening a liquid suspension of solid particles, such as papermaking pulp in water, include a pair of spaced apart rolls and a woven wire or plastic wire belt trained around these rolls. The suspension is supplied to the apparatus at the first roll for centrifugal extraction and is carried by the belt to the second roll for further water extraction and thickening, and is then discharged from the apparatus. In one embodiment, the first roll is formed with an open surface, and the suspension is delivered to the web at least partially by flowing through the first roll openings, from either a headbox in the on-running wedge zone or a headbox internal to the rolls to deliver stock outwardly through the roll.

Abstract: In a papermaking machine, a method and mechanism for delivering stock to a dewatering web including a pressure headbox with a narrowing slice opening, a receiving throat either with a single traveling forming wire or a pair of traveling forming wires, bridging the space between the headbox opening and the wire so that the stock jet is contained without a free surface, and applying a trailing flexible element opposite the stock in a single wire machine or against one wire in a twin wire machine with the force and location of the trailing element controlled by a series of push rods arranged parallel in a cross machine direction.

Abstract: A papermaking machine is constructed as a barrier former in which a fiber slurry is received and placed in turbulence on one side of the screen plate for fluidizing the slurry and distributed through the screen plate onto a collecting wire, under tension, for immediately starting dewatering of a web formed in a wedge-shaped forming zone between the screen plate and the wire.

Abstract: In the absence of the conventional stock feeding box the stock is conducted down through a feed pipe to a nozzle which directs the stock onto a wire belt. The nozzle may be directed in a different direction from the movement of the belt so that shear occurs at the delivery point to the benefit of the finished product. From the preliminary belt or "wire", the stock is delivered to a paper machine. In one embodiment the fibers are conducted dry to the belt and a cooperating "dwarf" wire presses the dry stock into a sheet. Booster heads are used to direct additional feed in a way which intercepts the main feed and breaks up micro-agglomerates. In one version the wire is stationary and the feed nozzle moves.

Abstract: Method and drum filter for thickening of slurry and for treatment of the slurry with liquid. The slurry to be thickened is passed onto the filter face of a drum (3) revolving in a basin (3), and the treatment liquid is passed through the pulp web formed on the drum. The consistency of the pulp web is increased by pressing a compression plate (10) against the pulp web. The compression force of the compression plate (10) is produced by means of the pressure of a liquid and/or gas passed to the convex side of the plate. The compression force can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure prevailing in the gas space outside the drum (3).

Abstract: A vat paper machine is disclosed, the machine including a cylinder-vat unit having a rotatable cylinder mold, a vat and a headbox for providing a continuous supply of stock to the vat. The vat has a special wall structure and is arranged upstream of the cylinder mold in such a manner that the wire gauze covered cylinder mold is brought into contact with stock in the vat to form a web by draining water from the stock through the wire gauze covered surface of the mold. An outer wire is also provided which runs in a loop over a breast roll, through the vat at the wall structure thereof and then over and around a portion of the circumference of the cylinder mold. The wall structure comprises an endless liquid-impervious belt forming an endless loop located on the inner side of the loop defined by the outer wire.

Abstract: The device comprises a head box with a nozzle for applying a pulp suspension on a wire located below the nozzle. A pressure plate is located after the nozzle over the pulp suspension. The pressure plate comprises a concave formed portion, against which the pulp suspension is sprayed, and a subsequent convex formed portion. The fiber web is formed in a forming zone where dewatering is effected in that the convex portion of the pressure plate and an unsupported portion of the wire are pressed against each other.

Abstract: In a particularly simple construction a twin-wire papermaking machine possesses a reduced number of rolls as well as a compact arrangement. The foregoing and the greatest possible velocity of a through-passed paper web can be obtained by employing non-suction rolls, instead of suction rolls, in a pressing section of such papermaking machine, by upwardly entraining the paper web conjointly with a top or upper wire of a twin wire arrangement and by transferring the paper web to a pressing roll having a smooth surface, and furthermore, by providing at the pressing roll an extended or wide-nip supporting shoe by means of which the paper web is dewatered in an extended pressing nip zone. Advantageously, the dewatered paper web is taken off from the surface of the pressing roll in a downward direction and fed to a drying section of the papermaking machine. The drying section may be arranged below the pressing section and directly adjacent the bottom or lower wire of the twin wire arrangement.

Abstract: A machine for making a fiber web with sharply defined edges, specifically a paper or tissue web, between a felt and a wire, features a headbox that dispenses the fiber suspension into a feed-in area formed between the felt and wire. The wire has a smaller width than the width of the fiber suspension stream dispensed by the headbox.

