Abstract: A method has the steps of forming a metal mold with a specific scale, feeding molten material with a desired temperature into the cylinder, injecting the molten material into the impression at a specific speed, and cooling the molten material to solidify. With such a method, a cap without draft allowance is formed, such that the process for forming the cap is simple and the cost for manufacturing the cap low.

Abstract: Molten aluminum alloy at a temperature between Tl and Tl+60° C. is contacted with a cooling unit to form a semi-solid melt portion containing primary particles, and is maintained at a temperature between (Tl−Ts)/2+Ts and Tl+40° C. by the cooling unit. The semi-solid melt portion is conveyed to a holding furnace where it is maintained at a solid-liquid coexisting temperature for a time that allows the primary particles to grow and stabilize in a globularized state.

Abstract: A heat sink of metal material, in particular a light metal alloy, for semi-conductor elements or similar components, has plate-like cooling ribs projecting from a base plate at intervals (f) and approximately parallel to each other, protrude with a connection strip into the base plate in which they are cast. A molding tool designed for production of the heat sink includes a casting mold with a mold chamber for the base plate. The mold chamber contains an area to receive the connection strips of the cooling ribs. Two parallel side walls of the casting mold and intermediate layers arranged parallel between them, each defining a receiver gap, are arranged displaceably on at least one shaft passing through them. The walls can be moved to produce the compact casting mold after insertion of the cooling ribs in the receiver gaps.

Abstract: Magnetic materials having a coercivity not less than about 1000 Oersted are prepared in a single step procedure. A molten mixture of a desired composition having a relatively high boron content is cooled at a rate slower than about 105 degrees Celsius per second. Preferably, the molten mixture is cooled by depositing it on a chilled surface such that it forms a layer between about 120 and about 300, and preferably between about 120 and about 150, microns thick.

Abstract: Tuning of turbine bucket torsional and stripe mode natural frequencies can be effected without altering any turbine bucket physical features, such as weight and/or shape, and without affecting flexure frequencies. The tuning of certain turbine bucket natural frequencies serves to avoid detrimental blade resonance, thus improving the reliability of a gas turbine. The method includes investment casting the turbine bucket with a single crystal alloy, and tuning the natural frequency of the turbine bucket without modifying physical features of the turbine bucket by placing a crystal seed along a desired direction according to a relative orientation of an engine axial direction.

Abstract: A mold for casting a vehicle wheel includes a plurality of mold members that cooperate to define a mold cavity. The mold cavity includes an annular rim cavity for casting a wheel rim and a disc cavity for casting a wheel disc. The mold members define a central axis and have a passageway for introducing molten metal into the rim cavity. The rim cavity has a radial width that changes in a circumferential direction between a maximum width portion of the rim cavity located proximally relative to the passageway, and a minimum width portion of the rim cavity located distally relative to the passageway. In a method for casting a vehicle wheel, a mold as described above is provided. Molten metal is introduced through the passageway into the rim cavity to fill the mold cavity and form a wheel casting. The wheel casting is allowed to cool sufficiently to solidify the metal.

Abstract: A ceramic investment shell mold is reinforced with a carbon based fibrous reinforcement having an extremely high tensile strength that increases as the mold temperature is increased especially within the range of casting temperatures employed for casting large directionally solidified industrial gas turbine components. The carbon based fibrous reinforcement is wrapped or otherwise positioned around the repeating ceramic slurry/stucco layers forming the intermediate thickness of the shell mold wall. The reinforced shell mold can be used to cast large directionally solidified industrial gas turbine components with accurate dimensional control.

Abstract: Processes for providing enhanced thermal properties of tooling, particularly metal and metal/ceramic molds, made by solid free form fabrication techniques, such as the three dimensional printing process, and the tooling made by these processes are disclosed. The methods of enhancing thermal properties include incorporating integral contour coolant channels into the mold, adding surface textures to the coolant channels, creating high thermal conductivity paths between the surfaces and the coolant channels, and creating low thermal inertia regions in the mold.

Abstract: By putting molten metal in contact with a cooling unit, at least a portion of the molten metal is made to rapidly cool into a semi-solid state and the molten metal is made to be held within a semi-molten temperature zone for a given time.

