Abstract: Building panels and a method to produce such panels including a solid decorative surface having a decorative wear layer including fibres, binders, colour substance, wear resistant particles and a digital ink print.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting biomass to fuels and/or valuable chemicals. The process comprises the steps of a) activating biomass to make it more susceptible to conversion; c) partially converting the biomass to a solubilized material; and d) subjecting the unconverted biomass to a second conversion step. The process optionally comprises a step b) of adding a solvent to the activated biomass. In a preferred embodiment the solubilized biomass obtained in step c) is removed before the unconverted biomass is subjected to step d).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated method for producing cellulose and at least one low-molecular-weight reusable material, in which a starting material containing lignocellulose is provided and subjected to a decomposition with a processing medium. A fraction enriched with cellulose and a fraction depleted of cellulose is then isolated from the decomposition material, the depleted fraction of cellulose being subjected to a treatment during which at least one low-molecular-weight reusable material is obtained.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for lignocellulosic conversion to sugar using an ionic liquid pretreatment for the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, cellulose, hemicellulose, when hydrolyzed into their sugars, can be converted to ethanol fuel through well-established fermentation technologies. These sugars also form the feedstocks for production of a variety of chemical and polymers. The complex structure of the biomass required pretreatment to enable efficient saccharification of cellulose and hemicellulose components to their constituent sugars.

Abstract: A method for the production of fermentable sugars and high viscosity cellulose from lignocellulosic material in a batch or continuous process is provided. Lignocellulosic material is fractionated in a fashion that cellulose is removed as pulp, cooking chemicals can be reused, lignin is separated for the production of process energy, and hemicelluloses are converted into fermentable sugars, while fermentation inhibitors are removed. High yield production of alcohols or organic acids can be obtained from this method using the final reaction step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the conversion of solid biomass to liquid fuels and specialty chemicals. The process utilizes an activating step to make the biomass more susceptible to conversion, that is the biomass is broken down such that the components of the biomass are dissociated. Subsequently, the activated biomass undergoes a reaction to convert it to a bio-oil.

Abstract: A process for bleaching mechanical wood pulp is provided comprising subjecting the wood pulp to at least one bleaching stage with one or more bleaching agents in the presence of one or more optical brightening agent, wherein the bleaching agents are selected from the group consisting of oxidative bleaching agents other than chlorine based bleaching agents such as chlorine dioxide, elemental chlorine or a combination thereof, reductive bleaching agents or any combination of two or more thereof.

Abstract: A method for preparing biomass for slurry processing. The method includes solubilizing the solid material into either a dissolved state or a suspended solid in a liquid phase, and treating the liquid phase to produce chemicals and fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions and methods that involve ionic liquids and biomass. Multiphasic compositions involving ionic liquids and a polymer and uses of such compositions for fractioning various components of biomass are disclosed. Methods of making and using compositions comprising an ionic liquid, biomass, and a catalyst are also disclosed.

Abstract: Thermosetting adhesive compositions for use in e.g., particleboard or fiberboard, wherein the compositions comprise a blend of a protein-based component and a polymeric quaternary amine cure accelerant, can provide the fast tack-building and curing, as well as ultimately good bonding characteristics normally associated with synthetic resin compositions. Preferably, the polymeric quaternary amine cure accelerant is the reaction product of a polyamidoamine and epichlorohydrin.

Abstract: Wood chips having low bleachability are impregnated with a chemical liquor at a pH range of 7-12 in aqueous solution and the chemical liquor from the impregnated chips is drained, whereby extractives contained in the chips and consuming bleaching agents can be removed to improve the effect of bleaching agents in a subsequent bleaching step. Bleached mechanical pulp is prepared by defibration by primary refining—bleaching—beating by secondary refining wherein pulp fibers are washed after defibrating wood chips having low bleachability and before bleaching the pulp fibers, whereby the amount of bleaching agents used can be reduced and bleached mechanical pulp having a Hunter brightness of 45-65% after secondary refining can be obtained.