Abstract: The papermaking machine contains an endless inner dewatering band which extends or wraps with its inner side or surface around two series or successively arranged sections of dewatering surfaces. In each wrap-around section thus defined the inner dewatering band is convergently guided or brought together with a portion of a respective endless outer dewatering band towards an infeed throat or gap and a dewatering section following the same. From each dewatering section the associated outer dewatering band is returned towards its related infeed throat or gap. Two headboxes each of which is directed towards a related one of the infeed throats or gaps are provided, so that there are formed two fiber layers or plies which are to be joined. To achieve a compact and simple construction the series or successively arranged sections of the dewatering surfaces are formed at a common dewatering element which is centrally arranged relative to the infeed throats or gaps.

Abstract: Multilayer headbox apparatus for a papermaking machine comprises spaced apart headbox walls defining an elongated, converging channel terminating in an exit opening, and at least one partition member anchored in the headbox at its upstream end with its downstream end free, said partition member extending from side to side in the headbox and at least to the vicinity of said opening and dividing the headbox into a plurality of shallow, converging channels extending to said opening for conveying a plurality of paper making stocks thereto and for discharging a plurality of paper making stocks therefrom in stacked, spaced apart relation, together with means for maintaining a wedge-shaped body of gaseous fluid between said discharged jets at the downstream end of said partition member to keep the jets separated for a predetermined distance beyond said exit opening in the direction of a forming surface.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for the manufacture of a non-woven fibrous web, such as paper, from a dispersion of fibers in a foamed liquid. In a preferred embodiment, a solution of surfactant in water is initially discharged from a headbox into the nip of a twin forming wire prior to its passage over a curvilinear path defined by a forming roll. The water-surfactant solution is caused repeatedly to pass through the outer one of the twin forming wires until there is created, and stored in a silo, a foamed liquid containing about 65% air in the form of bubbles of from about 20 to about 200 microns in diameter. The foamed liquid is directed from the silo into a mix tank wherein a slurry containing fibers at 20% to 55% solids is added and mixed. The mixture is pumped to the headbox and into the nip of the forming wires. The outer wire retains the fibers while passing and again foaming the liquid for return to the silo and the mix tank for addition of fibers and return to the headbox.

Abstract: A twin-wire papermaking machine contains a region having two wires guided in mutual contact with one another and at which there is located at least one stock infeed device. The stock infeed device possesses the form of a box or cabinet member having an open side along which move both of the wires. Within the stock infeed device there is located a fibrous stock suspension suitable for the fabrication of paper and which is at an excess pressure in relation to the atmosphere. At the side of the wires facing away from the stock infeed device there can be arranged a suction device.

Abstract: A headbox contains a rigid lower lip which is directed towards a dewatering surface, a wire or the like, guided over a rotating cylinder or roll, and a rigid upper lip having a rigid lip portion which, in conjunction with a portion or section of the dewatering surface neighboring the lower lip downstream with respect to the flow of the stock suspension, delimits a sheet forming chamber or space. The lip portion is provided at the region of the sheet forming chamber with step or groove-like depressions or recesses extending transversely with respect to the direction of flow of the stock or fiber suspension. These recesses serve to form recirculation turbulence which supports the marginal flow of the stock suspension.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns a former for use in a paper making machine, or the like, for producing a web of fibrous suspension on a wire. The former includes a sliding surface, past which a tensioned wire is moved. A duct for fibrous suspension opens on the sliding surface. The sliding surface on the two sides of the duct is shaped so that downstream of the duct in the direction of movement of the wire, a wedge shaped slot is defined between the wire and the sliding surface in which the suspension is received and from which it is dewatered.

Abstract: A rotary diaphragm press comprises a revolving drum on the periphery of which a tubular diaphragm is mounted, an endless belt assembly which consists of a cover cloth, a filter cloth, and a back-up belt separately extended and arranged one above the other over said revolving drum, and a series of receiving rollers disposed in parallel with a spindle for said revolving drum so as to press the endless belt assembly against the drum in a contact zone of the assembly. The rotary diaphragm press is further designed so that sludge successively fed to the filter cloth is held between the filter cloth and the cover cloth and is passed through the contact zone.