Abstract: A casting method includes the steps of cooling a molten metal to form a metal slurry containing a solid phase, cooling the metal slurry to form a solid metal material and heating the metal material to a semi-melted metal material and supplying it into a mold. A casting apparatus includes a first device for cooling a molten metal to form a metal slurry containing a solid phase and a second device for cooling the metal slurry to form a solid metal material. The metal material is then heated to a semi-melted state and the resultant metal material is poured into a mold. A method for manufacturing a metal material being heated to a semi-melted state and then supplied into a mold, includes the steps of cooling a molten metal to form a metal slurry containing a solid phase and cooling the metal slurry to form a solid metal material.

Abstract: A ceramic investment shell mold is reinforced with a carbon based fibrous reinforcement having an extremely high tensile strength that increases as the mold temperature is increased especially within the range of casting temperatures employed for casting large directionally solidified industrial gas turbine components. The carbon based fibrous reinforcement is wrapped or otherwise positioned around the repeating ceramic slurry/stucco layers forming the intermediate thickness of the shell mold wall. The reinforced shell mold can be used to cast large directionally solidified industrial gas turbine components with accurate dimensional control.

Abstract: In order to produce castings from cast iron with foliated graphite, the carbon content of the cast iron can be set at between approximately 3 and 4% by controlling the melting process of the type and/or operation of the melting furnace. The molten mass is then cast in a sand-casting or lost-form method. During conventional cooling, the known mechanical properties of the cooled cast are set. In order to improve these mechanical properties in terms of hardness and strength, the casting is released from its mold at a temperature ranging from 1,100° C. to 800° C. and is immediately subjected to a cooling treatment by being blasted with an air flow in order to cool it to below 723° C. in a given amount of time. The casting, in selected regions, is cooled to below 723° C. by specific intermittent bursts of air in a relatively short amount of time in order to produce a harder structure. The cooling treatment is stopped when the temperature at the eutectoid line of the iron-carbon diagram is reached.

Abstract: An ingot plate (10) of cleaveable thermoelectric material has a layered structure having substantially parallel cleavage planes. Substantially all of the cleavage planes are disposed at a less cleavage angle with respect to the upper and lower faces (11, 12) of the plate. The ingot plate can be successfully cut into bars (20) along cutting planes generally perpendicular to the cleavage planes without causing substantial interlayer fracture. Electrodes (25) are formed on the opposite sides of the bar which are defined by the cutting planes. The bar is in use to be cut into a number of discrete chips (30) with one of the electrodes fixed on a substrate. Since the cutting is made along planes again generally perpendicular to the cleavage planes of the bar, the bar can be successfully cut into the corresponding chips without causing any substantial fracture.

Abstract: A method for die casting an amorphous metal or alloy using high vacuum die casting machine and die casting parameters effective to produce three dimensional net shape die cast components that retain at least 50 volume % or more amorphous phase in the die cast microstructure. The die cavity is evacuated to a vacuum level of less than 1000 microns through the shot sleeve, a superheated molten amorphous zirconium-copper-nickel-berylium alloy is introduced into the shot sleeve, the plunger is advanced at speeds in the range of 5 inches/second to 500 inches/second to force the molten metal or alloy into a sealed, evacuated die cavity where at least the outer surface or shell of the die cast component can solidify before opening of the dies to break the vacuum seal(s) and expose the cast component to ambient air atmosphere. The die component is removed from the opended dies and quenched in a quenchant medium, such as water, to produce a die cast microstructure including at least 50 volume % amorphous phase.

Abstract: Aluminum parts are cast in a plurality of permanent-type or semi-permanent-type molds, the molds being preheated to a predetermined temperature before starting the casting operation, and being provided with temperature sensors and a logic device which produces a blocking signal for the casting system when the temperature of the mold is below a predetermined casting temperature in order to minimize the number of scrap castings due to uneven or low mold temperature. Hot gases are created and flowed through the interior of the mold, by a burner and hood shaped to fit over at least some mold openings.

Abstract: This invention relates to riser sleeves which contain markings and concentric grooves. The markings are used to as a guide so one can customize the size of the sleeves and the concentric grooves are used to help hold the sleeve in place when it is placed in the mold where it surrounds the riser. The invention also relates to the use of the riser sleeves in the making of metal castings.

Abstract: A process for casting light metals. The process includes preheating ingots of the light metal in a protective atmosphere before being introduced into a melting furnace wherein the molten metal is degassed and filtered before transference in a heated delivery tube to a covered holding furnace. The filtered melt is made quiescent to reduce its kinetic energy and allow inclusions to settle and form a purified melt. A vacuum is applied to a die cavity in a casting press to displace air residing therein with an inert atmosphere. The purified melt is then transferred in a heated delivery tube as a charge to the casting press under the inert atmosphere to prevent burning and formation of accompanying reaction products. Upon cooling, a light metal casting is produced in the absence of air with minimum defects and inclusions.

