Abstract: An evaporator for use in a plate freezer utilizing carbon dioxide as the refrigerant has a duct with an elliptical shaped cross section. The duct allows a refrigerant, such as carbon dioxide, to pass through the evaporator to create a low-temperature freezer space.

Abstract: A liquid-cooled heat sink is provided having a cooling housing including a peripheral side wall extending from the perimeter of a bottom wall and a lid sized to engage the peripheral side wall so as to form a chamber. A fluid inlet port and a fluid outlet port are defined through the lid, and disposed in fluid communication with the chamber. In one embodiment, a plurality of pins project outwardly from the bottom wall so as to be positioned within the chamber and arranged in a staggered pattern. The pins include an end that engages the undersurface of the lid. In an alternative embodiment, a corrugated fin having a plurality of corrugations is positioned within the chamber so that at least one of the corrugations engages the bottom wall and at least one of the corrugations engages the under surface of the lid.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling at least one fluid includes separable cold plate and dispenser units. The cold plate unit includes a coolant system, a fluid system and a metallic unit. The coolant system defines a cold plate portion and a tower portion. The cold plate portion of the coolant system has a primary inlet manifold and a primary outlet manifold, and the tower portion has a secondary inlet manifold and a secondary outlet manifold. The coolant system further includes a first plurality of coolant line segments connecting the primary and secondary inlet manifolds and a second plurality of coolant line segments connecting the secondary and primary outlet manifolds. The fluid system also defines a cold plate portion and a tower portion, the portions being in heat exchange relationship with the coolant system. The metallic unit includes unitary cold plate and tower portion which respectively incorporate the cold plate and tower portions of the coolant system and fluid system.

Abstract: The present invention is a cooling plate including a groove, which becomes a passage of a coolant, inside a body, wherein one or more fins are provided inside the groove, wherein the groove is covered with a lid having width larger than the groove, wherein the lid is joined to the body by friction stir welding, and wherein a weld bead formed by the joining is outside the passage, and the weld bead formed by the joining is formed within the body and further, is characterized by a manufacturing method of a cooling plate that has a first groove, which becomes a passage of a coolant, and a second groove, which has width larger than the first groove and receives a lid on the first groove, inside a body, receives the lid on the second groove, and is joined to the body, the manufacturing method of a cooling plate wherein, while the lid and the body are joined together by the friction stir welding owing to insertion of a rotation tool having a shoulder and a pin, the joining is performed so that a weld bead formed by

Abstract: The present invention includes heat sinks, heat sink devices, and heat sink systems. The invention also includes machines or electronic devices using these aspects of the invention. The present invention also includes in broadest terms, an electronic device in thermal contact with a two-layered micro-channeled heat sink device.

Abstract: Provided is a heat collector comprising a linear tubular heat collector member defining an internal passage for conducting fluid; a base member provided with a front surface defining a trough-shaped recess partly surrounding the heat collector member; and a plate member fitted in the recess and provided with a reflective front surface. Preferably, the plate member is engaged by the base member at both side edges thereof, and placed under a compressive load so as to undergo a buckling deformation and substantially conform to a surface contour of the recess.

Abstract: A machining method for an integrated piping plate, for example, composed of a plurality of plates joined together, and in which an instrument and a component constituting an apparatus, or the instrument, or the component are or is disposed on one surface or both surfaces of the integrated piping plate, and the instrument and the component, or the instrument, or the component are or is connected by fluid channel grooves formed in joining surfaces of the plates, and communication holes formed in the plates. The machining method welds the joining surfaces of the plates around the entire periphery of the fluid channel grooves, for example, by an FSW welding machine, to join the plates. Compared with joining of the plates by an adhesive, the machining method can increase the durability of the plate joining portion and increase pressure resistance. Also, the method can increase work efficiency and further downsize the integrated piping plate.

Abstract: An access door for a boiler or furnace has a water-cooled jacket mounted on a door panel frame for use in high temperature regions of furnaces and boilers. The door is large enough to permit a stretcher to pass through unobstructed. The water-cooled jacket has a series of baffles which direct water in a serpentine path through the jacket. Plant water, as opposed to boiler quality water, may be used to cool the door. A viewing port may be provided in the door as well.

Abstract: The temperature controlled gas distribution plate of the present invention includes a liquid cooling passage, with inlet and outlet ports, that is formed within the gas distribution plate. In the preferred embodiment, the plate is formed with an upper passage cover and a lower base having a liquid passage channel formed within the side walls thereof. The cover and base are welded together to form a sealed liquid passage within the plate through which the liquid coolant flows.