Abstract: A method for bleaching cellulosic pulp is disclosed, with one embodiment revealing a three-step bleaching method for cellulosic pulp comprising an activating bleach step, an alkaline peroxide step, and a reductive bleach step. The cellulosic pulp treated according to the present invention may possess a greater GE brightness gain than if treated according to conventional methods, while not suffering a significant loss of lignin. The cellulosic pulp may comprise recycled fibers, including those with high groundwood content. The bleaching method may also decrease the pH of the pulp.

Abstract: A process for bleaching mechanical wood pulp is provided comprising subjecting the wood pulp to at least one bleaching stage with one or more bleaching agents in the presence of one or more optical brightening agent, wherein the bleaching agents are selected from the group consisting of oxidative bleaching agents other than chlorine based bleaching agents such as chlorine dioxide, elemental chlorine or a combination thereof, reductive bleaching agents or any combination of two or more thereof.

Abstract: The invention concerns a simplified method for the continuous cooking of wood raw material in the form of sawdust for the production of cellulose pulp, The method does not require any thickening stages and can be carried out with a minimum of process equipment. The complete process can be established with a steaming vessel, a cooking vessel and a subsequent pressure diffuser while the sawdust is mixed with the cooking fluid to form a slurry. The slurry has a consistency that throughout the process does not exceed 20%. The maximum consistency is preferably held at a maximum consistency of about 15-17%.

Abstract: A pulp product that has a low COD is comprised of an unbleached pulp that is soaked and washed in alkaline water for a sufficient time so that the COD after soaking and washing is less than or equal to 3.0 kg/1000 kg of dry pulp. The pulp is produced by repetitively soaking and washing an unbleached pulp in alkaline water that is never allowed to drop below pH 7.0. The pulp is soaked and washed for a total of at least 400 minutes at an elevated temperature to produce the pulp product that has a low COD.

Abstract: Enzymatic methods are provided for determining the surface triglycerides content in a sample of wood pulp. The methods preferably comprise reacting triglycerides which are present on the surface of the wood pulp fibers in the sample in the presence of a lipase to form glycerol and fatty acids, and then determining the difference between the amount of free glycerol present in the sample and the amount of glycerol formed from said triglycerides. The method is useful as a quick, portable, accurate, and low cost assay for assessing the amount of triglycerides present at various sample points in pulp and paper mills, which advantageously serves as a diagnostic tool for use in controlling the undesirable deposition of pitch during the papermaking process.

Abstract: Methods of bleaching mechanical pulp under alkaline conditions with hydrogen peroxide. The methods include introducing a source of magnesium ions and hydroxyl ions to a refiner. The wood particulates are refined into a pulp in the presence of the magnesium ions and hydroxyl ions, and optionally perhydroxyl ions to simultaneously refine and bleach the pulp in a refiner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of lignocellulosic substrates having a high digestibility. This process consists in bringing said lignocellulosic substrates, which have been ground beforehand and optionally moistened in the case of dry substrates, in a stirred reactor, into contact with ozone produced from a carrier gas, the ozone being present in the carrier gas in a concentration of between 80 and 200 g/m3 NTP, with a residence time of between 8 and 40 min in said reactor.

Abstract: The use of low specific gravity wood from thinning operations, for example, will produce a lower brownstock viscosity for a given kappa number target. A differential of 200-cP falling ball pulp viscosity has been detected from Kraft cooks of low and high specific gravity wood. Using low specific gravity wood can reduce the bleach stage temperature and the chemical dose needed in the bleach plant to produce lyocell pulp specifications. Low specific gravity wood also increases the ability to reduce pulp viscosity to very low levels without increasing the copper number of the pulp or the concentration of carbonyl in the pulp above acceptable levels.

Abstract: The present invention aims firstly to provide a novel technique capable of preparing bleached pulp having high brightness from materials having low bleachability containing high levels of extractives and secondly to provide a technique capable of reducing the amount of bleaching agents used in processes for preparing bleached mechanical pulps.

Abstract: A method of making bleached mechanical pulps is disclosed for pulping mills having a primary and a secondary refiner. A first step is to provide cellulosic materials, such as wood chips to refine into the pulp; the wood chips have an initial brightness level. A second step is to provide a bleaching liquor to the refining system of the pulp mill, wherein the liquor comprises an amount of hydrogen peroxide and an amount of alkali having greater than 0% to 100% magnesium hydroxide or soda ash or a combination thereof. A third step is to hold the pulp with the bleaching liquor at a temperature in the range of about 85° to about 160° C. and for about 2 to about 180 minutes. The components of the bleach liquor can be added at the first refiner or interstage between refiners.