Abstract: A refractory composite structure is formed which comprises a ductile refractory metallic layer with a roughened surface which is tightly bonded to a refractory composite structural shell. The roughened surface is preferably dendritic in form and produced by chemical vapor deposition techniques. The refractory composite structural shell is preferably a carbon-carbon composite formed by applying a carbon filament preform to the roughened surface, infiltrating the preform with a carbon matrix precursor, and carbonizing the precursor.

Abstract: A method of predicting a grain condition in a directionally solidified casting, comprises generating thermal history data for a directional solidification casting process, determining a plurality of casting process variables that statistically influence a plurality of different grain conditions, identifying each grain condition by determining a function containing values of each selected variable, and categorizing the selected variables with respect to variance among and between the different grain conditions to determine a pattern between the selected variable and the grain conditions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to eutectic alloy systems, such as white irons, in which a primary phase grows out of the melt when the melt is cooled below the liquidus temperature and comprises pouring the molten metal alloy at a temperature at or above the liquidus in a stream into a casting mould to form a casting and introducing a particulate material into the stream of molten metal to extract heat from the molten metal alloy to undercool the molten metal alloy from the pour temperature into the primary phase solidification range between the liquidus and the solidus temperatures of the alloy and thereby initiate primary phase nucleation and restrict primary phase growth. The primary function of the particulate material is to act as a heat sink but the particulate material may at least partially dissolve in the melt and may act as a seeding agent for the primary phase. The invention is described with particular reference to high chromium hypereutectic white irons.

Abstract: A casting charge of a bulk-solidifying amorphous alloy is cast into a mold from a temperature greater than its crystallized melting temperature, and permitted to solidify to form an article. The oxygen content of the casting charge is limited to an operable level, as excessively high oxygen contents produce premature crystallization during the casting operation. During melting, the casting charge is preferably heated to a temperature above a threshold temperature to eliminate heterogeneous crystallization nucleation sites within the casting charge. The casting charge may be cast from above the threshold temperature, or it may be cooled to the casting temperature of more than the crystallized melting point but not more than the threshold temperature, optionally held at this temperature for a period of time, and thereafter cast.

Abstract: To provide a wear resistance comparable with that of the conventional A390 series aluminum alloys, a reduced attacking to a sliding counterpart, and an improved machinability, a wear-resistant cast aluminum alloy comprises: a chemical composition consisting, in weight percentage of: 14.0-16.0 Si, 2.0-5.0 Cu, 0.1-1.0 Mg, 0.3-0.8 Mn, 0.1-0.3 Cr, 0.01-0.20 Ti, 0.003-0.02 P, 1. 5 or less Fe, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities in which the Ca content is limited to not more than 0.005; and a microstructure in which a primary Si crystal and Al-Si-Fe-MnCr-based intermetallic compounds are dispersed in the form of a crystallized particle having a diameter of from 5 to 30 gm. A process of producing a wear-resistant cast aluminum alloy includes casting a melt of the alloy composition at a cooling rate of from 50.degree. to 200.degree. C./sec.

Abstract: Metallic bodies are heated up to a predetermined temperature between the solidus and the liquidus to produce a semisolid state by supplying the metallic bodies with different amounts of energy over time. The metallic bodies are initially heated with a higher amount of energy, whereafter the supply of energy is lowered. Varying amounts of energy may also be employed to control the desired temperature as a function of shaping pressure or cycle time of the shaping machine.

Abstract: This invention provides a glassy metal-suction casting method capable of readily and conveniently producing a large-sized amorphous material with excellent properties as an amorphous material. Such an object of the invention is attained by filling a metal material in a mold cooled with water; melting said metal material by using a high-energy heat source which is capable of rapidly melting said metal material; and introducing the resulting molten metal instantaneously into a vertically extending water-cooled mold provided below said mold by using a difference in gas pressure or gravity to move the metal melt at a high speed and attain a high quenching rate to thereby enable the production of a glassy metal ingot of a large size.

Abstract: A temperature profile is determined of a metal sample for the metal to be converted to establish a temperature range indicative of a partially solid and partially liquid state of the metal. With this temperature profile, a metal preform is heated at a controlled rate from a temperature below the temperature range to a temperature within the range defined by the temperature profile to achieve a select percent by volume of liquid in the metal. This controlled heating to a desired temperature, which may be at a uniform rate, followed by holding at the desired temperature, thermally converts a dendritic structure of the material into a globular structure. The thermally converted metal preform is then recovered for subsequent use such as shaping into a desired article.