Abstract: Combustion gas channels through which combustion gas (A) flowing in from a combustion gas inlet (17) passes are formed in first and second heat exchanger bodies (23) and (19) so as to be directed toward a combustion gas outlet (21) respectively. Liquid fuel (B) in which methanol and water have been mixed is supplied into a gap (51) between a distribution plate (47) and an upper plate (49) through fuel supply holes (57). The liquid fuel (B) is distributed and supplied to the whole of the first heat exchanger body (23) through a large number of holes in the distribution plate (47). In the first and second heat exchanger bodies (23) and (19), fuel channels (23a) and (19a) through which the liquid fuel (B) passes are formed so as to be directed vertically and separated from the combustion gas channels by partition plates, respectively. The liquid fuel (B) passing through the fuel channels (23a) and (19a) carries out heat exchange with the combustion gas. Thus, the liquid fuel (B) is vaporized.

Abstract: A process for fabricating a low-cost high-efficiency liquid cold plate is described. The process uses a metal extrusion designed with internal fluid channels that have their major cross-sectional axes aligned perpendicular to the major surfaces of the extrusion. Particular dimensions for the cross-sections of the fluid channels and their spacings permit the extrusion process to be performed simply. A simple process for fabricating fluid inlet and outlet manifolds, creating turbulent flow inside the fluid channels, a method for capping the extrusion ends, and a method for improving the surface contact with heat generating components is described.

Abstract: A cooling system for a hot plate. The cooling system includes a plurality of pipelines inside the hot plate. Each pipeline has an inlet and an outlet. The inlet permits a cooling fluid to enter and the outlet permits the cooling fluid to leave. The cooling fluid running inside the pipelines picks up heat from the hot plate and carries away so that the hot plate is cooled.

Abstract: A plumbing assembly maintains temperature equilibrium of a hydronic heating system irrespective of the type of heat source used. The assembly facilitates all control methods characteristic of such heating systems through use of a heat loop, a pair of heat traps, a balancing valve and a controller. The plumbing assembly includes a zone supply conduit and a zone return conduit. The heat loop includes a first conduit with a supply end and a return end. A bypass valve is coupled between the supply end and the return end for controlling the flow of fluid through the heat loop. Two heat traps are provided, which comprise a first looped conduit connected to the first conduit upstream from the bypass valve, and a second looped conduit connected to the first conduit downstream from the bypass valve. An injection pump connected downstream from the first looped conduit draws fluid from the heat source injecting it into the system via the supply conduit.

Abstract: A heat exchanger fin collar for a plate-fin heat exchanger having close tolerance dimensions for achieving greater contact area on the tube. The fin collar comprises an elongated fin portion for dissipating heat and a leg connected with the fin portion. The leg has a height and includes a straight contact portion substantially perpendicular to the fin portion, wherein the contact portion has a contact height along which the contact portion contacts the tube. The height is in the range of 0.008 to 0.080 inches. It also includes a first curved end portion having a first radius extending from a first end of the contact portion and a stepped transitional portion connecting the contact portion and the elongated fin portion. The transitional portion has a second curved end portion having a second radius, wherein the second curved end portion extends from the contact portion opposite the first end. A method for forming the fin collar and a heat exchanger are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling plate for use in the inner lining of metallurgical furnaces, especially smelting furnaces or shaft furnaces, and relates to a method for manufacturing a cooling plate. The cooling plate has a plate member, which is made of a copper material, and has integrated coolant channels. To manufacture the cooling plate, a raw ingot is provided, which is equipped with channels, and has a starting thickness that is greater than the final thickness of the plate member. The raw ingot is then deformed in a rolling step to reduce the starting thickness to the final thickness of the plate member and to deform the cross-sections of the channels. In this connection, the coolant channels obtain circularly oblong, final cross-sections.

Abstract: A normal-flow heat exchanger (NFHX) (120) utilizing a working fluid and having a high heat flux transfer capacity. The NFHX comprises a core (130) having a heat-transfer surface (128), a length and a width. An inlet plenum (124) is located at one end of the length, and an outlet plenum (126) is located at the opposite end of the length. A plurality of inlet manifolds (140) extend the length of the core, and a plurality of outlet manifolds (142) extend the length of the core and are located alternatingly with the inlet manifolds across the width of the core. A plurality of interconnecting channels (144) each fluidly communicate with a corresponding inlet manifold and the two outlet manifolds located immediately adjacent that inlet manifold. A heat-exchanger fin (154) is generally located between each pair of immediately adjacent interconnecting channels. In one embodiment, the core comprises a plurality of plate pairs (132) each comprising a heat exchanger plate (136) and a spacer plate (138).