Abstract: A method of processing papermaking fiber includes characterizing the initial color of the pulp and the color of the pulp after treatment with a phloroglucinol stain. The color response of the pulp to the stain has been found to be a better indicator of processing needs for secondary pulps in particular and in any event is selective for untreated groundwood as opposed to conventional groundwood identification methods. The color difference is used to target a suitable product for the pulp, to aid in bleaching/deinking strategy or to enable optimization of fiber blending for particular products. In a preferred embodiment the process includes determining changes in CIE L*, a*, b* and brightness values before and after staining of the pulp.

Abstract: A method to enhance brightness in Chemical and Mechanical bleached pulps comprising adding an organic sulfide chelant to the Chemical and Mechanical pulp.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of furfural, furfuryl alcohol, low molecular weight phenols and/or cellulose or a cellulose-rich material from a lignocellulosic material comprising: feeding a carrier gas into a reaction chamber to facilitate a fluidised bed effect and to carry reaction products and residues away from the reactor via entrainment; introducing a feedstock comprising particulate lignocellulosic material of a predetermined particle size into the reaction chamber; degrading the feedstock in the reaction chamber under an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a temperature of from 250° C. to 320° C.; and quenching the degraded feedstock and carrier gas to deposit solid residue entrained in the carrier gas and to condense a liquid product.

Abstract: Pulps or papers, especially chemimechanical or thermomechanical pulps or papers, which still contain lignin, have enhanced resistance to yellowing when they contain an effective stabilizing amount of a hindered amine compound which preferably is a nitroxide, a hydroxylamine or an ammonium salt thereof. This performance is often further enhanced by the presence of one or more coadditives selected from the group consisting of the UV absorbers, the polymeric inhibitors, the nitrones, the fluorescent whitening agents, metal chelating agents, sulfur containing stabilizers, metal salts and diene compounds. Combinations of nitroxides, hydroxylamines or their salts, benzotriazole or benzophenone UV absorbers and a metal chelating agent are particularly effective. Selected derivatives of 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-ol and selected hydroxylamine salts are novel compounds and are surprisingly effective for this purpose.

Abstract: Pulps or papers, especially chemimechanical or thermomechanical pulps or papers, which still contain lignin, have enhanced resistance to yellowing when they contain an effective stabilizing amount of a hindered amine compound which preferably is a nitroxide, a hydroxylamine or an ammonium salt thereof. This performance is often further enhanced by the presence of one or more coadditives selected from the group consisting of the UV absorbers, the polymeric inhibitors, the nitrones, the fluorescent whitening agents, metal chelating agents, sulfur containing stabilizers, metal salts and diene compounds. Combinations of nitroxides, hydroxylamines or their salts, benzotriazole or benzophenone UV absorbers and a metal chelating agent are particularly effective. Selected derivatives of 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol and selected hydroxylamine salts are novel compounds and are surprisingly effective for this purpose.

Abstract: A process for final bleaching cellulose-containing pulp which has been subjected to previous bleaching with a peroxide compound. The process involves the sequential steps of exposing the pulp to an amount of a reducing agent in order to eliminate residual peroxide compound from the pulp and then final bleaching the pulp by exposing the pulp to an amount of formamidine sulfinic acid.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for producing a paper web. According to the method a stock is produced from the fibrous raw material and the stock is formed to a web which is dried on a paper machine. According to the invention the stock is formed from a mechanical pulp prepared from wood material of the Populus family and from bleached chemical spruce pulp, whereby the amount of the mechanical pulp is 20 to 70 weight-% and the amount of the bleached chemical softwood pulp is 80 to 30 weight-% of the dry matter of the stock. It is preferred to use an aspen pulp, over 70% of the fiber fractions of which comprise fiber fractions +100, +200 and −200, and the proportion of the −200 fraction is 45% or less. A coated fine paper can be produced from the paper web whose properties are better than those of a traditional fine paper having the corresponding bulk and grammage, on the same capacity level the paper produced by the invention will give a yield gain of up to more than 20%.