Abstract: A magnesium or aluminum alloy melt having a composition within maximum solubility limits is poured into a mold at a temperature exceeding the alloy liquidus line, but not higher by more than 30.degree. C., the melt is cooled at a rate of at least 1.0.degree. C./sec to form a billet, the billet is heated at a rate of at least 0.5.degree. C./min in a range bound by the alloy solubility line and the alloy solidus line and further heated to a temperature above the alloy solidus line and is maintained at that temperature for 5 to 60 minutes, thereby spheroidizing primary crystals thereof, the billet is then further heated to a temperature below the alloy liquidus line and the semi-solid billet is shaped under pressure. Alternatively, a hypo-eutectic aluminum alloy melt having a composition at or above maximum solubility limits is poured into a billet-forming mold at a temperature exceeding the alloy liquidus line, but not higher by more than 30.degree. C. and the melt is cooled at a rate of at least 1.0.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for casting long thin metal articles is described. A particular embodiment is directed to the casting of seals that are used in the low pressure turbine section of a gas turbine engine. The method first involves forming a mold, and then preheating the mold so that the temperature towards the upper portion of the mold is close to the liquidus temperature of the metal composition being cast. The temperature of the bottom portion of the mold is below the solidus temperature of the metal alloy composition. After the metal is poured into the mold cavity, the mold heating system preferably is moved at a selected rate so that the portion of the mold being heated by the furnace is slowly decreased. Withdrawal rates slower than about 30 inches per hour produce satisfactory casting results.

Abstract: Apparatus for casting a metal article includes a mold having a mold insert provided by cooperating shell and insert core which defines a coolant flow passageway. The insert has a portion disposed adjacent to the mold cavity and, in a preferred embodiment, defines a portion of the mold cavity. The passageway portion disposed adjacent to the mold defining surface of the insert has turbulence inducing elements which establish turbulence of the coolant as it flows therethrough. In a preferred embodiment, the turbulence inducing elements consist of a plurality of generally parallel elongated ribs oriented generally perpendicular to the axial extent of the turbulence inducing portion of the coolant passageway. The apparatus is particularly advantageous for a die casting having thin wall portions disposed upstream in respect of the direction of metal flow from thick wall portions. A corresponding method is provided.

Abstract: In producing a metal material having a single-phase texture of an amorphous phase, a supercooled liquid having an amorphous composition is first prepared in a melting manner within a large-diameter pipe portion of a quartz pipe. Then, the supercooled liquid is converted into another form by allowing it to flow into a small-diameter pipe portion. The form conversion causes the temperature of the supercooled liquid to rise, so that the temperature of the supercooled liquid is uniformalized by this temperature-increase effect, thereby inhibiting the production of non-uniform crystal nuclei. Thereafter, the quartz pipe with the supercooled liquid contained therein is placed into a water bath, where the supercooled liquid is cooled by water and solidified.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for the production of piston castings, and, in particular, a die construction and method of use thereof are described, the die having a crown forming part (18) separable from a skirt forming part (12). In the method, when solidification of the casting occurs to an extent at least enabling the separation of the skirt forming die part therefrom to be allowed, and the die parts (20, 22) are separated, the casting is retained by the crown forming part (18) of the die. After a subsequent process step, such as the solidification of the remainder of the piston casting, and or the cooling of the piston casting by an air blast (64), the solidified piston is removed from the crown forming part of the die.

Abstract: To ensure a well-oriented crystal structure, there is provided a process of producing an oxide superconductor of a Y--Ba--Cu--O system with a composition having an atomic ratio Y:Ba:Cu of 1.0-2.0:2.0-2.5:3.0-3.5, the process comprising the steps of: preparing a semimelt including solid and liquid phases and consisting of Y, Ba, Cu and O in the atomic ratio; and solidifying the semimelt to form the oxide superconductor by so controlling a moving speed of a solidification front to have two components of different values in two perpendicularly intersecting directions.

Abstract: A process of casting a scroll member for a scroll compressor including forming the scroll wrap member portions of equal height. Unequal cooling of the scroll wrap when formed causes the hardness of the wrap to vary from radially outside to radially inside. The radially outside portions of the scroll wrap are formed harder therefore reducing wear-out of the scroll member while the radially inside portions are formed softer, thereby permitting quicker run-in of the scroll set during initial startup of the scroll compressor.