Abstract: A heat transfer apparatus with a zigzag passage is provided. The apparatus includes a pair of opposed plates 11, 12, a bent plate 21 having a wavy cross sectional shape for dividing the space between both plates into a plurality of side-by-side passages 20a, 20b, and a pair of cover members 13, 14, bonded to the bent plate 21, for forming connecting portions 20c, 20d between the side-by-side passages. One sidewall portion 23a of both sidewall portions 23a, 23b of the bent plate 21 is coupled to the cover member 13 on one end of a rectangular groove. The other sidewall portion 23b is coupled to the cover member 14 on the other end of the rectangular groove. Thus, a zigzag passage 20 is formed in which one side of the rectangular groove is folded to oppose the other side of the rectangular groove.

Abstract: A cooling disk unit is used in a wafer chucking device and comprises first and second heat conducting disks one of which is concentrically superposed on the other in a casing. The first heat conducting disk has a first plurality of radial channels while the second heat conducting disk has a second plurality of radial channels. The first radial channels are connected to the second radial channels at either their inside ends or their outside ends so as to flow a cooling fluid from the first (or second) radial channels to the second (or first) radial channels.

Abstract: Refrigerant cooling coils inserted within a passage of brine in a heat exchanger are so deformed into a shape of flat elliptical cylinder that long axis of ellipse is parallel to a condensing surface, and a side or two sides of a pair of flat faces formed by deformation machining are fitted within the passage, closely contacted with an inner wall of the passage of the brine, in order to increase the contact surface between the refrigerant cooling ellipse coils and the inner wall of the passage of brine in the vapor trap plate and in order to enhance boundary film convection heat transfer coefficient of the brine circulated in the passage of said heat exchanger so as to provide excellent heat transfer property and great vapor condensing capability.

Abstract: A tube and shell heat exchanger having a transversely oriented inlet port and a spirally coiled heat transfer tube contained within an arcuate chamber created by an internal baffle in which the water to be conditioned travels along a helical pathway in which the flow has minimized water depth and high turbulence. The tube and shell heat exchanger maximizes heat transfer capability in a relatively easy to assemble design to make feasible the use of a higher cost material for the tubing such as titanium in a wide range of applications.

Abstract: A heat exchanger that is useable in a wearable fluid heater is disclosed. Mechanisms may be used with or comprised in embodiments of the heat exchanger for purging gas from the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A method of heating or cooling an element which comprises providing a fluid circulation circuit within a Z-pin reinforced sandwich panel, the panel having fiber-reinforced resin composite face sheets separated in selected locations with a core so as to form a channel, said Z-pin being present both in the core and the channel; and transporting a heat exchange fluid through the channel forming said circulation circuit to provide heating or cooling for the element. The method can be employed in the leading edge for an airfoil for deicing.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and process for the vaporization of liquid precursors and deposition of a film on a suitable substrate. Particularly contemplated is an apparatus and process for the deposition of a metal-oxide film, such as a barium, strontium, titanium oxide (BST) film, on a silicon wafer to make integrated circuit capacitors useful in high capacity dynamic memory modules.

Abstract: A cooling element for shaft furnaces provided with a refractory lining, particularly blast furnaces is made of copper or a low copper alloy and is provided with coolant ducts arranged in the interior of the element. The cooling element is composed of an extruded or rolled section which in the interior thereof has a plurality of cooling ducts which are round or have a shape which deviates from the circular shape. The cooling element is provided with lateral webs. The cooling element is equipped on the side facing away from the blast furnace wall in vertical direction with at least one continuous slag rib and the cooling element is equipped on the side facing the blast furnace wall with at least one fastening rib.

Abstract: A support frame for an ice-storing tank for an air conditioner with an ice-storing mode includes plural rods formed in a radial direction, and each rod has plural grooves for fitting therein a spiral hollow tube of one of plural spiral tube units. Further a connector is provided in the center of the base, having plural insert vertical grooves formed in a radial direction to connect to inner ends of the rods of the support frame. All the connectors are piled up one by one to connect with all the rods of the spiral tube units, increasing combining and supporting strength.