Abstract: A former for a paper machine: The paper machine includes a perforated forming cylinder and a suction device for drawing water inward through the perforations. An inner and an outer belt are wrapped around the forming cylinder. The outer belt meets the inner belt at the peripheral surface of the forming cylinder in a generally wedge-shaped inlet slot located at and upstream of the bottom of the forming cylinder. A pulp fiber suspension nozzle of a width that covers the axial length of the forming cylinder injects pulp into the inlet slot. A supporting device is provided at the inlet slot and includes a convexly curved surface, convexly curved around an axis generally parallel to the cylinder axis. The supporting device includes a concavely curved surface that follows the convexly curved surface downstream of the flow of pulp. A suction device communicates with the concavely curved surface beneath the outer belt. The outer belt rides over the convexly curved surface and down onto the concavely curved surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a paper machine of the kind having a continuous inner wire cloth and a continuous outer wire cloth which are passed together around a deflecting component, located within the inner wire cloth, for effecting extraction of water through the outer wire cloth, said machine also having a water extraction box located within the inner wire cloth in front of the deflecting component, and a breast (delivery) box, an upper lip of which lies adjacent the inner wire cloth in the vicinity of the water extraction box and defines, with a support surface provided by the water extraction box, a preliminary water extraction zone in which water can be extracted through the inner wire cloth into the water extraction box.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a multi-ply web of paper wherein a first layer is carried on the underside of a traveling felt to a bonding station located over the top of a forming cylinder on which a second layer is formed with a water bead in the nip between the layers and a laser or other device for generating a beam of energy at one end of the nip directing the energy along the water bead parallel to the nip and a receiver at the other end to detect the laser beam with means operated by the receiver for controlling the size of the water bead.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of forming a continuous fibrous paper web by depositing the stock onto a forming run of a fourdrinier wire while dewatering the stock and collecting water beneath the wire and depositing the stock onto the wire from a spray or flooded area through a distribution wire extending parallel and in closely spaced relation to the forming run of the fourdrinier wire with the distribution wire aiding in the distribution of the stock and random orientation of the fibers and giving the stock a velocity essentially the same as the forming wire to encourage and maintain the random orientation of the fibers as droplets of the stock are deposited on the fourdrinier wire.

Abstract: A pulp feed for a paper making machine comprising a nozzle channel or duct for the flow of the pulp or the like and terminating at a movable permeable element. The pulp feed has a first section bounded by a lower lip closer to the permeable element and a more remotely located pivotable upper lip which is adjustable at its edge which is downstream with regard to the flow of the pulp. The pulp feed further includes a second section which is bounded, on the one hand, by the permeable element, and on the other hand, by a pre-lip which merges with the upper lip and is pivotably mounted thereat by means of at least one substantially plug-shaped part. The outlet end of the pre-lip is adjustable in relation to the permeable element.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method and apparatus for use in the manufacture of paper and board in which pulp in suspension is directed at such an angle and at such a speed towards a screen travelling at a determined speed that the resultant direction of travel of the pulp relative to the screen is substantially at right angles to the screen. In a preferred form of the invention, the pulp suspension is discharged onto the screen as a curtain which extends across a substantial portion of the width of the screen. The invention also provides a chamber into which the pulp is discharged onto the screen, the chamber being sealed at inlet and outlet ends by rollers. The invention further provides for a pulp web formed on the screen to be transferred from the screen onto the roller at the outlet end by means of discharge vents located below the roller and the screen.

Abstract: A papermaking machine having pulp supplied in a regulated excess amount through a feed channel onto a movable water-pervious element and having a sump positioned at the end of the feed channel to receive the overflow. The amount of pulp in the sump relative to the desired overflow rate is used to produce a control signal for regulating the machine. Should there be an excess amount of pulp in the sump over the desired amount, the negative pressure in the vacuum box is increased to withdraw more water. Also, the degree of grinding of the pulp can be varied in dependence on the control signal.

Abstract: Turbulence is generated within a headbox nozzle passage in such close adjacency to the slice opening as to assure thorough and substantially uniform dispersion of the fibers in a jet stream delivered to the forming area on a travelling paper web forming surface. Substantial suppression of turbulence in the jet stream is effected without interferring with the substantial uniformity of fiber dispersion in the suspension as delivered to the forming surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a fibrous sheet, which apparatus comprises a first and a second endless wire for accomplishing a forming zone between mutually converging wires; a feed box with lips forming an outlet opening for feeding fibre suspension into the gap of the forming zone between the wires, the first wire being in an essentially tight contact with the first lip of the feed box, the second wire being in an essentially tight contact with the other lip of the feed box, and on both sides of the forming zone mutually essentially parallel side walls being arranged for tightening both sides of the forming zone against the wires; and rolls for guiding the wires, whereby the second wire is, at least along the sheet forming zone, arranged to run along the surface of a wire cylinder equipped with suction devices, whereby the first wire, which is guided from a breast roll arranged on the opposite side of the feed box relative to the wire cylinder, is, at least along the sheet forming zone, arranged to run carried b

Abstract: A roller to de-water fiber suspensions comprises a perforated drum having open ended radial cells formed in the wall thereof. The cells are defined by blades or bridges which form an angle with the radius of the drum at least at the forward end of the bridges by being slanted forward from the radius in the direction of rotation.

Abstract: A high consistency pulp slurry is prevented from floccing by at least one pivotable member located in the vat at the area where the pulp slurry leaves the inlet box and enters the vat. The pivotable member is located with respect to the inner surface of the vat and is structured to speed-up the pulp slurry as it enters the vat to prevent floc formations.If pulp fibers should become stuck in the small space between the outer surface of the pivotable member and the inner surface of the vat, the pivotable member will automatically pivot away from the inner surface of the vat, thereby automatically loosening the stuck fibers. As soon as the stuck fibers are loosened, the pivotable member will return to its initial position.