Abstract: A low pressure chill casting method for casting metal components such as cylinder heads or engine blocks of combustion engines or the like, which cast components have wall portions which are locally predominently thinner than in their other regions. In this method, by means of gas pressure, liquid metal is forced from a melt container through a riser tube into a mold. According to the invention, the mold is so arranged that therein the thicker wall portion of the cast component is cast upwardly remote from the gating and the thinner wall portion is cast downwardly in the vicinity of the gating, the liquid metal being introduced at or near the lower region of the mold in the vicinity of the gating into the mold cavity region forming the thinner wall portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the formation of bodies having graded properties. Particularly, the invention provides a method for forming a metal matrix composite body having graded properties. The graded properties are achieved by, for example, locating differing amounts of filler material in different portions of a formed body and/or locating different compositions of filler material in different portions of a formed body and/or locating different sizes of filler materials in different portions of a formed body. In addition, the invention provides for the formation of macrocomposite bodies wherein, for example, an excess of matrix metal can be integrally bonded or attached to a graded metal matrix composite portion of a macrocomposite body.

Abstract: Cast components having reduced porosity levels are produced by pouring a molten metal into a mould which is in a first chamber, and withdrawing the filled mould into a second chamber. The second chamber is then isolated from the first chamber with regard to pressure, and the second chamber is then pressurized with a fluid up to a maximum pressure of 7 MPa for at least part of the time required for solidification of the metal in the mould. The pressure is preferably applied within forty seconds from the finish of pouring of the molten metal, and more preferably within twenty seconds. The still molten state of the metal permits the use of a relatively low pressure to reduce the porosity levels.

Abstract: A foamed pattern of a desired part is first formed. The pattern is then dipped into a ceramic slurry and the slurry dried in order to form a shell containing the foamed pattern. A heated bed of a particulate medium is formed around the ceramic shell which causes the pattern to evaporate and form a mold. A molten metal is then introduced into the mold and solidified while being held at an elevated temperature for a period of time to accomplish a desired heat treatment of the metal. With this method, the casting does not have to be subsequently heat treated in a separate operation. It can be removed as an as cast casting, having the desired microstructures.

Abstract: Al base - Si hypereutetic alloys can exhibit problems of variable and unwanted microstructure throughout the section of the article being cast. This problem is overcome by controlled cooling of the mold in critical areas, to remove or prevent excessive accumulation of heat energy and avoid the formation of intense convection currents in still molten alloy. Consequently, the necessary coupled growth of the Al-Si eutectic is promoted and the resultant microstructure is substantially free of primary Si. The 3HA and modified 3HA alloys of the applicant are considered on the basis of their wear resistance and improved machineability for automotive applications, such as engine blocks and cylinder heads. A first feature of the controlled cooling procedure is supply of coolant to regions in the mold, above and extending from the gate, such that solidification progresses uniformly from the remote regions of the mold spaces towards the gate to give a substantially uniform microstructure throughout the casting.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for countergravity casting a melt employs a particulate mass disposed in a container about a mold having a mold cavity, an ingate passage communicated to the mold cavity for supplying the melt to the mold cavity, and a separate, preformed riser-forming member connected to the mold so as to communicate to an isolated and/or enlarged region of the mold cavity needing additional melt supply during solidification in the mold. The mold ingate passage and a source of the melt are communicated to conduct the melt through the ingate passage to the mold cavity to fill the mold cavity with the melt and form a riser of melt in the particulate mass. The riser of melt provides a source of additional melt for supply, as necessary, to the isolated and/or enlarged region during solidification of the melt in the mold cavity to accommodate melt shrinkage thereat.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to an apparatus for casting comprised of a pressure vessel and means for evacuating and pressurizing the vessel. The evacuating and pressurizing means is in fluidic connection with the vessel. The apparatus is also comprised of a crucible disposed in the pressure vessel within which material is melted. There is a mold disposed in the pressure vessel. Additionally, the apparatus is comprised of means for heating material in the crucible and the mold in the mold chamber such that material is melted in the crucible and stays melted as it is drawn up to the mold chamber while the evacuating and pressurizing means evacuates the vessel, and when it is forced into the mold while the evacuating and pressurizing means charges the vessel. The heating means is disposed in the vessel. The pressurizing means comprises at least one chill line which serves to chill the mold as the vessel is pressurized. The present invention also pertains to a method for casting.