Abstract: In the embodiments described in the specification a metal heat transfer cold plate has two sets of parallel coolant passages extending between opposite end surfaces and non-metallic headers made of electrically insulating material are attached to the opposite ends of the metal plate. One of the headers provides an inlet to one set of coolant passages and an outlet from the other set of coolant passages and the other header provides fluid communication between the two sets of coolant passages. The headers are affixed to the cold plate by adhesive or by a snap-in connection having a sealing gasket between each header and the cold plate and the assembled cold plate and headers are insulatively supported by mounting feet attached to the electrically insulating headers.

Abstract: A tissue chuck for use with a chuck holder for preparing a tissue sample for sectioning in a cryostat or the like, includes a base, having a tissue mounting surface and a heat transfer surface, and a plurality of fins for transferring heat from the heat transfer surface. Each fin terminates in a fin end, and each fin end is in spaced relation to the base.

Abstract: A method of cooling electronic devices in an electronic assembly is proposed where the said assembly has at least one board that houses electronic modules. The methodology comprises shaping a light weight plate with apertures as to compliment the geometric shape of the assembly and board to be cooled; affixing coolant passage tubes in the apertures of the plate and finally cooling the electronic assembly by placing the assembly in thermal contact with the plate and passage tubes after a coolant is introduced in the passages.

Abstract: A heat absorbent device is comprised of a container filled with a phase change material selected to melt at about 75° F. It is arranged to be installed in a room with business critical electronics equipment that requires constant cooling by a cooling system, typically, to about 72° F. In some embodiments, the container is comprised of a container for attaching to a T-rail of a ceiling tile system. In another embodiment, the container is comprised of a container with hooks for attaching to holes on computer cabinets. In yet another embodiment, the container is comprised of a ceiling tile with a plurality of individually sealed cells containing the phase change material. In the event of a cooling system failure and rapidly rising room temperature, the phase change material will begin absorbing heat and cooling the room when the room temperature has reached its melting point.

Abstract: A heat dissipator includes a heat-conductive substrate, a lid and a heat-conductive cover layer, and a coolant groove for passing a coolant therethrough is formed on a major surface of the substrate. The lid is positioned on the coolant groove to seal the same, and the cover layer covers the major surface of substrate and the lid. The lid may be received in a lid groove to be flush with the major surface of the substrate. The substrate, lid and cover layer are all made of diamond, and are joined together with substantially no other material therebetween. Thus, a high heat conductivity is achieved. The heat dissipator can be a heat dissipating substrate for an electronic component, or an optical transmission window.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cooling body having at least one cooling duct for receiving a cooling medium which is fed to the cooling duct at a predetermined speed, the cooling duct comprising a plurality of stall centers.

Abstract: A water tank having a body portion that slopes away, in multiple directions, from an outlet thereof is adapted to be mounted within a refrigerator cabinet in a substantially horizontal plane. The water tank is preferably integrally molded with multiple, parallel-arranged flow paths and with a plurality of upstanding tabs for use in mounting the water tank horizontally in a fresh food compartment of a refrigerator cabinet. The inlet and outlet areas of the tank are designed to minimize the potential for trapping air within the tank. In addition, the tank is formed with integrally molded clips for use in attaching a water tube to the tank. When used in a top mount refrigerator, the tank is particularly adapted to be mounted at a rear underside portion of a fresh food liner that forms part of a mullion divider assembly so as to be generally out of visual sight of the consumer, while being in direct heat exchange relationship with cooling air within the compartment.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a thermal storage system and auxiliary air conditioning systems employing the same, said system employs a heat exchange assembly made from profile board or corrugated board which provides a cost efficient and light weight device for storing an energy storing medium and then using the same at desirable times to provide cooling.

Abstract: A directional heat exchanger system dissipates heat generated by components contained within a thermally insulated antenna mounted atop a periscope be. A first wall of thermally conductive material has a first face and a second face with the first face being shaped to substantially contact an internal portion of the periscope tube. A plurality of ribs made from thermally conductive material are fixedly coupled to the second face. A second wall of thermally conductive material opposes the second face of the first wall and is in tangential contact with the ribs to form a fluid seal therewith. At least one channel is formed between the first and second walls. The end of each rib is offset from the end of adjacent ribs such that the channel defines a flow path having a first end and a second end. The components generating heat are thermally coupled to a heat pipe positioned partially in the antenna and partially in the periscope tube.