Abstract: Chemical cellulose pulp is made from sawdust utilizing a static down-flow retention vessel. By adding steam and cooking liquor to a flow of sawdust a heated slurry, at a cooking temperature of about 250-350° F., is produced. The heated slurry is, at superatmospheric pressure, moved downwardly in the static down-flow retention vessel while cooking temperature is maintained, for a time period of about 0.5-6 (preferably 1 to 3) hours, the slurry having a consistency of about 5-30%. At superatmospheric pressure, without significant reduction in pressure from the retention vessel, the slurry is cooled to well below cooking temperature by diffusing cooling liquid through it, as in a conventional pressure diffuser. The discharge from the retention vessel is preferably substantially solely gravity action (e.g. using a discharge with single convergence and side relief).

Abstract: The strength properties of chemical cellulose pulp (particularly kraft pulp) are improved by substituting a cold impregnation soak for conventional impregnation procedures. After steaming, wood chips are soaked in an alkaline liquid at a temperature of about 80-110° C. (preferably 80-100° C., or 90-105° C.) for between one-half-72 hours (typically about 2-4 hours) at a pressure of about 0-15 bar (preferably about 1-5 bar), to dissolve at least about 8% of the wood (preferably about 10-20%) and at least about 15% of the lignin. The alkaline liquid used preferably contains sulfide (e.g. black liquor, green liquor, white liquor, or mixtures thereof), but almost any alkaline liquid having an alkali concentration of about 1.0 mole of NaOH/liter or less (typically about 0.75 m/l or less) is suitable. The wood chips are then raised to a cooking temperature of about 145-180° C. and cooked to produce the cellulose chemical pulp.

Abstract: A paper bulking promoter containing a compound represented by the following formula (1) with which a highly bulky sheet can be obtained without impairing paper strength: RO(EO)m(PO)nH  (1) wherein R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms or an alkylaryl group in which the alkyl group has 4 to 20 carbon atoms; E represents an ethylene group; P represents a propylene group; m indicates the average number of moles added in the range of 0≦m≦20; and n is a number in the range of 0≦n≦50; provided that the EO and PO groups may have any of block and random arrangements and may begin with any of EO and PO.

Abstract: Pulps or papers, especially chemimechanical or thermomechanical pulps or papers, which still contain lignin, have enhanced resistance to yellowing when they contain an effective stabilizing amount of a hindered amine compound which preferably is a nitroxide, a hydroxylamine or an ammonium salt thereof. This performance is often further enhanced by the presence of one or more coadditives selected from the group consisting of the UV absorbers, the polymeric inhibitors, the nitrones, the fluorescent whitening agents, metal chelating agents, sulfur containing stabilizers, metal salts and diene compounds. Combinations of nitroxides, hydroxylamines or their salts, benzotriazole or benzophenone UV absorbers and a metal chelating agent are particularly effective. Selected derivatives of 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-ol and selected hydroxylamine salts are novel compounds and are surprisingly effective for this purpose.

Abstract: Wood products of superior strength are produced from wood particulates that have been extracted with a solvent to remove volatile organic compounds and a significant proportion of pitch from the wood particulates. The products are especially resistant to weakening caused by water immersion. As a consequence of the enhanced strength and stiffness of the composites, wood products may be made thinner, and of lighter weight, for the same equivalent strength and stiffness at lower cost. The process of drying the particulate raw material and forming the composite wood products, by subjecting to heat and pressure, are virtually free from emissions of volatile organic compounds into the environment.

Abstract: Enzyme compositions containing thermostabile xylanases of Chaetomium thermophilum, purified enzyme preparations of such xylanases, and the use of such compositions and preparations in the bleaching of plant pulp and in feed and baking applications are described.