Abstract: In a device for identifying the solid-liquid-interface of a melt while withdrawing the poured full ceramic mold 6 from the heater 7, 8 which at least partially encloses the casting mold 6, the mold 6 is at least partially enclosed by two receiving loops 4, 5 disposed in the inside of the heater 7, 8 and a polarizing transmitting loop 13; the induction or receiving loops 4, 5 are coupled with an electric evaluation circuit 9, 10, 11 and polarizing transmitting loop 13 which is connected to a transmitter 14 sends a signal into the casting mold 6 the level of which is sensed by the receiving loops 4, 5 and the so obtained signals create a value for the solidification of the melt in the casting mold 6 by determining the difference of inductivity between ordered, crystalline and disordered, liquid metal mass.

Abstract: A solidified amorphous alloy material is produced from a melt of its desired metal material. A melt feeding route is provided with a first-stage quenching zone. The melt is quenched to a predetermined temperature in the first-stage quenching zone. The thus-quenched melt is then introduced into a second-stage quenching and solidification zone, whereby the melt is cooled further and solidified into a solidified material having an amorphous phase.

Abstract: A permanent metal mold (12) has a casting cavity (18) within which variable thickness molten metal articles (20) are cast. Portions (26) of the casting cavity walls (16) are formed oversized and lined with sand (44) to conform with the external size and shape of certain thick (46) and thin (48) sections of the cast article (20). The thickness of the sand liner (44) is reversely correlated to the thick (46) and thin (48) sections of the article (20) to cause these sections (46, 48) to cool at different rates in order to achieve an approximately equalized cooling time of these sections (46, 48). Other portions (50, 52) of the casting cavity walls (16) are formed bare of the sand liner (44) and conform with the external size and shape of other corresponding sections (54, 56) of the cast article (20).

Abstract: In a compound semiconductor crystal growth process, the crucible (11) that contains the semiconductor melt is contacted on its opposite surface by a material (26) which, when melted, reacts with the crucible. The reacting material is melted along with the compound semiconductor material and thereafter reacts with the wall (24) of the crucible that contains the semiconductor melt. During the entire growth process, the wall is sufficiently thick to separate the reacting material from the compound semiconductor material, but is sufficiently thin that the reacting material significantly weakens its structural integrity. As a consequence, thermal stresses resulting from differential contraction of the compound semiconductor material and the wall during the cooling step are relieved by fracture of the crucible wall.

Abstract: A heat transfer conduit for extracting heat from a molten metal in transit from a containing vessel or delivery system includes at least two elongate segments separable along separation lines which lie generally in the direction of a longitudinal center line of the conduit, which in use, define a unitary structure. The segments can be disassembled following use for the removal of solidified material and other matter from the conduit interior.

Abstract: An engine bearing having an aluminum-lead bearing alloy and a method of casting such aluminum-lead alloys in which the bimetal lining after bonding of the alloy has no lead gradient and contains no lead ribbons of significant size.

Abstract: MnS is finely dispersed and precipitated in a steel, and the steel obtained has highly improved characteristics such as HAZ toughness, cold cracking resistance, and corrosion resistance. This steel is obtained by continuously casting a component-adjusted molten steel having a dissolved oxygen concentration of 20 to 60 ppm and containing 0.01 to 0.05% by weight of a deoxidizing element, at a specific cooling rate.

Abstract: A mold casting process comprises, after pouring of a molten metal into a mold, rapidly cooling that surface layer of a cast product which is in contact with a mold, and releasing the resulting product from the mold when the surface layer thereof has been converted into a shell-like solidified layer. Such process is used for casting a mechanical part blank and apparatus for carrying out the process is provided.

Abstract: A stream of molten metal is atomized to form a spray and additional cooling is achieved by applying to the stream or spray relatively cold solid particles. The solid particles are preferably injected into the spray and may be formed from overspray particles recycled from the deposition process.

Abstract: A stream of molten metal is atomized to form a spray and additional cooling is provided by applying to the stream or spray relatively cold solid particles. The solid particles are preferably injected into the spray and may be formed from overspray particles recycled from the deposition process.

Abstract: A method of producing monolithic metal blanks by freezing-on techniques resides in that the surface of a liquid metal melt is heated with the formation of a variable temperature field, defined by the temperature gradient between heating zones and cooling zones. The lines of equal temperatures constitute isotherms. The heating zones are disposed so that the isotherms having a temperature close to the crystallization temperature T.sub.c repeat the shape of the cross-section of the blank to be produced. A dummy bar is immersed equidistantly to the isotherm with the temperature of crystallization T.sub.c. Subsequent drawing out of the dummy bar from the melt with a linear speed defined by the rate of crystallization results in the formation of the blank.