Abstract: A cold plate includes two flow-wise isolated coolant (or refrigerant) passages (or sets of passages) originating at the center of the cold plate and terminating at an edge for use in conjunction with separate refrigeration systems. The cold plate passages are centrally fed by the refrigeration system to create a cooling gradient radiating from the center of the cold plate to its edges. The center-fed cold plate provides a more even temperature gradient across the thermal source. The cold plate passages do not permit flow communication between distinct coolant (or refrigerant) paths. This permits two distinct cooling systems to operate either dually or in a redundant manner. Nonetheless, flow isolation is achieved while still maintaining tight thermal coupling between each path and the object, such as an electronic computer processor module, to be cooled.

Abstract: The coolant plate component of a fuel cell assembly is formed from a plate made from graphite particles that are bonded together by a fluorocarbon polymer binder and which encapsulate a serpentine coolant circulation tube. The coolant plate component is non-porous. The graphite particles are preferably flakes which pack together very tightly, and require only a minor amount of the polymer binder to form a solid plate. The plate will provide enhanced heat transfer, will conduct electrons, and will block electrolyte migration from cell to cell in a fuel cell stack due to its construction. The composition of the plate is graded so as to provide a varied coefficient of thermal expansion as measured through the thickness of the plate so as to reduce thermal stresses imposed on the fuel cell stack. The coolant circulation tube has a roughened outer surface which enhances adhesion of the encapsulating graphite flake/binder mixture without inhibiting heat transfer.

Abstract: A water cooled panel (1), e.g. for metallurgical use, is constructed from a plurality of rectangular hollow section tube lengths (2), with adjacent tube lengths oriented corner-to-corner in a diamond array, with geometrical diagonals (4) of the tubes in a common plane (5), or generally so, and with means (6, 7, 12) to secure the tubes in such orientation, and with means (14-20) to ensure water flow communication between an end portion of one tube length (2) and an end portion of an adjacent tube length (2).

Abstract: A heating or cooling apparatus for a turbo-machine housing collar that adjusts the diameter of the housing using chambers that are arcs of a circle through which gas is blown onto the ribs of the housing. The gas circulates in a counterflow direction or in alternate directions for adjacent chambers in order to equalize the blowing conditions at every paint of the ribs.

Abstract: A process for fabricating a low cost high efficiency liquid cold plate is described. The process uses a metal extrusion designed with internal fluid channels. A simple process for fabricating fluid inlet and outlet manifolds, creating turbulent flow inside the fluid channels, a method for capping the extrusion ends, and a method for improving the surface contact with heat generating components is described.

Abstract: A tissue chuck for use with a chuck holder for preparing a tissue sample for sectioning in a cryostat or the like, includes a base, having a tissue mounting surface and a heat transfer surface, and a plurality of fins for transferring heat from the heat transfer surface. Each fin terminates in a fin end, and each fin end is in spaced relation to the base.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the temperature, maintaining the vacuum integrity and facilitating maintenance of a lid assembly (2) in a wafer processing apparatus. The apparatus comprises a gas distribution plate (42) defining one or more gas distribution holes (50) formed therethrough for passage of process gas(es), and a base plate (10) thermally coupled to the gas distribution plate. The base plate (10) has a gas inlet in communication with the gas distribution holes, a fluid inlet (98) for receiving a coolant fluid and a fluid outlet (102) for discharging the coolant fluid. A fluid passage (94) is formed through portions of the base plate in communication with the fluid inlet and outlet to allow a coolant fluid to flow therethrough and to transfer heat from the gas injection and distribution plates. The base plate is an integral, single piece that minimizes the use of gas seals in the lid assembly and facilitates disassembly and assembly of the lid assembly for cleaning and other maintenance.

Abstract: The grate element (1, 2) is made in three pieces in the sample embodiment, and consists of a central main part (10) and two side parts (11, 12) attached thereto. The main part (10) is pierced by parallel straight-line bores, which form the straight-line conduit sections. These straight-line conduit sections (13) are flow-connected with reversers (14) in the respective side parts (11, 12). The inlet (15) for the coolant fluid is located in the rear part of the grate element, whereas the outlet (16) is located in the head area (7) of the grate element. In the outlet (16) there is a temperature probe (17) for monitoring the temperature of the coolant fluid. The grate element head (7) has recesses (18) in its foot (8) which open downward, serving as air escape orifices for the primary air, which is supplied from beneath.