Abstract: At least one longitudinal baffle extends from an area within the forming zone into the compaction zone. In the forming zone the baffle is pivotally connected to the vat and also has a pivotal structure in the area where the forming zone changes into the compaction zone. Actuating means are located in the compaction zone and apply actuating forces against the outside surface of the baffle to cause the baffle to automatically adjust the convergence angle in response to changes in pulp mat thickness.

Abstract: For a paper, board or similar fibrous web making machine, a flowbox comprising an enclosed explosion chamber having upstream and downstream walls converging from a top wall toward a bottom wall, the stock inlet being directed at the downstream wall adjacent the region of convergence. A stock outlet is provided by non-divergent upper and lower plates defining an exit slice, the lower plate being a continuation of the bottom wall and the lower plate being shorter than the upper plate.

Abstract: A head box for use with a cylinder type papermaking machine which includes a dispersion chamber having a fiber stock discharge outlet disposed adjacent the surface of the cylinder mold. A lid element extends downstream from the stock outlet in spaced relation to the cylinder mold and has a trailing edge portion capable of flexing to maintain a desired pressure within a pressurized stock formation area established between the lid element and the mold surface notwithstanding pressure changes within the dispersion chamber. Means are provided to selectively vary the spatial relationship of the lid element relative to the surface of the cylinder mold.

Abstract: A paper making machine including a hollow cylinder rotatable in a predetermined direction having a porous surface, a mesh wrapped around the cylinder, an outer band partially surrounding the cylinder and together with the mesh forming an inlet aperture, a nozzle for spraying suspended matter into the aperture, and a housing formed with a plurality of chambers disposed and open on a side facing the cylinder surrounded by the outer band, successive chambers in the direction of operative rotation of the cylinder being increasingly pressurized, the entire inner surface of the cylinder being subjected to a uniform pressure smaller than the pressure exerted on the part thereof surrounded by the outer band.

Abstract: A web-forming method and apparatus particularly suited for cellulose pulp. The web is initially formed on a rotary wire cylinder which has a horizontal axis and a crest situated at the highest part of the cylinder over the horizontal axis, the cylinder during rotation thus having an upwardly travelling side which turns upwardly toward the crest and a downwardly travelling side which turns downwardly from the crest. At the upwardly travelling side of the cylinder is a headbox having its slice situated adjacent the crest for projecting onto the rotating cylinder a pulp slurry jet at a speed greater than the peripheral speed of the cylinder, so that the deposited pulp slurry will start to form a web while turning with the cylinder up to and then downwardly from the crest thereof. An outer wire has a portion wrapped partially around the cylinder, through an angle of at least 180.degree.

Abstract: A former for cylinder mold, paper making, machines, of the type now known as B.R.D.A., and having a pressure lid, an explosion chamber with a central imperforate baffle, and a manifold feeding stock to the chamber is characterized by the flow box unitarily containing an explosion chamber separated from a tapered manifold by an apertured plate. Stock is directed from the plate apertures in a direction normal to the baffle for improved mixing. The pressure lid includes a forward cantilevered tip end with a predetermined tip clearance, and is unusually elongated to increase drainage effect. The lower plate of the slice is rubber with an inner bulb and it is slidable axially outward for replacement. The curvature and clearances of the lid are changeable during operation and the lid acts as an adjustable gate for controlling pooling under the lid.

Abstract: Sifting drum paper machine having a sifting drum with a pulp material inlet located at the outside thereof and suction chambers disposed in the interior thereof, includes a measurement of pressure in the vicinity of a paper web-forming part on the surface of the drum, the pressure measurements being used to control the quantity of diluent water to the supply of pulp material to the pulp material inlet in response to an adjustment value fed thereto and corresponding to the measured pressure.

Abstract: A wire is passed over the suction breast roll between the formed paper web and the doffer belt or the previously formed paper webs and doffer belt. The doffer felt is disposed in an unencumbered fashion over each of a plurality of consecutive suction breast rolls. The wire is removed from the web at a downstream point outside the dewatering influence of each breast roll. Stripping of the wire from the paper web is aided by various suction devices or couch rolls at this latter point.

Abstract: The pressure at the breast box which is dependent on the dehydration capacity of the stock is measured and a measurement signal obtained which is used to regulate the paper machine. The pressure can be measured from the stock in the breast box, or where the pressure on the underside of the fleece on the suction roll is dependent on the pressure in the box, the pressure on the underside of the fleece can be used to obtain the measurement signal. Various components of the machine can be regulated by the obtained signal to produce a uniform paper.