Abstract: A process for the bleaching of kraft pulps with non-chlorine chemicals, employing a sequential reaction of oxidative enzymes and hydrogen peroxide. The kraft pulp can be from conventional or extended pulping, or from an oxygen delignification step. The enzyme reaction is monitored by methanol release which results from the demethylation of lignin. The process essentially comprises three steps. The first step is the oxidation of kraft pulp either with manganese peroxidase enzyme in the presence of Mn(II) salts, hydrogen peroxide and chelator, or with laccase enzyme preferably in the presence of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), or a combination of both enzymes in a crude mixture as typically produced by certain fungi. The Mn(II) salts and chelator may already be present in sufficient amount in the pulp. This first step is performed at an acidic pH, and moderate temperatures for a period of time between 30 and 240 minutes.

Abstract: The invention relates to reinforcing and/or process fibers based on plant fibers, obtainable thereby that plant fibers from which the wood components have been removed are treated with an aqueous solution of at least one metal compound selected among metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, thiosulfates, sulfites, silicates or phosphates, subsequently washed and treated with an inorganic or organic binding agent or the fibers which have not been washed are neutralized with a mineral acid or that plant fibers from which the wood components have been removed are treated with an oxidation agent or that non-pretreated plant fibers are treated at 250.degree. to 350.degree. C. with the controlled addition of air so that carbonization of the fibers takes place.

Abstract: A screening system incorporated into the system of sawdust collection for paper producing pulp. An upper and lower range of the sawdust particles is designated as between smaller, strength-inhibiting size particles and larger strength-enhancing size particles. A screen is provided to screen out the smaller size particles. The screen is made out of stainless steel to avoid rusting and corroding and also to more readily pass the moistened smaller size particles. The screen is sloped and agitated to induce shuffling of the sawdust mixture, the process of which results in a separation of about 50% of the particles as rejected smaller size particles and 50% as acceptable larger size particles desirable for paper producing pulp.

Abstract: A process for treating paper pulp using an enzyme composition. An enzyme composition containing cellulases or hemicellulases selected from among those derived from the fungus Humicola insolens and from the bacterium Cellulomonas is made to act upon an aqueous suspesnion of the pulp possessing a given Schopper-Riegler level (SR) according to Standard NFQ 50 003. This procedure is particularly useful for treating a recycled fiber-based paper pulp having a pH of at least 5.

Abstract: Resin is removed from mechanical pulps, such as TMP, CTMP, and the like, in a quick and simple manner. Mechanical pulp at a consistency of about 7-20 percent (preferably 8-15 percent) is subjected to high turbulence. The high turbulence may be effected by fluidizing the pulp, as in a centrifugal fluidizing pump, or otherwise by subjecting it to high turbulence as in a mixer, screen, or disc mill refiner. By subjecting the pulp to high turbulence treatment for a time period of about 0.2-10 seconds, resin removal is greatly enhanced, and in subsequent dewatering of the pulp a pressate is formed which has a higher concentration of resin in the pressate than in pressates produced by conventional processes. After dewatering the pulp is preferably diluted (again to about 7-20 percent consistency), and the turbulence and dewatering steps are repeated. Chemicals to improve deresination can be added to the pulp while it is subjected to high turbulence.

Abstract: Anfractuous cellulose fibers exhibiting exceptional high bulking properties are produced by treatment of dry hammermilled wood cellulose fibers with anhydrous liquid ammonia at substantially atmospheric pressure. Fibrous webs of enhanced bulk are produced by preparing an aqueous furnish comprising at least ten percent by weight ammonia treated anfractuous fibers in admixture with conventional papermaking fibers.

Abstract: A method is described for increasing the brightness of reductively bleached high yield pulps, comprising bleaching the pulps with a reductive bleaching solution under anaerobic conditions and maintaining the bleached pulps under anaerobic conditions during all handling steps subsequent to bleaching, including paper formation, wet pressing, and drying of the paper formed therefrom. The bleached paper has higher brightness than the same paper produced under aerobic conditions, and the bleaching and handling-derived portion of this higher brightness is retained after storage of the finished paper.

Abstract: A multistage process for bleaching high-yield and ultra high-yield pulps is described whereby the pulp is treated sequentially with a peroxygen compound, a reducing compound and a final peroxygen compound to achieve higher brightness levels.

Abstract: Mechanical pulp is bleached by a treatment with hydrogen peroxide wherein prior to or simultaneously with said treatment the mechanical pulp is subject to an oxygen pressure.