Abstract: A novel thermoelectric liquid heat exchange device for corrosive or high purity liquids is provided for. The heat exchange device has an array thermoelectric modules, with first and second heat exchanger plates arranged so as to sandwich the thermoelectric modules between the heat exchanger plates. One of the heat exchanger plates has a thermally conductive metal base plate, plastic tubing and a cover plate. The base plate has a flat side contacting the thermoelectric modules, and an opposing side with grooves of a preselected depth. The plastic tubing has a diameter to match the depth of the grooves so that the tubing engages the grooves. The cover plate is fastened to the base plate and over the plastic tubing in the grooves of the base plate to press the tubing into the grooves to improve thermal contact between the plastic tubing and the base plate.

Abstract: A liquid cooling apparatus for use with electronic equipment includes a frame adapted to fit in a chassis with electronic equipment. An inner container and outer container are attached to the frame. A liquid inlet is disposed in the frame and has an opening in liquid flow communication with the inner container. A liquid outlet is disposed in the frame and has an opening in liquid flow communication with the inner container. A vacuum outlet is disposed in the frame and coupled to a space between the inner container and the outer container. A detector is coupled to the vacuum outlet and configured to detect air and/or liquid escaping from the vacuum outlet. Advantages of the invention include the ability to cool electronic equipment while guarding against accidental leaks in the cooling apparatus. The invention is also applicable to any process or system where thermal transfer is needed and leaks are to be protected against.

Abstract: A method of cooling electronic devices in an electronic assembly is proposed where the said assembly has at least one board that houses electronic modules. The methodology comprises shaping a light weight plate with apertures as to compliment the geometric shape of the assembly and board to be cooled; affixing coolant passage tubes in the apertures of the plate and finally cooling the electronic assembly by placing the assembly in thermal contact with the plate and passage tubes after a coolant is introduced in the passages.

Abstract: A ceiling element for a heating and cooling ceiling, having a pipe (3) and a ceiling panel (1), comprises, for the purpose of producing good heat-conducting contact between these parts, a contact element (4), which is formed by bending sheet metal, consisting, for example, of a copper alloy, and a guide channel (5) which is open at the bottom and by means of which the contact element is snap-fitted onto the pipe (3). Provided on each of the two side borders of the contact element (4) is a row of contact fingers (6) which are produced by punching or chemical milling, are designed as thin elastically deformable strips, project downwards and outwards, fit snugly against the upper side of the ceiling panel (1) in each case and rest closely up against said ceiling panel even if it has irregularities.

Abstract: A liner apparatus is provided which includes an inner wall, a plurality of fasteners extending out from the inner wall, an impingement sheet attached to the inner wall by the fasteners, apparatus for spacing the inner wall and the impingement sheet a distance apart, and apparatus for sealing between the inner wall and the impingement sheet along an edge of the liner.

Abstract: A sealed passage is formed in a part of refractory composite material by inserting a tubular metal lining in a hole in the part, brazing material being interposed between the lining and the hole, and by heating to braze the metal lining to the wall of the hole, so that the metal lining defines a sealed passage (38). The metal lining (39) is plastically deformable under the conditions of use of the part such that differential expansion of thermal origin between the refractory composite material and the metal lining can be compensated by plastic deformation of the lining.

Abstract: An otherwise conventional recovery boiler for burning black liquor requires less capital investment and takes up less space by constructing the economizers in a particular manner. At least first and second economizers are provided for preheating feed water utilizing flue gas from combustion of the black liquor. The economizers are positioned substantially side-by-side, in the width dimension of the recovery boiler furnace, and connected in such a way that flue gas leaving the first economizer passes in a substantially transverse horizontal direction and then through a substantially vertical intra-economizer flow channel into the second economizer. A boiler bank may be connected between the superheater section of the recovery boiler and the first economizer, and any number of economizers may be utilized.

Abstract: A combustor liner (2) for convectively cooling a combustor chamber (16) in a gas turbine (4) comprises a chamber wall (30) with an array of coolant channels (60) formed therein. Supply manifolds (50) are coupled to the coolant channel inlets for directing bypass air through the channels, where the bypass air removes heat from the chamber wall, and discharge manifolds (52) are coupled to the coolant channel outlets for discharging the heated bypass air to the turbine (10). The coolant channels are spaced and distributed throughout the combustor liner so that the coolant flows through a substantial portion of the liner. The coolant channels are minute channels with relatively short flow paths to minimize both the pressure drop and the quantity of bypass air required to cool the wall. In addition, the channels are completely enclosed within the chamber wall to significantly improve the heat transfer characteristics of the combustor liner.