Abstract: A method of peroxide bleaching lignocellulose-containing material for providing a pulp of both high strength and brightness. Increase in strength is provided in a first stage by hyper-alkaline peroxide bleaching known per se, i.e. bleaching carried out at an initial pH of over 12, measured in the bleaching liquid at 24.degree. C. before mixing into the pulp. The desired brightness increase is provided in a subsequent stage with or without intermediate washing of the pulp and at a lower initial pH.

Abstract: A two-stage pulp refining system in which the fibrous material from the first stage refiner is in contact with an alkaline bleaching solution between refining stages at a temperature of 32.degree.-96.degree. C. and at a consistency of 15-25% on an oven dry basis. The material is then diluted and then pressed to a consistency of at least 20% and passes through the second stage refiner.

Abstract: A two stage sulfonation system includes a mixing tank, a retention tank, a thickening press, a pressurized vessel, and a liquor recovery press in series relation.The system is designed to receive mechanical pulp, in a slurry form, first introduced into the mixing tank simultaneously with a metered charge of sodium sulfite solution from the holding tank, the sodium sulfite content of which is at a level from about 40 to about 200 g/l. The solution is mixed into the slurry to provide a relatively uniform and intimate contact thereof with its fiber content. This slurry is transferred to the retention tank and there held subject to a sub-boiling temperature between 140 to 210 degrees F., producing a first stage sulfonation of the fiber content. The slurry is then passed to the pressurized vessel, in the course of which it is subjected to a pressing action, extracting liquor which inherently contains a majority of the original sodium sulfite charge directed to the mixing tank.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for the treatment of comminuted cellulosic fibrous material to effect prehydrolysis, and then subsequently kraft digestion, thereof, to produce paper pulp. The material is steamed, entrained in liquid to form a suspension, and transferred by a high pressure feeder in a first circulation loop to the top of a first vertical vessel. At the top of the vessel, a liquid/solids separator is provided, and the liquid withdrawn from the top of the first vessel into the return conduit of the first circulation loop includes recoverable hydrolysate (which contains hemicellulose, sugars, and the like). In the first vessel, countercurrent acid hydrolysis takes place in the top of the vessel, and a countercurrent wash is effected in the bottom of the vessel. A part of the liquid in the return conduit of the first circulatory loop is diverted to one or more flash tanks, to produce steam and a liquid with a high concentration of hydrolysate.

Abstract: Cellulose fibres such as wood pulp are made more suitable for reinforcement of cement products by a treatment which reduces their swelling in aqueous and alkaline mediums. The fibres are dispersed in water, allowed to swell, and impregnated with a solution of a titanium and/or zirconium chelate compound. After drying, the fibres are heated to react the chelate compound(s) with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose fibres, preferably to produce cross-linking between hydroxyl group residues.The treated fibres are more stable in cement media, and, despite their increased hydrophobicity, are dispersible in cement slurries to give good web formation in the manufacture of cement products such as sheet. They impart improved flexural strength and modulus to cement products compared with untreated cellulose reinforcing fibres.

Abstract: At least substantially, if not entirely, undried comminutated fibrous plant cellulosic materials, particularly "wet" sawdust, is made into integrally bonded composition and shaped and fabricated articles therefrom using an inexpensive, exceptionally and adequately hydrophylic binder which under certain conditions and in particularized situations may be prepared with minimized (and sometimes even no or essentially no) artificially-induced thermal drying requirements in or for the production of cohesively-resultant, particulate-containing artificial wood and equivalent products capable of replacing natural stock; the binder constituent for the accomplishment of same being, for example and without limitation(s), ordinary household bleach (i.e., aqueous sodium hypochlorite) composition(s) and its like, more-strongly-concentrated preparations and/or possible equivalents thereof and substitutes therefor such as bleach powder (i.e.

Abstract: A high yield chemithermomechanical (CTMP) process for obtaining high strength hardwood pulps is disclosed wherein hardwood chips are subjected to a two-stage chemical treatment prior to defibration, the first consisting of chip impregnation and reaction with an alkaline liquor followed by a second stage treatment with sulfite and/or bisulfite; in one embodiment peroxide is added to the alkaline liquor to enhance brightness.